广东车八岭常绿阔叶林林下鸟群落组成和结构

2006年11月-2007年4月,用网捕法对广东车八岭常绿阔叶林林下鸟群落的组成和结构进行了研究.共张网1781.3h·网,捕到23种309只鸟,分属3个目10个科.林下鸟主要以雀形目为主,灰眶雀鹛(Alcippe morrisonia)和灰树鹊(Dendrocitta formosae)为优势种.从食性上看,车八岭常绿阔叶林林下鸟以食虫鸟为主,网捕到的食虫鸟共13种143只,食虫鸟占整个网捕鸟种类的56.5%、鸟数量的46.3%.车八岭常绿阔叶林中画眉科鸟类占有高的比例.     

海南岛尖峰岭热带森林中几种雀形目鸟的移动

从 2 0 0 0年 5月— 2 0 0 2年 3月 ,用网捕 -环志法和固定样点法研究海南岛尖峰岭几种雀形目鸟的移动和行为。共调查样点 4 89个 ,记录到鸟类 137种。张网 6 4 2 6网小时 ,环志 4 1种 4 2 8只鸟。 8种 2 9只鸟被回收 32次 ,总回收率为 7 5 %。棕颈钩嘴鹛 (Pomatorhinusruficollis)、灰眶雀鹛 (Alcippemorrisonia)等 6种鸟活动高度多在 3m以下 ;白喉冠鹎 (Alophoixuspallidus)在 3 1～ 10 0m活动最频繁 ;银胸丝冠鸟 (Serilophuslu natus)活动高度在 3m以上。灰眶雀鹛的个体移动距离最大 ,为 115 0m ;银胸丝冠鸟平均移动距离最长 ,为6 5 0m。尖峰岭热带森林林下鸟以食虫鸟为主 ,食虫鸟移动的平均距离为 4 4 2 3m (n =2 7) ;而白喉冠鹎等食果鸟大多在环志点附近活动。鸟类移动的平均距离与植被类型有关 :在热带山地雨林原始林中的移动距离最大 ,为 6 86 5m (n =13) ;在热带常绿季雨林中的移动距离最小 ,为 89 6m (n =5 ) ;两者之间存在极显著差异(F3 ,2 8=5 0 5 ,P <0 0 1)。鸟类移动的平均距离与翅长显著相关 (r =0 84 ,P <0 0 5 ) ,但与体重相关不显著(r=0 79,P >0 0 5 )。尖峰岭热带森林林下食虫鸟的活动范围较大 ,要保护好海南岛热带森林林下鸟 ,保存海南岛连片的大面积森林非常重要。     

广东鹤山丘陵人工林林下鸟群落研究

2003年5月到2004年4月,在鹤山人工林中张网6353网小时,捕到林下鸟28种110只,平均网捕率为1.73只/100网h。其中冬候鸟的种类和数量分别占整个网捕鸟种类和数量的42.86%和33.64%。优势种是大山雀(P arusm ajor)、白头鹎(Py cnonotus sinensis)和红胁蓝尾鸲(T arsig er cyanurus)。鹤山20a林龄的人工林林下鸟群落具有:种类和数量贫乏、网捕率低、画眉科的鸟少等特点。林下鸟群落的种类、数量、组成和网捕率与植被有关,相思林种类最丰富、网捕率最高;针叶林种类最少、网捕率最低;4种植被类型中林下鸟种类和网捕率大小排序是:相思林>荷木林>桉树林>针叶林。相思林与荷木林有最大的种的相似性(0.43)、而相思林与针叶林种的相似性最小(0.20)。林下鸟丰度和网捕率均存在季节变化,冬季种类最丰富、春季次之、而夏季和秋季种类最少。在针叶林(F3,44=4.514,p<0.01)和荷木林中(F3,44=4.449,p<0.01),林下鸟的网捕率有极显著的季节变化,冬季的网捕率最高、夏季的网捕率最低;而在相思林(F3,44=1.893,p>0.05)和桉树林中(F3,44=1.212,p>0.05),林下鸟的网捕率季节差异不显著。     

西双版纳四种植被亚型原始林和次生林蚂蚁群落比较研究

采用样地调查法对西双版纳地区４种植被亚型原始林和次生林的蚂蚁群落作了比较研究。山地雨林和石灰岩山季雨林的次生林是原始林经过连续过度砍伐形成的树冠结构不完整的次生林;而落叶季雨林和季风常绿阔叶林的次生林是大约２０年前原始林因刀耕火种被全部砍伐,后来恢复成树冠结构完整的次生林。山地雨林和石灰岩山 雨林次生林蚂蚁特有种数目显著低于     

西双版纳勐养旱季季风常绿阔叶林的林下鸟类群落组成和特点

2008年10月—2009年3月,用网捕法对西双版纳勐养季风常绿阔叶林林下鸟类群落进行了研究。共张网15 840网·h,捕到林下鸟类90种1 423只,隶属28科7目。优势种为银胸丝冠鸟(Serilophus lunatus)、褐脸雀鹛(Alcippe poioicephala)、白喉冠鹎(Alophoixus pallidus)、金眶鹟莺(Seicercus burkii)、白尾蓝地鸲(Cinclidium leucurum)、黑胸鸫(Turdus dissimilis)、棕头幽鹛(Pellorneum ruficeps)、棕胸雅鹛(Trichastoma tickelli)等8种。留鸟为林下鸟类主要成分,其捕获数量,占总数量的89.3%。平均网捕率9.0只/(100网·h),月份变化极显著(x²_{5, 282}=, P=0.000);2008年12月平均网捕率最高,为（12.5±1.3）只/(100网·h);2009年2月最低,为（5.2±0.6）只/(100网·h)。林下鸟类群落呈现多物种而低密度特征。画眉科鸟类优势地位不明显。国家二级保护鸟类银胸丝冠鸟是本地区捕获数量最多的鸟,其栖息地需重点保护。     

海南中部山区天然林群落结构与多样性变化

为了解海南中部山区天然林群落结构与多样性变化规律,对五指山山地雨林原始林、尖峰岭低地雨林、吊罗山山地雨林、霸王岭云雾林次生林内建成的各1600 m²样地进行常年监测,基于2012—2020年监测数据,从群落结构、树木生长、树木死亡、物种多样性等方面分析群落近8年动态特征。结果表明：2012—2020年,(1)五指山山地雨林、尖峰岭低地雨林的径级结构与树高结构均呈倒“J”型,吊罗山山地雨林、霸王岭云雾林的径级结构呈倒“J”型,树高结构呈近“L”型;随着时间的推移,群落结构更加复杂。(2)小径级个体树高生长速率较快,随胸径增加树高生长速率降低,胸径生长速率升高;死亡个体数量随胸径的增加而减少,表现出小径级个体对阳光等资源的强烈竞争。(3)翻白叶(Pterospermum heterophyllum)、岭南山竹子(Garcinia oblongifolia)、四蕊三角瓣花(Prismatomeris tetrandra)、海南山矾(Symplocos hainanensis)种群变化率分别为-6.07%、+7.10%、+12.52%、+14.29%,种群变化率均大于5%...     

山东聊城雀形目鸟类及其生态分布

报道了山东省聊城境内雀形目鸟类的分布 ,共记录到 1 4科 5 9种。其中留鸟 1 3种 ;其它繁殖鸟 1 5种 ;冬候鸟 9种 ;旅鸟 2 2种。近 1 0年来调查资料显示 ,该区鸟类的物种数及多数种类的数量在不同季节和不同年份呈不稳定分布 :约 60 %的鸟类的数量趋于减少 ;少数种类基本稳定 (三道眉草等 )或呈增长趋势 (灰喜鹊等 )。 [蒙古 ]百灵、文须雀为山东省分布新纪录     

合肥新桥国际机场鸟类多样性及鸟击风险评价

鸟类多样性研究对于新建机场开展鸟击防范工作具有指导意义。2012年2月到2013年1月,采用样线调查法对新建合肥新桥国际机场及其周边地区鸟类进行了调查,根据鸟类相对数量、遇见频率、生境利用率和飞行高度,对机场鸟类鸟击风险进行评价。共记录到鸟类79种,其中留鸟34种,夏候鸟21种,冬候鸟和旅鸟分别为12种和11种;食虫鸟35种,食谷鸟8种,杂食性鸟15种,肉食性鸟21种。在各类生境中以林地的鸟类密度(D=10.25ind·hm-2)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H'=2.12)最高。全年以秋季鸟类密度(D=9.23ind·hm-2)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H'=2.13)最高。新桥机场鸟击风险高的鸟类共23种,飞行区内(R≥40)12种,飞行区外(R≥40)21种;其中留鸟占60%,食虫鸟占52%。加强对留鸟和食虫鸟的管理,采取生态防治和综合防治措施,对于降低机场鸟击风险具有积极意义。     

广东莲花山白盆珠省级自然保护区鸟类资源调查

于2008年1月～2010年12月对广东莲花山白盆珠省级自然保护区鸟类进行了调查,共记录到鸟类151种,隶属于45科16目。其中非雀形目鸟类74种(占49.01%),雀形目77种(50.99%);94种属东洋界种类(62.25%),42种属古北界种类(27.81%),15种属广布种(9.93%);留鸟88种(58.28%)、冬候鸟44种(29.14%)、夏候鸟15种(9.93%)、旅鸟和迷鸟4种(2.65%);国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类22种(14.57%)。该保护区鸟类特色是中华秋沙鸭种群数量较大,猛禽资源和水鸟资源较丰富。     

尖峰岭自然保护区土壤性质空间异质性

选取尖峰岭热带林自然保护区水平和垂直两条样带10个主要的生态系统类型,研究了该地区土壤性质的空间异质性特征。结果表明水平样带0~20cm土壤有机碳、总氮、速效氮含量变异顺序为原始林>次生林>3种人工林;垂直样带0~20cm土壤有机碳、总氮、总磷含量表现为山地雨林原始林最高,向高海拔和低海拔两端逐渐降低的趋势,且差异达到显著水平。土壤速效养分有效氮和有效磷以及阳离子交换量表现出与其它养分指标不同的变化趋势,但在水平和垂直样带都表现出与pH值有很好的相关性。位于中、高海拔,人为干扰最轻的山地雨林原始林具有最好的土壤养分保持能力,土壤综合质量指数最高。在受干扰类型中天然次生林土壤综合质量指数最高。在海拔梯度上,常绿季雨林是最易受干扰也是对干扰最敏感的生态系统类型。表明热带森林原始林对维持土壤质量及天然林破坏后使其自然恢复为保持土壤质量具有重要意义。     

Influence of overstory composition on understory colonization by native species in plantations on a degraded tropical site

Abstract. Patterns of understory colonization by native and naturalized trees and shrubs were evaluated in 4.5-year-old plantations of three exotic tree species, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus robusta, and Leucaena leucocephala, on a degraded coastal grassland site with reference to overstory composition and understory environmental conditions. 19 secondary forest species were established in the plantation understories (with a total area of 0.52 ha), while no natural regeneration occurred in unplanted, though protected, control areas. The majority of these species (90 %) and the total seedling population (97 %) were zoochorous, indicating the importance of frugivorous bats and particularly birds as facilitators of secondary forest species colonization. Understory species richness and seedling densities were affected significantly by overstory composition, the most abundant regeneration occurring beneath Leucaena and least under Casuarina. Understory colonization rates within mixed-species stands were intermediate between those of single-species stands of the trees comprising their overstories. Significant negative correlations were found between understory species richness and seedling density, and forest floor depth and dry mass, especially for small-seeded ornithochorous species. Higher colonization rates near the peripheries of plantation plots relative to plot interiors were due in part to roosting site preferences by frugivores, particularly bats. The study results indicate that overstory species selection can exert a significant influence on subsequent patterns of colonization by secondary forest species and is an important consideration in the design of plantations for ‘catalyzing’ succession on deforested, degraded sites.     

Tropical Secondary Forest Management Influences Frugivorous Bat Composition,Abundance and Fruit Consumption in Chiapas,Mexico

Most studies on frugivorous bat assemblages in secondary forests have concentrated on differences among successional stages, and have disregarded the effect of forest management. Secondary forest management practices alter the vegetation structure and fruit availability, important factors associated with differences in frugivorous bat assemblage structure, and fruit consumption and can therefore modify forest succession. Our objective was to elucidate factors (forest structural variables and fruit availability) determining bat diversity, abundance, composition and species-specific abundance of bats in (i) secondary forests managed by Lacandon farmers dominated by Ochroma pyramidale, in (ii) secondary forests without management, and in (iii) mature rain forests in Chiapas, Southern Mexico. Frugivorous bat species diversity (Shannon H’) was similar between forest types. However, bat abundance was highest in rain forest and O. pyramidale forests. Bat species composition was different among forest types with more Carollia sowelli and Sturnira lilium captures in O. pyramidale forests. Overall, bat fruit consumption was dominated by early-successional shrubs, highest late-successional fruit consumption was found in rain forests and more bats consumed early-successional shrub fruits in O. pyramidale forests. Ochroma pyramidale forests presented a higher canopy openness, tree height, lower tree density and diversity of fruit than secondary forests. Tree density and canopy openness were negatively correlated with bat species diversity and bat abundance, but bat abundance increased with fruit abundance and tree height. Hence, secondary forest management alters forests’ structural characteristics and resource availability, and shapes the frugivorous bat community structure, and thereby the fruit consumption by bats.     

A Test of the Utility of Exotic Tree Plantations for Understory Birds and Food Resources in the Colombian Andes1

The spatial distribution and abundance of animals are in part determined by the distribution and abundance of their resource base. In the Central Andes of Colombia, monospecific tree plantations have been used to recover vegetative cover in watershed protection programs, but these plantations differ from natural forests in structure, composition, and resources available to wildlife. To evaluate these plantations as habitat for wildlife, we compared the diversity and abundance of understory birds, flowers, and fruits between juxtaposed 40‐yr‐old patches of exotic Chinese ash (Fraxinus chinensis) plantations and naturally regenerated forest of the same age. We observed more fruiting species in the regenerated forest, but there were no differences in total flower and fruit availability between habitat types. We also observed differences between habitats in the size of some understory shrubs, but these differences did not lead to differences between habitats in the diversity and abundance of birds. Capture rates of nectarivores correlated with resource abundance at sampling plot scale, but no such correlation was found for frugivores. Understory frugivorous birds are apparently functioning at a larger spatial scale than the patchiness created by the two habitats. Nectarivorous birds are responding to small‐scale patchiness in resource availability, but not to the different habitats. These results indicate that at small scales, the ash plantation understory provides adequate habitat for birds.     

What can mixed‐species flock movement tell us about the value of Amazonian secondary forests? Insights from spatial behavior

The value of secondary forest for rain forest species remains an important question for conservation in the 21st century. Here, we describe the spatial behavior of understory mixed‐species flocks in a heterogeneous landscape in central Amazonia. Understory mixed‐species flocks represent a diverse, highly organized component of the rich Amazonian avifauna. We recorded movements within 26 flock home ranges in primary forest, secondary forest, interfaces between forest types, and forest fragments. We describe frequency and movement orientation in relation to forest edges, movement patterns and proportion of use between secondary and primary forest, the relation between home range sizes and vegetation height, and home range configuration. Flocks visited only a small portion of forest edges, and showed a tendency for moving parallel to edges next to less‐developed secondary forest. Movement patterns in secondary forests did not show significant differences compared to primary forests. Time spent in secondary forests increased in proportion to mean canopy height. Flocks were consistently present in secondary forests where vegetation height averaged over 15 m, but home ranges were nearly twice as large compared to primary forest. Home range limits tended to be aligned with disturbed vegetation, essentially rearranging a territorial configuration normally adjusted by topography. The spatial behavior of this important subset of the Amazonian avifauna shows that secondary forests are tolerated above a certain development threshold, but perceived as suboptimal habitat until canopy height closely matches primary forests.     

Frugivoría por Aves en un Paisaje Fragmentado: Consecuencias en la Dispersión de Semillas1

Few data exist on seed dispersal by frugivorous birds in fragmented landscapes, originating from tropical dry forests, in contrast to more abundant data from tropical rain forests. In this study, we assessed the effect of frugivorous birds in a fragmented landscape of Veracruz, Mexico, now occupied by remnant fragments of tropical semi‐deciduous forest and dry deciduous forest, grassland, and shrubby patches on sand dunes. We determined four characteristics related to seed dispersal by birds: the interacting species of plants and birds, the characteristics of these species, spatio‐temporal variation in the dispersal system, and the outcome of the process. During one year, we recorded 54 frugivorous bird species and 33 ornithochorous plant species, which engaged in 176 different bird‐plant species interactions. Similarity (Sorensen index) of frugivorous bird communities using different vegetation types was high (>70%), suggesting that many bird species used all of the vegetation types. In contrast, the similarity of ornithochorous plant communities among vegetation types commonly was low (<37%), suggesting that most plant species were restricted to particular sites in this landscape. At the landscape level, as well as for tropical deciduous forest, we detected a significant positive relationship (Spearman's correlation of rank coefficient >0.65, P <0.05) among richness per month of frugivorous birds and plant species bearing fleshy fruits. Seeds of many plant species previously detected in studies of seed rain at the site were eaten by birds during this study. Most seeds of zoochorous species, which are deposited in the dry and decidous tropical forests patches, are produced within these vegetation types (i.e., they are autochthonous species), whereas bird‐dispersed seeds arriving in grassland and shrubby patches are produced outside (i.e., allochthonous) and are mostly woody species. Birds are important seed dispersers among vegetation types in this landscape but they have different effects in each one. The four characteristics studied, as well as the landscape approach of this research, allowed us to detect spatial and temporal patterns that otherwise would have remained undetected.     

Vertical stratification of an avian community in New Guinean tropical rainforest

Vertical stratification of avian communities has been studied in both temperate and tropical forests; however, the majority of studies used ground-based methods. In this study we used ground-to-canopy mist nets to collect detailed data on vertical bird distribution in primary rain forest in Wanang Conservation Area in Papua New Guinea (Madang Province). In total 850 birds from 86 species were caught. Bird abundance was highest in the canopy followed by the understory and lowest in the midstory. Overall bird diversity increased towards the canopy zone. Insectivorous birds represented the most abundant and species-rich trophic guild and their abundances decreased from the ground to canopy. The highest diversity of frugivorous and omnivorous birds was confined to higher vertical strata. Insectivorous birds did not show any pattern of diversity along the vertical gradient. Further, insectivores preferred strata with thick vegetation, while abundance and diversity of frugivores increased with decreasing foliage density. Our ground-to-canopy (0–27 m) mist netting, when compared to standard ground mist netting (0–3 m), greatly improved bird diversity assessment and revealed interesting patterns of avian community stratification along vertical forest strata.     

阿拉斯加东南部温带雨林加氏(鼠平)和肯氏鹿鼠密度与微生境利用的相关性

为了验证对阿拉斯加东南部温带雨林中有关栖息地关系的预测,我们于1999年和2000年8-9月以及1999年和2000年4-5月研究了亚历山大群岛加氏(Clethrionomys gapperi)和肯氏鹿鼠(Peromyscus keeni)种群。我们测量了26个植被和结构特征以检验林隙老龄生长林、多时代老龄生长林、采伐前壮龄(23岁)生长林和泥炭混交针叶林的丰富度与微栖息地利用的相关性。微栖息地利用随季节和栖息地而变化,但加氏与林下落叶灌木覆盖度的正相关最显著。肯氏鹿鼠利用的微环境的林地有较少的苔藓,但是林隙与抓获加氏的概率有直接关系。两种鼠在两个季节的密度与林下腐朽的倒木直接相关。春季的肯氏鹿鼠密度说明加氏密度变化的62%,说明肯氏鹿鼠密度变化的89%。我们的结果印证了早期对阿拉斯加东南部肯氏鹿鼠在各种栖息地尤其早期的演替林中兴旺时的研究;但偏离了西部地貌中肯氏鹿鼠种群在晚期演替针叶林中达到最高密度的普遍结论。与北美西北部其它地区的种群不同,加氏能持久生活在上层被砍伐的雨林板块中。泥炭针叶混交林对两种鼠的繁殖种群几乎没有贡献,因而不可能减轻对多产的老龄生长雨林大规模皆伐所造成的影响。     

Effect of prey availability on the abundance of White‐breasted Wood‐Wrens,insectivorous birds of tropical lowland forests

Some understory insectivorous birds manage to persist in tropical forest fragments despite significant habitat loss and forest fragmentation. Their persistence has been related to arthropod biomass. In addition, forest structure has been used as a proxy to estimate prey availability for understory birds and for calculating prey abundance. We used arthropod biomass and forest structural variables (leaf area index [LAI] and aerial leaf litter biomass) to explain the abundance of White‐breasted Wood‐Wrens (Henicorhina leucosticta), tropical understory insectivorous birds, in six forests in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. To estimate bird abundance, we performed point counts (100‐m radius) in two old‐growth forests, two second‐growth forests, and two selectively logged forests. Arthropod abundance was the best predictor of wood‐wren abundance (wi = 0.75). Wood‐wren abundance increased as the number of arthropods increased, and the estimated range of bird abundance obtained from the model varied from 0.51 (0.28 – 0.93 [95%CI]) to 3.70 (1.68 – 5.20 [95%CI]) within sites. LAI was positively correlated to prey abundance (P = 0.01), and explained part of the variation in wood‐wren abundance. In forests with high LAI, arthropods have more aerial leaf litter as potential habitat so more potential prey are available for wood‐wrens. Forests with a greater abundance of aerial leaf litter arthropods were more likely to sustain higher densities of wood‐wrens in a fragmented tropical landscape.