五味子果色相关的SRAP标记鉴定

[目的]寻找与五味子果实颜色相关的分子标记为辅助育种提供技术支持。[方法]利用SRAP技术对五味子不同果实颜色(白果、黄果与红果)的DNA多态性进行分析。[结果]共筛选引物对120个组合,获得2个与果实颜色基因有关的特异条带ME1-EM15-129bp、ME3-EM12-420bp,其中ME3-EM12-420bp成功转化成SCAR标记。[结论]2个标记可对五味子不同果实颜色进行分子鉴定,结果稳定可重复性高。     

药用植物华中五味子的种群遗传多样性及遗传结构

华中五味子（Schisandra sphenanthera）是著名的药用植物,具有悠久的药用历史和巨大的开发潜力。为了有效评估、利用和保护华中五味子资源,应用自主开发的9对SSR引物研究了华中五味子自然种群的遗传多样性与遗传结构。结果表明：在10个采样种群中,共检测到58个等位基因,平均预期杂合度H_E为0.528,平均观察杂合度H_O为0.519,较大的连续种群保持了较高的遗传多样性,而小种群的遗传多样性则相对较低;华中五味子总体表现为显著的杂合子缺失,内繁育系数F_IS为0.042;种群间总的遗传分化系数F_ST为0.108,两两种群间分化显著;贝叶斯聚类结果把10个采样种群按遗传组成分为江南组和江北组2组,长江所形成的特殊地理屏障对华中五味子江南和江北地区间较高的遗传分化造成了影响。     

茄子果萼色遗传研究

本试验以绿色和紫色两个果萼颜色差异显著的茄子高代自交系为试验材料,用比色板对果萼颜色进行分级赋值,采用P1、P2、F1、B1、B2和F2六世代联合分析法,研究茄子果萼色性状遗传规律。结果表明：F2分离群体果萼色级值呈单峰偏态分布,说明茄子果萼色为多基因控制的数量性状;茄子果萼色性状遗传符合两对加性-显性-上位性主基因 加性-显性-上位性多基因模型（E-0模型）;主基因遗传率较高,为96.82%,可在育种早期进行选种。     

北五味子的果实解剖研究

采用不同花期的子房与花谢后的果实解剖制片为材料,综合研究结果,明确北五味子的雌花,其离生心皮雌蕊群呈螺旋状着生在圆顶状的花托上。每一个单雌蕊均由鸡冠状柱头与下面膨大的子房构成。花柱缺如。子房有自背缝线上发生的假隔膜隔开,致将子房形成假二室;胚珠倒生乃至弯生,亚边缘胎座(submarginal placenta),受精后发育成旋生聚合浆果(spiral-baccacetum),内含种子1-3(2)枚。种子属双子叶有胚乳种子,胚甚小,约为种子的1/50。     

野生中泰南五味子果实的形态及营养成分分析

中泰南五味子( Kadsura ananosma Kerr )为五味子科( Schisandraceae)南五味子属( Kadsura Kaempf. ex Juss.)攀缘植物[1]14,其根、藤茎、果实是珍贵的傣药,具有收敛固涩、益气生津、补肾宁心的作用。对中泰南五味子化学成分的研究结果表明：中泰南五味子体内含有较多的木脂素类和三萜类成分,其中20多个成分为其特有成分,这些成分具有抗氧化、抗HIV病毒等药理活性[2-5]。中泰南五味子果实具有果大、肉多、酸甜可口等特点,还可作为野生水果食用,但目前对中泰南五味子果实的相关研究尚未见报道;相关志书[1]15,[6]234对其果实的基本描述也不完整,甚至空缺。为此,作者对野生中泰南五味子果实的形态特征进行观察,并对其营养成分进行分析,以期完善中泰南五味子果实的基础研究数据,为其深入开发和利用提供依据。     

西双版纳食果鸟对植物果实颜色的取食选择

黑色和红色是最主要的果实颜色.虽然食果鸟的取食选择常被假设为果实颜色特征形成的主要进化动力,但能直接支持该假说的研究案例极少.该研究选择西双版纳常见的5种食果鸟,利用试验当季常见的黑、红、黄、绿4种果实进行室内和野外环境(开阔林地、林冠下层)果实颜色选择实验.结果表明,室内试验时5种食果鸟最喜欢的果实颜色是黑色和/或红色,而野外环境下,虽然开阔林地果实被取食总量远大于林冠下层果实被取食量,但黑色和红色仍均为该两类生境中被取食最多的果实颜色.即大部分食果鸟均喜好自然界最常见的果实颜色,其喜好程度能反映研究地果实颜色组成分布格局,提示果实颜色的进化或部分来自于食果鸟取食选择的压力.     

辣椒果色相关研究进展

辣椒是全球广泛种植的高经济价值茄科作物之一。在辣椒的各个经济性状中果色是最直观的重要性状之一。由于辣椒果色丰富多彩,目前已经成为研究果色遗传的一种模式植物。辣椒青熟果色与老熟果色存在差异且遗传、分子调控机制不同,本文将就辣椒这两个时期果色的遗传及分子调控机制研究做一个综述。     

三角帆蚌贝壳珍珠层颜色遗传规律的初步研究

为了探明三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)贝壳珍珠层颜色的遗传规律,为珍珠层颜色的选择育种提供理论指导,利用三角帆蚌紫色和白色选育品系进行自交和正反杂交,建立了白色♂×白色♀、白色♂×紫色♀、紫色♂×白色♀和紫色♂×紫色♀4个交配组合,统计分析了每个交配组合子代的珍珠层颜色分离情况.结果显示,白色自交组合的子代贝壳珍珠层颜色全部表现为白色,没有发生颜色分离;杂交组合的子代珍珠层颜色出现两种情况,一是全部表现为紫色,二是颜色发生分离,且紫色和白色个体比例符合1∶1的比例关系;紫色自交组合的子代珍珠层颜色也出现两种情况,一是全部表现为紫色,二是颜色分离出紫色和白色,且比例符合3∶1的比例关系.结果表明,三角帆蚌贝壳珍珠层颜色受遗传基因控制,可以稳定遗传,属质量性状.珍珠层紫色性状对白色性状为显性,两种颜色性状均不存在母性遗传.白色个体为隐性纯合体,选育纯化较为容易,而紫色个体既有显性纯合体又有杂合体,选育纯化相对较困难.     

长豇豆荚色、籽粒色及生长习性的遗传研究

以性状多样的长豇豆为材料,对其荚色、籽粒色和生长习性进行遗传分析。结果表明：籽粒色的相对性状间均表现1对等位基因差异的遗传,黑籽对红籽为显性,黑籽对白籽、红籽对白籽均为显性,花斑籽对红籽为显性。生长习性由2对等位基因控制,其中蔓生对矮生为显性上位性。荚角因材料不同有的表现为质量性状,且紫荚对浅绿荚为显性、浅绿荚对绿荚为显性、白荚对浅绿荚为显性;有的表现为数量性状,即由多基因控制。     

遗传规律和变异

本单元复习内容包括：基因的分离规律和自由组合规律、性别决定和伴性遗传、遗传变异的3个来源、人类遗传病与优生等内容。复习本部分知识应突出下列问题：     

An immunostimulatory polysaccharide (SCP-IIa) from the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill

A water-soluble polysaccharide named SCP-IIa was isolated from the water extract of the fruit of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill by means of ethanol precipitation, deproteination, anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. The molecular weight of SCP-IIa was ascertained via HPLC, and immuno-modulating effect was evaluated using the immunosuppressed model induced by cyclophosphamide. SCP-IIa was a homogeneous form of polysaccharide, with an average molecular weight of approximately 7700 Da. The detected parameters showed that SCP-IIa increased the thymus and spleen indices, as well as the pinocytic activity of the peritoneal macrophages in immunosuppressed mice. The splenocyte proliferation assay showed that SCP-IIa, in combination with Con A or LPS, positively affected splenocyte proliferation. Moreover, the polysaccharide promoted hemolysin formation. The results suggested that SCP-IIa was involved in immunomodulatory effects leading to the exploration for SCP-IIa as a potential immunostimulant.     

Analysis of volatile fractions of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. using GC-MS and chemometric resolution

The two-dimensional data obtained from GC-MS has been used qualitatively and quantitatively to determine the components of the volatile fractions of Schisandra chinensis obtained by six different extraction methods. Sub-window factor analysis (SFA) was employed to confirm the identities of components determined in different samples. With the help of SFA, and other chemometric techniques, peak purity in the chromatograms was determined, and overlapping peaks were resolved to yield a pure chromatographic profile and mass spectrum for each component. It is demonstrated that the accuracy of qualitative and quantitative analysis may be greatly enhanced using chemometric resolution methods, such methods being particularly valuable with respect to the analysis of complex samples such as traditional Chinese medicines. It is further demonstrated that different extraction methods give rise to volatile fractions of S. chinensis which differ qualitatively and quantitatively in their composition.     

Phytochemical and chemotaxonomic studies on the stems and leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill

A comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the stems and leaves of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. resulted in isolation of seventeen compounds, including five lignans: meso-dihydroguaiaretic acid (1), licarin-A (2), pregomisin (3), gomisin A (4), acutissimanide (5), three phenylpropanoids: 2-[4-(3-hydroxypropyl)-2-methoxyphenoxy]-propane-1,3-diol (6), 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenyl β-D-glucopyranoside (7), erigeside 2 (8), six sesquiterpenoids: 7′-hydroxy-abscisic acid (9), burmannic acid (10), (3S,5R,6R,7E)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-one (11), 3-Cyclohexene-1,2-diol, 4-(3-hydroxybutyl)- 3, 5, 5-trimethyl- (12), (−)-loliolide (13), (3Z,5R,8R,11R)-Caryophyll-3-ene-5,8,15-triol (14), one monoterpenoid: (6R,3Z)-6,7-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octenoic acid (15) and two other compounds: methyl shikimate (16), 4-Hydroxydodec-2-enedioic acid (17). Their chemical structures were confirmed through NMR, HRESIMS and comparison with the data in the literature. This is the first report of compounds 5, 6, 8–15, 17 from the family Schisandraceae and compounds 2, 16 from the genus Schisandra. Furthermore, we performed a chemotaxonomic study of the separated compounds.     

离体条件下TDZ对解除北五味子种子休眠的影响

以深度休眠的北五味子种子为材料,研究了离体条件下,种皮、胚乳因素对北五味子种子休眠的影响;建立了离体条件下,使用TDZ有效解除北五味子种子休眠的方法;并对北五味子种子解除休眠过程中过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性变化规律进行分析.结果表明,(1)种皮和胚乳因素是引起北五味子种子休眠的主要因素,种皮和胚乳对北五味子种子的萌发具有不同程度的抑制作用;(2)MS培养基中添加0.02 mg·L-1 TDZ能有效解除北五味子种子休眠,可使第30天的发芽率达到90.0%,显著缩短北五味子种子休眠时间;(3)随着北五味子种子休眠被解除,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性均呈明显的增加趋势.     

五味子稳定碳同位素分布特征及其与环境因子的关系

利用稳定碳同位素技术分析了辽宁省五味子果实、果梗、叶片稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C)随生长时间的变化规律及果实δ13C值与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:植物不同器官δ13C值差异显著(P0.01),表现为果实(-26.356‰)果梗(-26.620‰)叶片(-28.327‰),说明光合产物由光合作用器官到非光合作用器官存在明显的碳同位素分馏,非光合作用器官之间也存在差异。随着时间变化,五味子果实δ13C值相对稳定,果梗δ13C值降低,叶片δ13C值显著降低(P0.001)。五味子果实δ13C值随纬度的升高略有升高(R=0.101),与大气δ13C值呈弱负相关(R=-0.204)。果实δ13C值随纬度的变化为利用同位素技术进行五味子产地鉴别提供了理论依据。     

胚乳和外源赤霉素对五味子[Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.)Baill]种子发芽的影响

以组织培养和土壤播种的未经层积处理的五味子种子为材料,检测胚乳和外源赤霉素(GA3)对发芽影响的结果表明,在不加生长调节物质的MS培养基上,去掉外种皮带全胚乳的种子发芽率只有2.7%,而带1/2和1/3胚乳的种子发芽率则分别为46%和70.6%;培养基中添加GA3,可提高去掉外种皮带全胚乳和带1/2胚乳种子的发芽率,而对带1/3胚乳的种子则无效果.土壤播种时,用10～1000mg·L-1GA3对去掉外种皮种子进行1～10d前处理,其中100mg·L-1GA3前处理10d的发芽率最高,达到38.7%.     

Bioreactor type affects the accumulation of phenolic acids and flavonoids in microshoot cultures of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.

Microshoots of the East Asian medicinal plant species Schisandra chinensis (Chinese magnolia vine) were grown in bioreactors characterized by different construction and cultivation mode. The tested systems included two continuous immersion systems—a cone-type bioreactor (CNB) and a cylindric tube bioreactor (CTB), a nutrient sprinkle bioreactor (NSB), and two temporary immersion systems (TIS)—RITA® and Plantform. Microshoots were grown for 30 and 60 days in the MS medium enriched with 1 mg l^?1 NAA and 3 mg l^?1 BA. The accumulation of two groups of phenolic compounds: phenolic acids and flavonoids in the bioreactor-grown S. chinensis biomass, was evaluated for the first time. In the microshoot extracts, seven phenolic acids: chlorogenic, gallic, p–hydroxybenzoic, protocatechuic, syringic, salicylic and vanillic, and three flavonoids: kaempferol, quercitrin and rutoside, were identified. The highest total amount of phenolic acids (46.68 mg 100 g^?1 DW) was recorded in the biomass maintained in the CNB for 30 days. The highest total content of flavonoids (29.02 mg 100 g^?1 DW) was found in the microshoots maintained in the NSB for 30 days. The predominant metabolites in all the tested systems were: gallic acid (up to 10.01 mg 100 g^?1 DW), protocatechuic acid (maximal concentration 16.30 mg 100 g^?1 DW), and quercitrin (highest content 21.00 mg 100 g^?1 DW).

     

Studies on the accumulation of phenolic acids and flavonoids in different in vitro culture systems of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. using a DAD-HPLC method

Different in vitro culture systems of the East-Asian origin medicinal plant species − Schisandra chinensis, were tested in order to investigate their potential for the accumulation of two groups of phenolic compounds. In vitro cultures were maintained on the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 3 mg/l BA and 1 mg/l NAA in an agar system (30- and 60-day growth cycles), and also in two different liquid systems: stationary and agitated. Stationary liquid cultures were grown in batch (30- and 60-day growth cycles) and fed-batch modes. Of the twenty compounds, seven free phenolic acids and of the eleven compounds, five flavonoids were quantified in methanolic extracts from lyophilized biomass and in the growth media using the RP-HPLC-DAD method. For comparison purposes, phytochemical analyses of leaf and fruit extracts from the parent plant were also conducted. The estimated compounds were not detected in the growth media. The highest total amounts of phenolic acids (71.48 mg/100 g DW) and flavonoids (29.36 mg/100 g DW) were found in extracts from the biomass of agar cultures harvested after 30 days of cultivation. The main metabolites in all the tested systems were: protocatechuic acid (max. 35.69 mg/100 g DW), chlorogenic acid (max. 13.05 mg/100 g DW), and quercitrin (max. 27.43 mg/100 g DW).