脱共生作用对黑豆蚜氨基酸代谢的影响(英文)

为了解共生菌对黑豆蚜蛋白质、氨基酸代谢的影响 ,用利福平处理黑豆蚜以除去其细胞内共生细菌 ,产生脱共生蚜虫。结果表明 ,被脱去共生菌的蚜虫与未经抗生素处理的正常蚜虫相比 ,7日龄时 ,脱共生蚜虫每毫克鲜重的总蛋白含量降低了 2 9% ,每毫克鲜重的游离氨基酸含量提高了 17%。对黑豆蚜取食的蚕豆苗韧皮部组织中必需氨基酸所占的比例进行分析后发现 ,蚕豆苗韧皮部组织中的必需氨基酸含量仅占 2 0 % ,而有共生菌的黑豆蚜组织中必需氨基酸已达到 4 4% ,脱共生后降低到 37% ,这些结果证明了黑豆蚜的胞内共生菌为其寄主提供了部分必需氨基酸。通过对游离氨基酸组成的分析发现 ,在测定的 17种氨基酸中 ,必需氨基酸中的苏氨酸在共生蚜虫中所占的比例为 2 1 6 % ,在脱共生蚜虫中仅为 16 7%。同样 ,非必需氨基酸中的酪氨酸和丝氨酸 ,在共生蚜虫中分别占总游离氨基酸的 8 9%和 5 6 % ,而在脱共生蚜虫中却分别升高到 2 1 1%和 13 6 %。这些结果表明 ,各种氨基酸比例的失调 ,造成了脱共生蚜虫蛋白质合成受阻和部分游离氨基酸的积累 ,并因此导致蚜虫发育和繁殖的失调。     

光合菌对黄瓜光合及抗氧化同工酶的影响

以2种基因型的黄瓜(Cucumis sativus)为材料, 研究光合菌(PSB)的喷施对植物生物量、净光合速率(Pn)、叶片PSII 的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)及抗氧化同工酶代谢的影响。结果表明, 喷施PSB均能诱导2种基因型黄瓜的生物量显著增加, 并伴随Pn的显著提高。但是, 2种基因型黄瓜的Fv/Fm并不受PSB喷施的影响; PSB能使总过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化酶(APX)活性提高, 并使它们的多数同工酶的活性上调, 这些同工酶活性的增加在叶绿体中表现更为明显(如 Cu/Zn-SOD、Fe-SOD 和 sAPX)。研究结果表明, PSB能通过增强黄瓜抗氧化酶体系的活性改善植株的抗氧化能力, 从而在植株的生长和光合作用方面起到促进作用。     

光合菌对黄瓜光合及抗氧化同工酶的影响

以2种基因型的黄瓜（Cucumis sativus）为材料,研究光合菌（PSB）的喷施对植物生物量、净光合速率（Pn）、叶片PSII的最大光化学效率（Fv／Fm）及抗氧化同工酶代谢的影响。结果表明,喷施PSB均能诱导2种基因型黄瓜的生物量显著增加,并伴随Pn的显著提高。但是,2种基因型黄瓜的Fv/Fm并不受PSB喷施的影响：PSB能使总过氧化物歧化酶（soo）和抗坏血酸过氧化酶（APX）活性提高,并使它们的多数同工酶的活性上调,这些同工酶活性的增加在叶绿体中表现更为明显（如Cu／Zn-SOD、Fe-SOD和sAPX）。研究结果表明,PSB能通过增强黄瓜抗氧化酶体系的活性改善植株的抗氧化能力,从而在植株的生长和光合作用方面起到促进作用。     

外源钙对‘黄金梨’叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响

以12年生‘黄金梨’(Pyrus pyrifolia cv.Whangkeumbae)为试材,研究采前喷氨基酸钙和硝酸钙对‘黄金梨’叶片光合特性及品质的影响,为‘黄金梨’合理补充钙素营养和提高果实品质提供理论依据及技术途径。结果表明:(1)在‘黄金梨’幼果期喷钙显著提高了叶片的光合效率,其中氨基酸钙和硝酸钙处理的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD值)较对照提高了13.3%和8.3%,净光合速率(P_n)提高了11.5%和7.3%,蒸腾速率(T_r)提高了12.6%和7.8%,气孔导度(G_s)提高了7.8%和6.2%,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)实际光化学效率(Φ_(PSⅡ))提高了9.8%和7.2%,光化学淬灭系数(qP)提高了11.6%和6.4%,PSⅡ的天线转换效率(F_v′/F_m′)提高了4.6%和2.8%,PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)提高了5.0%和4.2%;以氨基酸钙处理的效果最好。(2)对于果实品质而言,喷钙处理可以提高果实钙含量和硬度,与对照相比,氨基酸钙和硝酸钙处理的果实可溶性固形物含量提高了11.6%和6.2%,糖酸比提高了49.9%和32.1%,维生素C含量提高了25.7%和11.0%,同时细胞壁水解酶(多聚半乳糖醛酸酶、纤维素酶和β-半乳糖苷酶)的活性降低,果实品质得到改善,氨基酸钙处理效果优于硝酸钙。因此,在幼果期喷钙(尤其是氨基酸钙)是‘黄金梨’果实补充钙素营养、提升叶片光合性能和改善果实品质的重要措施,可在其生产中加以应用和推广。     

梅花‘南京红须’、‘南京红’花色的呈现特征(英文)

梅花‘南京红须’、‘南京红’的花色主要存在着花发育阶段导致的时间变化,反映其花色受花发育控制。二者的花色都在蕾期最浓艳,在初花期略淡,在盛花期又稍浓,在末花期最淡,尽管花瓣在花开放时便开始衰老;在整个花发育时期,同一朵花不同层次花瓣的颜色浓淡均为:外层花瓣>中层花瓣>内层花瓣,即花瓣在花冠中的具体排列位置决定着该片花瓣的特定颜色深浅;但不同层次花瓣颜色的变化趋势不完全一致。同时,两个品种外层花瓣的总黄酮含量变化与外层花瓣的色度变化成正相关。而花朵在树冠的着生部位导致的花色差异极不显著,表明‘南京红须’、‘南京红’的花色的空间变化极微。本文可为梅花红色花色的机理探索和花色色素生物合成关键酶基因cDNA克隆中的花朵选择提供参考。     

气候变化对小兴安岭森林影响的模拟研究(英文)

中国东北小兴安岭的温带针阔混交林是中国重要的商品木材资源。本文应用森林林窗模型 NEWCOP来模拟森林的生长和更新。研究表明 ,该模型可以再现森林的树种组成动态和森林的分布 ,故可以用来模拟气候变化对森林的可能影响。通过模拟在 GISS 2× CO2 和 GFDL 2× CO2 气候变化情景下的小兴安岭现有森林的动态发现 :在未来 10 0 a现存森林可能有一个快速衰退过程 ,随后可恢复为落叶阔叶树 (如蒙古栎 )为主要树种的森林 ,从而取代了目前针叶树种在森林树种组成的优势地位     

浑善达克沙地典型灌木和草本植物对模拟降雨的不同反应(英文)

To assess the ecophysiological responses and adaptive strategies to rainfall exhibited by different plant functional types, we compared gas exchange, leaf water potential (ψleaf) and PS photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) between Hedysarum fruticosum Pall. (shrub) and Salsola collina Y. L. Chang(herb) under a series of simulated rainfalls. The experiment was conducted in Hunshandak Sandy Land, North China. The values of net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), Fv/Fm and ψleaf always elevated with the increasing amount of simulated rainfall. Whereas water useefficiency (WUE) maintained constant in H. fruticosum while always decreased in S.collina. Both speciesfully recovered their Pn and Fv/Fm 3d after rainfall, while gs and ψleaf recovered only within 2 d. However, the response patterns were obviously different. H.fruticosu promote its physiological traits within 5-15 mm rainfall but no further positive enhancement was noted when rainfall was larger than 15 mm. In S.collina, however, the enhancement continued with more water applied. We inferred that H.fruticosum and S.collina responded similarly to rainfall in time courses but differential to simulated precipitation change. S.collina was likely to be physiologically sensitive to instant increasing soil water, that can be regarded as a prodigal water use type; whilst H.fruticosum was a conservative water user.     

蝶蛹金小蜂寄生对菜粉蝶体液免疫反应的影响(英文)

以蝶蛹金小蜂及其寄主菜粉蝶为研究对象 ,研究了内寄生蜂对寄主体液免疫反应的影响。当寄主蛹被寄生后 1 2h或第 4和 5d时 ,血淋巴中酚氧化酶活性明显增高。寄生蛹血淋巴中血细胞凝集素活性始终高于针刺和未寄生蛹 ;同样 ,寄生蛹血淋巴的抗菌活性也明显增强 ,而后两者处理蛹的活性则很微弱。由此可知 ,该蜂寄生能引起寄主体液免疫因子活性的不同程度的变化     

外源硅对自毒作用下黄瓜幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

以‘绿博6号’黄瓜幼苗为试材,采用营养液培法研究不同浓度外源硅(0、0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 mmol/L)对肉桂酸(cinnamic acid,CA)模拟自毒胁迫(3.0 mmol/L CA)下黄瓜幼苗生长、光合参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明：(1)自毒胁迫显著抑制了黄瓜幼苗的生长、根系形态建成和生物量的积累,显著降低了净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)和叶绿素(Chl a、Chl b和Chl t)含量,并显著降低了叶片中PSⅡ的电子传递速率(ETR)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率［Y_(Ⅱ)］和光化学淬灭系数(qP)。(2)添加适宜浓度外源硅可有效缓解自毒胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响,并提高其P_n、G_s、T_r和叶绿素含量,在一定程度上维持叶片光合系统的稳定。(3)添加适宜浓度外源硅能使自毒胁迫下黄瓜叶片的F_v/F_m、ETR、Y_(Ⅱ)和qP显著升高,而非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则显著下降。研究发现,添加适宜浓度外源硅能提高自毒胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量、F_v/F_m、ETR、Y_(Ⅱ)和qP,使光合机构趋于稳定,抑制P_n的下降,缓解自毒胁迫对光合系统的损伤,从而增强黄瓜幼苗对自毒胁迫的抗性,并以1.0 mmol/L外源硅处理的效果最佳。     

PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPONSE OF ‘CAROLINA’ CUCUMBER TO SIMULATED AND ACTUAL STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELI-DAE) DEFOLIATION*

Abstract Field studies were conducted in 1995 to compare the photosynthesis response between simulated striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.), defoliation and actual A. vittatum defoliation in ‘Carolina’ cucumber. Six simulated defoliation levels (0%–100%)were used over 5 timings of defoliation (first true leaf to harvest). Plots were defoliated with scissors twice each week throughout each timing interval, and defined as continuous defoliation. In addition to continuous defoliation, one-time simulated defoliation treatments were imposed using the same timing treatments but only 4 defoliation levels (0, 25, 50, and 100%). Two cage studies, with A. vittatum adults, were used to provide estimates of actual insect defoliation injury. Beetles were placed in cages for 2 weeks at densities of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10/plant and net photosynthetic rates were measured. No significant differences (P <0. ⁰⁵ were detected in pho-tosynthetic rates between simulated and actual insect defoliation treatments. Also, few significant differences in photosynthetic rates were detected between damaged and undamaged leaves in the simulated insect defoliation study. Results indicated that the simulated insect defoliation procedure appeared to accurately reflect the growth response of ‘Carolina’ cucumber subjected to actual A. vittatum defoliation, and that simulated defoliation results should be appropriate for developing economic injury levels for A. vittatum on cucumber.     

云南西双版纳地区的萤叶甲（鞘翅目：叶甲科）

本文是云南西双版纳地区萤叶甲亚科区系研究的一部分,记述了３新种及中国３新纪录种,它们分别为：云南萤叶甲Ｇａｌｅｒｕｃａ ｙｕｎｎａｎａ Ｙａｎｇ ｅｔＬｉ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、毛殊角萤叶Ａｇｅｔｏｃｅｒａ ｓｉｍｉｌｉｓ Ｃｈｅｎ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．、黄胸摹萤叶甲Ｍｕｎｉｎａ ｆｌａｖｉｄａ Ｙａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｙａｏ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．以及罗氏阿波萤叶甲Ａｐｌｏｓｏｎｙｘ ｒｏｂｉｎｓｏｎｉ（Ｊａｃｏｂｙ,１９     

中国、越南黍黄尾球跳甲种组三新种记述(鞘翅目,叶甲科)

记述球跳甲属Sphaeroderma Stephens,1831,分布于中国、越南的黍黄尾球跳甲Sphaeroderma apicale Baly种组3新种:簕竹黄尾球跳甲Sph.bambusicola Wang,GeetLi,sp.nov.产于中国广西南部和云南西双版纳,双脊黄尾球跳甲Sph.bicarinata Wang,GeetCui,sp.nov.产于云南西双版纳,细刻黄尾球跳甲Sph.minitipunctata Wang,Geet Yang,sp.nov.产于越南北部和平。     

额凹萤叶甲属一新种：鞘翅目：叶甲科：萤叶甲亚科

本文报道采自武陵山区萤叶甲亚科额凹萤叶甲属Ｓｅｒｍｙｌｏｉｄｅｓ一新种：王氏额凹萤叶甲Ｓ．ｗａｎｇｉ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

白垩纪甲虫研究揭示其生物系统分类学的转变(鞘翅目: 原鞘亚目)

文中首次报道了缅甸琥珀中的长扁甲Mallecupes qingqingae Jarzembowski, Wang and Zheng, 2017的阳茎化石, 并讨论了该器官的古昆虫学和现生昆虫学意义。甲虫在现生生物中的多样性最高, 而它们的生殖器则在甲虫系统分类中的应用已经超过百年历史。这些小而精美的器官通常很难保存在化石里, 但文中特异保存在中生代琥珀中的生殖器则为原鞘亚目甲虫的分类学研究提供了新的启示。     

中国猿叶甲属种类记述(鞘翅目:叶甲科)

记述了叶甲亚科猿叶甲素Phaedon的中国种类,共包括15种,其中包括3新种,分别为：高山猿叶甲P.alpina sp.nov., 八郎山猿叶甲P.balangshanensis sp.nov.,无名山猿叶甲P.wumingshanensis sp.nov.,。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

武夷山萤叶甲亚科三新种：鞘翅目：叶甲科

本文记述了采自福建武夷山地区萤叶甲亚科３新种：黄岗钟萤叶甲ＬｏｃｈｍａｅａｔａｈｕａｎｇｇａｎｇａｎａＹａｎｇｅｔＷａｎｇ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ     

武夷山萤叶甲一新种(鞘翅目:叶甲科)

本文记述发现于福建武夷山的萤叶甲亚科１新种：棒角日萤叶甲Ｊａｐｏｎｉｔａｔａｃｌａｖａ－ｔａＹａｎｇｅｔＷｕ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。新种模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。     

RESPONSE OF LAMINARIA SACCHARINA (PHAEOPHYTA) GROWTH AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO SIMULTANEOUS ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION AND NITROGEN LIMITATION1

The brown macroalga Laminaria saccharina (L.) J. V. Lamour. was grown in large outdoor tanks at 50% ambient solar radiation for 3–4 weeks in July and August of 2000, 2001, and 2002, in either ambient or nitrogen (N)–enriched seawater and in either ambient light [PAR + ultraviolet radiation (UVR)] or ambient light minus UVR. Growth, N‐content, photosynthetic pigments, and RUBISCO content increased in N‐enriched seawater, indicating N‐limitation. UVR inhibited growth, but this inhibition was ameliorated by N‐enrichment. The response of growth to UVR could not be explained by changes in respiration and photosynthesis. Gross light‐saturated photosynthesis (P_max) remained unaffected by UVR but was significantly higher under N‐enrichment, as was dark respiration (R_d). UVR had no effect on pigments or N content. However, RUBISCO contents were low in the presence of UVR, reflecting the overall change in soluble cellular protein. Overall, our data indicate that the response to UVR in L. saccharina depends on other environmental factors, such as N, and these effects need to be considered when evaluating the response of macroalgae to increased UVR.