分离自东北地区主要蔬菜根茎上的真菌

为明确蔬菜土传病害病原菌的种类及筛选有益真菌,对采自我国东北地区主要蔬菜的根茎样本进行了组织分离和形态学鉴定,共鉴定出19个属30个种或变种,其中镰孢菌属为优势属,共分离得到10个种。研究结果表明：葫芦科蔬菜上分离的真菌种类最多,为11个属17个种。从采集地来看,在黑龙江和辽宁两省分离到的真菌数量较多,分别为12个属1...     

除虫菊内生真菌类群与分布的初步研究

为了解除虫菊内生真菌的种类和分布情况,采用常规分离方法,从除虫菊(Pyrethrum cinerariifolium Trev.)根、茎、叶、花中分离获得内生真菌共计128株,经形态观察,鉴定出12个属:镰孢霉属(Fusarium),毛壳菌属(Chaetomium),茎点霉属(Phoma),链格孢属(Alternaria),内多隔孢属(Endophragmiella),拟盘多毛孢属(Pestalotiopsis),腐殖霉属(Humicola),黑孢霉属(Nigrospora),韦氏孢属(Wiesneriomyces),色串孢属(Torula),阜孢霉属(Papularia),丝核菌属(Rhizoctonia),其中镰孢菌属、链格孢属、腐殖霉属为优势种群。除虫菊不同部位内生真菌的数量、分布、种群及其组成存在差异。     

量天尺根部内生真菌的多样性

为了解不同量天尺（火龙果）品种根部内生真菌菌群组成及多样性,采集GHL-1、GHL-2、GHL-3、ML-1和DL 5个量天尺品种健康根部样品,进行内生真菌分离,采用形态观察和ITS序列分析相结合的方法进行鉴定、归类。共分离得到内生真菌菌株117株,总体分离率为25.71%,分别隶属于13个属,其中Trichoderma、Fusarium、Chaetomium和Phoma为量天尺内生真菌的优势种群,分别占总菌株数的24.79%、35.04%、10.26%和10.26%;不同量天尺品种内生真菌的结构和组成存在一定差异,GHL-2、GHL-3和DL 3个品种中分离频率最高的内生真菌类群为Fusarium,GHL-1和ML-1分离频率最高的类群为Trichoderma;多样性分析结果反映出不同量天尺品种内生真菌菌群的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数水平存在差异,其中GHL-2的3项指数均为最高。表明品种差异对内生真菌的组成和多样性均有影响。     

The effect of surface sterilization and the type of sterilizer on the genus composition of lichen-inhabiting fungi with notes on some frequently isolated genera

Surface sterilization is generally used for isolating lichen-inhabiting fungi as well as endophytic fungi, and ethanol and sodium hypochlorite are commonly used as the sterilizer. However, there are few studies on whether the type of chemicals used for surface sterilization affects the isolation results of lichen-inhabiting fungi. In this study, the genus composition of the lichen-inhabiting fungi of two lichen species (Flavoparmelia caperata and Peltigera dilacerata) were investigated 1) to reveal how the isolation result changes before and after surface sterilization and 2) to examine the effect of the sterilizer (ethanol, sodium hypochlorite, or hydrogen peroxide) on the composition of the isolated fungi. We isolated 652 non-lichenized fungal isolates from the two-lichen species and identified 84 genera. It was found that 1) every sterilizer effectively removed the fungi on the lichen surface and that 2) the composition of isolated fungi varied depending on the type of surface sterilizer. It was also shown that, such as the genus Sarea, there were some lichen-inhabiting fungi which could not be isolated at all by surface sterilization with ethanol or sodium hypochlorite, which are commonly used. In addition, the genus Virgaria was detected as lichen-inhabiting fungi for the first time. Our results suggest that single surface sterilization alone may underestimate the genus composition of lichen-inhabiting fungi.     

漳江口红树林沉积物真菌多样性分析及抗茶叶致病真菌生物活性筛选

以福建漳江口红树林国家级自然保护区红树林沉积物分离的真菌为对象,研究红树林沉积物真菌的多样性和筛选抗茶叶病原真菌活性的菌株。将分离纯化的135株真菌通过形态学和Ribosomal DNA-Internal Transcribed Spacer(rDNAITS)序列测定进行鉴定及多样性分析,归为40个种类型,分别属于17个属,其中青霉属(25%)为优势菌,木霉属(15%)、曲霉属(10%)和镰刀属(10%)次之,表明红树林沉积物真菌具有丰富的多样性;利用平板对峙法对真菌的发酵粗提物抗茶叶病原真菌生物活性研究,结果发现,共有17株(占42.5%)真菌具有抗茶叶病原真菌活性,其中15株能够抑制茶叶轮斑病(Pestalotiopsis theae)LH13,12株能够抑制茶叶炭疽病(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)LH30,8株能够抑制茶叶溃疡病(Neofusicoccumsp.)LH107,有两株对这三种茶叶致病菌均有较强活性。这些活性菌株分布在6个属中,分别是青霉属(7株)、木霉属(3株)、镰孢属(2株)、枝孢属(2株)、白地霉属(2株)和球腔菌属(1株)。由此可见,红树林沉积物真菌抗菌活性菌株的种属分布具有多样性。     

竹叶兰根系共生真菌群落结构及生物学功能初探

为研究竹叶兰Arundina graminifolia根系共生真菌的群落结构及对寄主的营养作用,采用高通量测序技术对野生竹叶兰根围土壤、根表、根内3个生态位真菌的种类及生物学功能进行鉴定与预测。所测竹叶兰根系共生真菌的平均辛普森指数为根围0.972、根 表0.905、根内0.703,说明3个位点都具有丰富的共生真菌;根围土壤真菌香农指数7.393显著高于根表和根内香农指数4.728和2.872,根表真菌多样性显著高于根内（P<0.05）。根表、根内有子囊菌门、担子菌门、罗兹壶菌门、壶菌门、毛霉菌门和被孢霉门,较根围土壤缺少球囊菌门和梳霉菌门;分子方差分析（AMOVA）证实3个生态位的真菌群落结构差异极显著（P=0.004）。各生态位丰度最高的20个真菌仅属于子囊菌和担子菌的40个属,其中子囊菌有30个属,种类数量占优势,而担子菌的单个种类丰度高于子囊菌。根围土壤腐生型真菌占优势（44.07%）;根表主要有腐生、病原、共生型真菌;根内真菌营养类型差异大,样品M1的共生型真菌为优势类型（97.21%）,M2、M3以腐生型占优（90.96%）。优势共生型真菌有革菌属Threlephora、根须腹菌属Rhizopogon和Dentiscutata,腐生型真菌主要有长毛孔菌属Funalia和Vuilleminia,均为担子菌。研究结果为揭示竹叶兰与根系真菌的营养关系以及共生真菌的开发提供了依据。     

Isolation and characterization of endophytic huperzine A-producing fungi from Huperzia serrata

Huperzia serrata is a producer of huperzine A (HupA), a cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI). Over 120 endophytic fungi were recovered from this plant and screened for Hup-A and nine were found. These nine represented seven different fungal genera with the most significant producer being Shiraia sp. A total of 127 endophytic fungi isolates obtained from the root, stem, and leaf segments of H. serrata were grouped into 19 genera based on their morphological traits and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2), indicating endophytic fungi in H. serrata are diverse and abundant. Aspergillus, Podospora, Penicillium, Colletotrichum, and Acremonium were the frequent genera, whereas the remaining genera were infrequent groups. Overall, 39 endophytic fungi isolates showed acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition in vitro. Nine endophytic fungi isolates from seven distinct genera were capable of producing HupA verified by thin-layer chromatography and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Among the HupA-producing fungi, the yield of HupA produced by the Shiraia sp. Slf14 was 327.8 μg/l in potato dextrose broth, and the fungal HupA was further validated by mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The present study demonstrated that H. serrata was a fascinating fungal reservoir for producing HupA and other ChEIs.     

Survey of the mycoflora of barley grains in Egypt

The fungi of 40 samples of barley grains collected from Upper Egypt were estimated using the dilution- and the grain-plate methods. 33 genera and 109 species, in addition to 2 varieties of Aspergillus nidulans, one variety of Aspergillus flavus and one variety of Penicillium cyclopium were identified. The spectrum of fungal genera and species collected by the grain-plate method (29 genera and 94 species+3 varieties) was broader than by the dilutionplate method (27 genera and 71 species+3 varieties), but the order of frequency of occurrence of fungal genera and species was basically similar in the two methods. The most frequent genera were Aspergillus (25 species+3 varieties), Penicillium (32 species+1 variety), Rhizopus (2 species), Alternaria (2 species), Fusarium (6 species) and Drechslera (5 species) and were represented (as assayed by the grainplate method) in 100 %, 77.5 %, 85 % 62,5 %, 60 % and 52.5 % of the samples constituting 60.4 %, 10.2 %, 7.7 %, 3.7 %, 5 % and 2.3 % of the gross total count of fungi respectively. From the preceding genera A. niger, A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. sydowii, P. notatum, P. citrinum, F. oxysporum, F. moniliforme, F. solani, R. stolonifer, A. alternata and D. spicifera were the most frequent.     

Fungi associated with the southern Eurasian orchid Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall

The hitherto unknown relationships between the European orchid Spiranthes spiralis (L.) Chevall and its internally associated fungi were explored by a combined approach involving microscopy-based investigations at a morpho-histological level as well as by molecular analyses of the identity of the eukaryotic endophytes present in the root tissue of the plant. We found that this orchid which is currently reported to have a vulnerable status in northern Italy, can host and interact with at least nine types of fungi. Some of these fungi show similarity to mycorrhizal genera found in orchids such as the Ceratobasidium-Rhizoctonia group. Other fungi found are from the genera Davidiella (Ascomycota), Leptosphaeria (Ascomycota), Alternaria (Ascomycota), and Malassezia (Basidiomycota), some of which until have not previously been reported to have an endophytic relationship with plants. The repeated occurrence of often pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium oxysporum, Bionectria ochroleuca, and Alternaria sp., within healthy specimens of this orchid suggests a tempered interaction with species that are sometimes deleterious to non-orchid plants. The fact is reminiscent of the symbiotic compromise established by orchids with fungi of the rhizoctonia group.     

An Overview of Arthropod-Associated Fungi from Argentina and Brazil

Arthropod pests in forest and agricultural systems are affected by many pathogenic organisms. Among them, entomopathogenic fungi are the one most common control agents that regulate their populations. This review compiles the information available from Argentina and Brazil about the entomopathogenic fungi occurring in agricultural and natural environments. The scientific names of the fungi are listed according to the latest phylogenetically based classification of fungi. We present an updated list of arthropod-pathogenic fungi occurring in 15 of the 23 provinces of Argentina and 20 of the 27 states of Brazil based on published literature and our personal observations. The list includes a total of 114 fungal species from 53 genera: of Blastocladiomycetes (2 genera), Entomophthorales (8 genera), Harpellales (13 genera), and a diverse assortment of ascomycetes (primarily from Hypocreales) in 22 anamorphic and 5 teleomorphic genera. In the both countries, molecular studies on arthropod-pathogenic fungi are still in their early stages and have focused primarily on intraspecific variability and adequate generic assignment. This listing seeks to encourage more active collection and characterization of these fungi by both traditional and molecular approaches from the obviously rich but underexplored flora of fungi affecting arthropods throughout this large region of South America.     

青岛市秋季空气微生物群落多样性

采用KC-6120空气综合采样器采集空气微生物样品,通过构建16S/18SrDNA克隆文库方法分析青岛市市区街道秋季空气微生物群落结构特征.结果表明： 空气细菌分布在6大类,分别为变形菌门(78.8%)、厚壁菌门(14.6%)、放线菌门(4.0%)、浮霉菌门(1.3%)、蓝藻门(0.7%)和栖热菌门(0.6%),优势菌属为不动杆菌属(39.7%)、葡萄球菌属(11.3%)、鞘脂单胞菌属(8.6%)和副球菌属(6.0%).空气真菌分布在子囊菌门(97.5%)和担子菌门(2.5%),优势菌属为核腔菌属(76.5%)、炭角菌属(13.6%)和外瓶霉属(2.5%).空气微生物中存在不动杆菌属、鞘脂单胞菌、葡萄球菌等致病菌或条件致病菌,以及引发多种农作物枯萎死亡的麦类核腔菌、团炭角菌和角状平脐疣孢等真菌.     

Mycoflora of activated sewage sludge

Thirty-eight species of fungi were identified in pure culture after isolation from activated sewage sludge by serial dilution. Nine species and genera were identified that had not been previously reported.In 1963, Cooke (1) published an excellent laboratory guide on the identification of fungi from polluted water, sewage, and sewage treatment systems; of approximately 30 papers cited only one (2) dealt with fungi from activated sewage sludge. Later (1970), Cooke & Pipes (3) enumerated 47 fungi consisting of 4 genera of yeasts and 33 genera of filamentous fungi that had been isolated from activated sludge. This paper reports the mycoflora of anaerobically digested sludge from a residential area in Auburn, Alabama.     

The Diversity of Polyketide Synthase Genes from Sugarcane-Derived Fungi

The chemical ecology and biotechnological potential of metabolites from endophytic and rhizosphere fungi are receiving much attention. A collection of 17 sugarcane-derived fungi were identified and assessed by PCR for the presence of polyketide synthase (PKS) genes. The fungi were all various genera of ascomycetes, the genomes of which encoded 36 putative PKS sequences, 26 shared sequence homology with β-ketoacyl synthase domains, while 10 sequences showed homology to known fungal C-methyltransferase domains. A neighbour–joining phylogenetic analysis of the translated sequences could group the domains into previously established chemistry-based clades that represented non-reducing, partially reducing and highly reducing fungal PKSs. We observed that, in many cases, the membership of each clade also reflected the taxonomy of the fungal isolates. The functional assignment of the domains was further confirmed by in silico secondary and tertiary protein structure predictions. This genome mining study reveals, for the first time, the genetic potential of specific taxonomic groups of sugarcane-derived fungi to produce specific types of polyketides. Future work will focus on isolating these compounds with a view to understanding their chemical ecology and likely biotechnological potential.     

广西柳树桑寄生内生真菌的分离鉴定与抗肿瘤活性菌株筛选

该研究从广西钦州市采集健康的柳树桑寄生的根、茎和叶中分离并纯化内生真菌,对真菌进行形态学鉴定,提取内生真菌的DNA,采用真菌ITS序列对内生真菌进行分子鉴定。利用A549和H460细胞作为抗肿瘤活性指示细胞,采用MTT法测定真菌乙酸乙酯提取物的抗肿瘤活性。经过初步分离分析,从柳树桑寄生中纯化出27株内生真菌,经鉴定它们分别属于7个目9个属15个种。拟盘多毛孢属和间座壳属为优势属,其中拟盘多毛孢属全部定植于寄生根;其次为新壳梭孢属、拟茎点霉属和球座菌属,各分离到3株;其他包括青霉属、镰刀菌属、炭疽菌属和派伦霉属,各分离到1株。抗肿瘤活性研究表明,有一株与Pestalotiopsis protearum的ITS序列相似性达100%的拟盘多毛孢属菌株Gen24表现有抑制肿瘤细胞A549和H460生长的特性,在真菌乙酸乙酯浸提物浓度为800μg·mL~(-1)时,对A549细胞的抑制率达到了56.92%,对H460细胞的抑制率达到了70.11%。该研究结果表明广西柳树桑寄生内生真菌较丰富,在寄主中的分布表现了一定的组织特异性,而且还存在一些具有抗肿瘤活性的菌株及其活性物质可供进一步深入研究。     

小蓬竹根际土壤微生物及内生真菌多样性分析

为了解喀斯特典型物种-小蓬竹根际土壤微生物及不同部位内生真菌多样性,采用沿等高线等距离取样法采集小蓬竹根际土壤及健康植株,通过可培养对根际土微生物及内生菌进行分离,利用分子技术对其进行鉴定,根据鉴定结果构建系统发育树,并计算小蓬竹根际土壤微生物和根茎叶内生真菌多样性。结果如下：（1）共从根际土壤、根、茎、叶分离得到139个真菌菌株,隶属于27属,其中根际土壤分离得到34个真菌菌株隶属于12属,根部分离得到的63个内生真菌菌株隶属于17个属,茎部分离得到的14个内生真菌菌株隶属于8个属,叶部分离得到28个内生真菌菌株隶属于9个属;（2）根际土壤共分离得到41株细菌菌株,隶属于7个属26个种,20株放线菌菌株,隶属于1属15种;从Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、均匀度指数、Simpson指数排序来看,真菌主要表现为根 > 根际土壤 > 茎 > 叶,细菌和放线菌多样性均较低。（3）按层次聚类分析可分别将真菌、细菌、放线菌聚为3支。小蓬竹根际土壤、根、茎和叶具有丰富的微生物多样性,不同部位菌群组成存在差异性（P<0.05）,且存在以假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属等为优势属的抗盐耐旱菌群,这有助于揭示小蓬竹对喀斯特生境的适应性,以及为微生物-植物群落之间相互关系提供一定基础数据,为后期寻找小蓬竹相关耐性功能菌奠定基础。     

青岛市秋季空气微生物群落多样性

采用KC-6120空气综合采样器采集空气微生物样品,通过构建16S/18SrDNA克隆文库方法分析青岛市市区街道秋季空气微生物群落结构特征.结果表明： 空气细菌分布在6大类,分别为变形菌门(78.8%)、厚壁菌门(14.6%)、放线菌门(4.0%)、浮霉菌门(1.3%)、蓝藻门(0.7%)和栖热菌门(0.6%),优势菌属为不动杆菌属(39.7%)、葡萄球菌属(11.3%)、鞘脂单胞菌属(8.6%)和副球菌属(6.0%).空气真菌分布在子囊菌门(97.5%)和担子菌门(2.5%),优势菌属为核腔菌属(76.5%)、炭角菌属(13.6%)和外瓶霉属(2.5%).空气微生物中存在不动杆菌属、鞘脂单胞菌、葡萄球菌等致病菌或条件致病菌,以及引发多种农作物枯萎死亡的麦类核腔菌、团炭角菌和角状平脐疣孢等真菌.     

Diversity and specific composition of microscopic fungi on synthetic polymeric materials

We summarized experimental data on species diversity of fungi decomposing synthetic polymeric materials. Most of the fungi were anamorphs of the phylum Ascomycota, class Ascomycetes (231 species and 85 genera). Teleomorphs of ascomycetes were represented by 18 species and 7 genera. We revealed a smaller number of fungi belonging to the phylum Zygomycota, class Zygomycetes (31 species and 15 genera), or the phylum Basidiomycota, class Basidiomycetes (5 species and 5 genera). The specific composition of fungi was assessed on polymeric materials of various classes.     

Fungus diversity in revegetated paddocks compared with remnant woodland in a south‐eastern Australian agricultural landscape

Summary Despite the importance of fungi for restoration, their presence in revegetated sites has received little attention. We compared the diversity and composition of macrofungi (i.e. those that form fleshy mushrooms and truffles) in 12 sites where 3‐to‐6‐year‐old native trees and shrubs had been planted (woodland restoration sites), with that in six woodland remnants. All sites were within an agricultural landscape near Holbrook in New South Wales. Of 58 fungal genera recorded, 57% occurred in woodland restoration sites and 83% in nearby patches of remnant woodland. Of the genera found in restoration sites, 70% were also found in the woodland remnants. The dominance of early successional genera such as Lacceria and Scleroderma in restoration sites suggests windblown colonisation by fungi. The reduced proportion of hypogeous genera (truffles) that rely on mammal vectors, which are less likely to occur in the restoration sites, also supports the view that most fungi occurred in restoration through colonisation rather than being generated from soil spores. Greatest overall fungal diversity occurred in large remnants that had greater structural complexity. Across all sites, epigeous genera (mushrooms) were most common (78% of all taxa collected across 46 genera) and of the nutritional modes, mycorrhizal genera (forming symbiotic associations with plants) were the most common (206 collections, 71%, 25 genera). Both hypogeous and mycorrhizal fungi were positively associated with the diversity of native forb species (wildflowers), suggesting that lower fungal diversity in restoration sites is likely to be a consequence of long‐term agricultural practices, particularly fertilizer use.     

一株具有脱胶功能大麻内生真菌的分离和鉴定

采用组织块法对大麻(Cannabis sativa)根、茎、叶等组织中的内生真菌进行分离,利用平板透明圈法筛选具有脱胶功能的菌株,对获得的脱胶菌菌株进行形态学鉴定和分子生物学鉴定。结果表明:(1)从大麻根、茎、叶的组织部位共分离得到内生真菌16株,茎部分离到9株真菌,叶部5株,根部2株。(2)编号为DM6的内生真菌具有较强的果胶分解能力,其透明圈直径为2.49cm。(3)形态学鉴定发现,内生真菌DM6不能产生孢子,菌丝较为粗壮、分支较少、有明显的隔;分子学鉴定表明,内生真菌DM6与Phoma aliena(KC311486)序列的相似性最高,为99%,并且在系统发育树上位于同一分支上。因而内生真菌DM6可以鉴定为茎点霉属一种(Phomasp.)。     

Metabolic syndrome cannot mask the changes of faecal microbiota compositions caused by primary hepatocellular carcinoma

Both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and metabolic syndrome are closely associated with the composition of the gut microbiota (GM). Although it has been proposed that elements of the GM can be used as biomarkers for the early diagnosis of HCC, whether metabolic syndrome results in a misrepresentation of the results of the early diagnosis of HCC using GM remains unclear. We compared the differences in the faecal microbiota of 10 patients with primary HCC, six patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), seven patients with arterial hypertension, six patients with both HCC and T2DM, and 10 patients with both HCC and arterial hypertension, as well as 10 healthy subjects, using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Our results revealed a significant difference in the GM between subjects with and without HCC. The 49 bacterial genera out of the 494 detected genera were significantly different between the groups. These results show that changes in the GM can be used to distinguish between subjects with and without HCC, and can resist interference of T2DM and arterial hypertension with the GM. The results of the present study provide an important basis for the clinical auxiliary diagnosis of HCC by detecting the GM.