Effect of NaCl on the lipid peroxidation-derived aldehyde, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, formation in boiled pork

Pork was boiled at 100 degrees C for 5, 10 and 15 min and stored at 0 degrees C, and changes in the 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), malonaldehyde (MA) and fatty acid (FA) contents were analyzed immediately and 3 days later. The HNE, MA and FA contents in all samples were not significantly different from each other. Pork samples containing none (control), 1% and 2% NaCl were boiled at 100 degrees C for 5 min and stored at 0 degrees C, and changes in the HNE, MA and FA contents and cooking yields were immediately analyzed and after 0, 1, 2 and 3 days. Cooking losses in the NaCl-containing samples were significantly lower than those of the control. The HNE contents in the control samples of boiled pork had significantly increased after 3 days of storage, while the contents in the NaCl-containing samples were significantly lower than those of the control after 1, 2 and 3 days of storage. The MA contents in all samples were not significantly different from each other. All FA contents analyzed had decreased in all samples after 3 days of storage. The decrease ratio of highly unsaturated fatty acids was lowest in the sample containing 2% NaCl.     

Effects of NaCl on 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal formation in yellowtail meat stored at 0 degrees C

Changes in the 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and malonaldehyde (MA) contents were investigated in the meat of the yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiate containing 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 M NaCl stored at 0 degrees C for 7 days. After 7 days of storage, the HHE content was significantly lower and the MA content significantly higher in the meat containing NaCl than in the control without NaCl.     

Effects of NaCl on 4-Hydroxy-2-hexenal Formation in Yellowtail Meat Stored at 0 °C

Changes in the 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE) and malonaldehyde (MA) contents were investigated in the meat of the yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiate containing 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 M NaCl stored at 0 °C for 7 days. After 7 days of storage, the HHE content was significantly lower and the MA content significantly higher in the meat containing NaCl than in the control without NaCl.     

A comparative 'bottom up' proteomics strategy for the site-specific identification and quantification of protein modifications by electrophilic lipids

We report a mass spectrometry-based comparative "bottom up" proteomics approach that combines d(0)/d(4)-succinic anhydride labeling with commercially available hydrazine (Hz)-functionalized beads (Affi-gel Hz beads) for detection, identification and relative quantification of site-specific oxylipid modifications in biological matrices. We evaluated and applied this robust and simple method for the quantitative analysis of oxylipid protein conjugates in cardiac mitochondrial proteome samples isolated from 3- and 24-month-old rat hearts. The use of d(0)/d(4)-succinic anhydride labeling, Hz-bead based affinity enrichment, nanoLC fractionation and MALDI-ToF/ToF tandem mass spectrometry yielded relative quantification of oxylipid conjugates with residue-specific modification information. Conjugation of acrolein (ACR), 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal (HHE), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and 4-oxo-2-noneal (ONE) to cysteine, histidine and lysine residues were identified. HHE conjugates were the predominant subset of Michael-type adducts detected in this study. The HHE conjugates showed higher levels in mitochondrial preparations from young heart congruent with previous findings by others that the n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio is higher in young heart mitochondrial membranes. Although this study focuses on protein adducts of reactive oxylipids, the method might be equally applicable to protein carbonyl modifications caused by metal catalyzed oxidation reactions.     

Growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica colonies under modified atmospheres at 4 and 8 degrees C using a model food system

The growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica colonies was studied on solid media at 4 and 8 degrees C under modified atmospheres (MAs) of 5% O2: 10% CO2: 85% N2 (MA1), 30% CO2: 70% N2 (MA2) and air (control). Colony radius, determined using computer image analysis, allowed specific growth rates (mu) and the time taken to detect bacterial colonies to be estimated, after colonies became visible. At 4 degrees C both MAs decreased the growth rates of L. monocytogenes by 1.5- and 3.0-fold under MA1 (mu = 0.02 h(-1)) and MA2 (mu = 0.01 h(-1)), respectively, as compared with the control (mu = 0.03 h(-1)). The time to detection of bacterial colonies was increased from 15 d (control) to 24 (MA1) and 29 d (MA2). At 8 degrees C MA2 decreased the growth rate by 1.5-fold (mu = 0.04 h(-1)) as compared with the control (mu = 0.06 h(-1)) and detection of colonies increased from 7 (control) to 9 d (MA2). At 4 degrees C both MAs decreased the growth rates of Y. enterocolitica by 1.5- and 2.5-fold under MA1 (mu = 0.03 h(-1)) and MA2 (mu = 0.02 h(-1)), respectively, as compared with the control (mu = 0.05 h(-1)). At 8 degrees C identical growth rates were obtained under MA1 and the control (mu = 0.07 h(-1)) whilst a decrease in the growth rate was obtained under MA2 (mu = 0.04 h(-1)). The detection of colonies varied from 6 (8 degrees C, aerobic) to 19 d (4 degrees C, MA2). Refrigerated modified atmosphere packaged foods should be maintained at 4 degrees C and below to ensure product safety.     

Development and characterization of a chitosan-supported immunoaffinity chromatography column for the selective extraction of methandrostenolone from food and feed samples

The development of a chitosan-supported immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) column and its application to the selective extraction of methandrostenolone (MA) from food and feed samples were described in this paper. Using hybridoma technique, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against MA was produced. The IAC column was prepared by coupling the produced antibody with crosslinked chitosan. Scanning electron microscopy and IR spectroscopy was used to characterize the chitosan crosslinking and antibody coupling. 2% and 90% methanol were respectively selected as loading and eluting solution by optimization. The maximum capacity of the column for MA was 1790 ng/mL gel. The extraction recoveries of the column for MA at three different spiked concentrations ranged from 83.7 to 98.5%. After 2 cycles of usage, the column capacity and extraction recovery still remained 84.6% and 80.5%. To further verify the effect of matrix on the IAC cleanup, MA-fortified food and feed samples were extracted using the prepared IAC column, and MA recovery rates were found to be 86.2% and 70.4%, respectively.     

Reduced effect on apoptosis of 4-hydroxyhexenal and oxidized LDL enriched with n-3 fatty acids from postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) promotes apoptosis in atherosclerotic plaques in the vascular wall, a process mediated through its oxidized lipids. 4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) and 4-hydroxyhexenal (HHE), derived from oxidation of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids, respectively, are among the major oxidized products in oxLDL. HYPOTHESIS: This study hypothesized that eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA)-rich versus linoleic acid-rich oxLDL obtained from postmenopausal women and HNE versus HHE differentially influence apoptosis in U937 cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Thirty healthy postmenopausal women were supplemented with 14 g/day safflower oil (SO), 7 g/day of both fish oil and SO (low dose LFO) or 14 g/day fish oil (high dose HFO) for 5 weeks. Low-density lipoprotein, obtained after supplementation, was oxidized with 5 microM CuSO(4) at 37 degrees C for 6 h. The concentration of cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides (CEOOH) and conjugated dienes was measured in the oxidized LDL (oxLDL). U937 cells were incubated with the oxLDL, 10 microM of HHE, 7 muM of HHE plus 3 microM of HNE, 5 microM of both HHE and HNE or 10 microM of HNE and the extent of apoptosis measured three ways. RESULTS: The concentration of CEOOH and conjugated dienes in oxLDL did not differ among the three treatment groups. The percent of apoptotic cells was approximately 40% lower when incubated with oxLDL obtained from the HFO-supplemented group than the SO-supplemented group measured by both the Annexin V and the DNA fragmentation assays (P = .04 and .004, respectively). Apoptosis of U937 cells was significantly lower in cells incubated with 10 microM of HHE, and mixtures of HHE and HNE than the 10 microM HNE when measured by the Annexin V, DNA fragmentation and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the cardioprotective properties of n-3 fatty acids may derive in part from their less reactive oxidized lipid metabolites.     

Expressions of adrenomedullin mRNA and protein in rats with hypobaric hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension

Experimental pulmonary hypertension induced in a hypobaric hypoxic environment (HHE) is characterized by structural remodeling of the heart and pulmonary arteries. Adrenomedullin (AM) has diuretic, natriuretic, and hypotensive effects. To study the possible effects of HHE on the AM synthesis system, 150 male Wistar rats were housed in a chamber at the equivalent of a 5,500-m altitude level for 21 days. After 14 days of exposure to HHE, pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) was significantly increased (compared with control rats). The plasma AM protein level was significantly increased on day 21 of exposure to HHE. In the right ventricle (RV), right atrium, and left atrium of the heart, the expressions of AM mRNA and protein were increased in the middle to late phase (5-21 days) of HHE, whereas in the brain and lung they were increased much earlier (0.5-5 days). In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry showed AM mRNA and protein staining to be more intense in the RV in animals in the middle to late phase of HHE exposure than in the controls. During HHE, these changes in AM synthesis, which occurred strongly in the RV, occurred alongside the increase in PAP. Conceivably, AM may play a role in modulating pulmonary hypertension in HHE.     

Solubility enhancement of mefenamic acid by inclusion complex with β-cyclodextrin: in silico modelling,formulation, characterisation,and in vitro studies

The aim of this study was to prepare and characterise inclusion complexes of a low water-soluble drug, mefenamic acid (MA), with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). First, the phase solubility diagram of MA in β-CD was drawn from 0 to 21 × 10⁻³ M of β-CD concentration. A job’s plot experiment was used to determine the stoichiometry of the MA:β-CD complex (2:1). The stability of this complex was confirmed by molecular modelling simulation. Three methods, namely solvent co-evaporation (CE), kneading (KN), and physical mixture (PM), were used to prepare the (2:1) MA:β-CD complexes. All complexes were fully characterised. The drug dissolution tests were established in simulated liquid gastric and the MA water solubility at pH 1.2 from complexes was significantly improved. The mechanism of MA released from the β-CD complexes was illustrated through a mathematical treatment. Finally, two in vitro experiments confirmed the interest to use a (2:1) MA:β-CD complex.     

CO2和1-MCP组合处理对磨盘柿贮藏效果的影响

以磨盘柿采后果实为材料,研究1-MCP的处理以及CO2脱涩与1-MCP组合处理对磨盘柿室温和0~1℃贮藏过程中果实硬度、可溶性单宁含量、总抗坏血酸(TAA)含量以及抗氧化活性的影响。结果显示:(1)贮藏过程中柿果实硬度随时间延长呈下降趋势,室温贮藏CO2处理5 d、CO2处理后进行1-MCP(CO2//1-MCP)处理10 d、1-MCP处理后进行CO2(1-MCP//CO2)处理15 d、CO2与1-MCP同时(CO2+1-MCP)处理30 d均完全软化,0~1℃贮藏75 d后硬度最高的是CO2+1-MCP处理(12.43 kg.cm-2),最低的是CO2//1-MCP处理(2.80 kg.cm-2),甚至低于CO2处理(5.71 kg.cm-2);(2)柿果实可溶性单宁和总抗坏血酸(TAA)含量与脱涩有关,CO2处理、CO2//1-MCP处理、1-MCP//CO2处理和CO2+1-MCP处理大幅低于CK和1-MCP处理,1-MCP处理抑制了可溶性单宁和TAA含量的下降;(3)室温贮藏中除CO2处理之外的处理柿果实总酚含量呈小幅上升趋势,0~1℃贮藏中CK、1-MCP处理、1-MCP//CO2处理和CO2+1-MCP处理的总酚含量稳定在9.91~12.38 mg.g-1FW之间,CO2处理和CO2//1-MCP处理于30 d之后迅速下降,至75 d时分别只有6.83和6.32 mg.g-1FW;(4)各组处理柿果实ABTS自由基清除能力和氧自由基清除能力值(ORAC)的变化趋势与总酚含量大致相当。研究发现,1-MCP能有效阻止磨盘柿果实贮藏期间的硬度、可溶性单宁含量、TAA含量以及抗氧化活性的下降,CO2脱涩与1-MCP处理的不同顺序对硬度和抗氧化活性影响巨大,但对可溶性单宁和TAA含量影响甚微;先CO2脱涩后1-MCP处理对磨盘柿贮藏效应影响不大,1-MCP处理和高浓度CO2脱涩同时进行是磨盘柿脱涩保鲜的最优方案。     

Parity decreases methamphetamine-induced striatal dopaminergic perturbation

The role of parity upon methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity of the striatal dopaminergic system was assessed. Female CD-1 mice either remained nulliparous or underwent one or three complete pregnancies and were designated as the 0, 1 or 3 pregnancy groups. The mice were then treated with a neurotoxic regimen of methamphetamine (MA - 40 mg/kg) or its saline vehicle (control) and striatal dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) levels were measured at 7-days post-MA. Basal levels of striatal DA, DOPAC and the DOPAC/DA ratio were similar among the saline (control) 0, 1 and 3 pregnancy groups. In response to MA, striatal DA and DOPAC were significantly decreased in the 0 and 1 pregnancy as compared with the control group. Mice with 3 pregnancies showed DA and DOPAC levels that did not differ from controls and were significantly greater than the 0 pregnancy group. The DOPAC/DA ratios of the 0 pregnancy group were significantly greater than all other groups (control, 1 and 3 pregnancy) which failed to differ among each other. These results demonstrate that parity decreases MA-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity, and the degree of this neuroprotection is related to the number of pregnancies experienced.     

Different methods for extracting bacteria from freshwater sediment and a simple method to measure bacterial production in sediment samples

The efficiency of different treatments was tested to extract bacterial cells from freshwater sediment samples. The influence of sonication, density gradient centrifugation, fixation by formalin and centrifugation speed on bacterial recovery was investigated. The method developed by Smith and Azam [Mar. Microb. Food Webs 6 (1992) 107] to measure microbial activity on bacterioplankton (3H-leucine incorporation), was also evaluated in sediment samples. After 1 min of sonication bacterial abundance was reduced by about 47% in diluted sediments with tetrasodium pyrophosphate. With the addition of Percoll after sonication, bacterial counts were not significantly different (P<0.05). Fixation by formalin increased bacterial counts using sonication. However, higher bacterial abundance was estimated in non-sonicated samples. Bacterial abundance in samples centrifuged at 7000xg with and without Percoll was not significantly different (P<0.05). Highest bacterial abundance was obtained after centrifugation at low speed (750xg). Bacterial abundance decreased with higher centrifugation speed (750, 1500 and 3000xg), the difference, however, was not significant. Bacterial production ranged from 0.10 microg C cm(-3) d(-1) in autoclaved sediment to 0. 27 microg C cm(-3) d(-1) in untreated sediment. The radioactivity measured in controls of both untreated and autoclaved sediment was high (70 and 91%, respectively), indicating a high level of leucine adsorption in sediment particles. In contrast, radioactivity in control samples previously centrifuged was markedly lower (6%). Despite the high values of radioactivity in the controls, bacterial production in untreated sediment was significantly higher than in centrifuged sediment (P<0.05).     

Bovine embryo development after IVF with spermatozoa having abnormal morphology

The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of scrotal insulation on semen samples collected from bulls on embryonic development after IVF. Semen samples were obtained and cryopreserved from four Holstein bulls before and after a scrotal insulation period of 48 h (Day 0). Three types of samples were used for IVF: (1) semen from the test bulls collected 5 d prior to scrotal insulation (pre-insult); (2) semen from Day 13 (2-week post-insult; 2-week PI); and (3) semen from Day 20 (3-week PI). After 18 h of sperm-oocyte co-incubation, the zygotes were cultured for 8 d when a developmental score (0=degenerate, 1=2-cell embryo through 5=blastocyst) was assigned to each embryo. The post-thaw morphological evaluation of sperm samples revealed a decrease (P<0.01) in the percentages of normal spermatozoa in the 3-week PI samples in comparison with the pre-insult samples for Bulls I and III (74-22.3% and 67.7-0.5 %, respectively). The percentage of vacuolated spermatozoa increased significantly for Bull II. The cleavage and blastocyst formation rates and embryo development scores were affected (P<0.01) by the interaction of bull by sample collection time. For Bulls I and III (severe responders) the scrotal insulation effects persisted from the time of cleavage through blastocyst formation. In contrast, the cleavage and blastocyst formation rates for Bulls II and IV were unaffected, despite high percentages of vacuolated spermatozoa present in the post-insult samples for Bull II. In conclusion, the use of scrotal insulation to elevate scrotal temperature was an effective method to obtain semen samples with high percentages of abnormal spermatozoa. The decrease in embryonic development after IVF when using spermatozoa with morphological abnormalities seemed to be multifaceted and related to changes in head morphology.     

短期菲胁迫对大豆幼苗超氧化物歧化酶活性及丙二醛含量的影响

研究了不同浓度(0-200μg.g^-1)菲胁迫和恢复培养后大豆幼苗生长、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化．结果表明,200μg.g^-1菲处理5d后大豆幼苗生长受到抑制,但幼苗恢复培养后经短暂停滞期后仍可恢复生长．菲污染对大豆幼苗SOD活性变化的剂量—效应关系的作用形式比较复杂,胁迫2d时为线性关系,胁迫5d和8d时为抛物线型．在菲处理前期(2d),幼苗SOD活性被100和200μg.g^-1菲显著诱导[分别为对照的1．15倍(P＜0．05)和1．26倍(P＜0．01)]．菲暴露8d时,SOD活性显著降低,200μg.g^-1菲处理组SOD活性为对照的88％(P＜0．05)．菲处理5d后恢复培养2d和4d,50和100μg.g^-1菲处理组幼苗SOD活性得到恢复,而200μg.g^-1菲处理组幼苗SOD活性仍明显高于对照(P＜0．05)．试验亦反映出,100和200μg.g^-1菲处理5d和8d,幼苗MDA含量均比对照显著增加(P＜0．05和P＜0．01)．可以认为,SOD活性可作为大豆幼苗遭受短期菲胁迫的生物标记物．     

超声引导下硬膜外阻滞在老年髋关节置换手术中的应用

目的:探讨超声引导下硬膜外阻滞在老年髋关节置换手术中的应用方法与效果。方法:2017年6月至2020年5月选择在本院进行髋关节置换手术的老年患者112例,根据随机数字表法把患者分为研究组与对照组,各56例。研究组给予超声引导下硬膜外阻滞,对照组给予传统的静脉持续镇痛。两组都给予全麻诱导与维持,记录镇痛效果与患者术后康复情况。结果:两组的性别、年龄、麻醉时间、手术时间与术中出血量等对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),研究组的术后住院时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05)。两组术后1 d、3 d、7 d的疼痛视觉模拟评分法(Visual Analogue Scale/Score,VAS)评分都低于术前1 d,观察组也都显著低于对照组,对比差异都有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组术后1 d、3 d、7 d的髋关节活动度都显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究组术后1 d、3 d、7 d的血清P物质(Substance P,SP)、前列腺素E2(Prostaglandin E2,PGE2)含量都高于术前1 d,观察组低于对照组,对比差异都有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:超声引导下硬膜外阻滞在老年髋关节置换手术中的应用能抑制血清SP、PGE2的释放,能缓解患者术后疼痛,促进髋关节功能的恢复,缩短患者的康复时间。     

Plant water status, ethylene evolution, N(2)-fixing efficiency, antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation in Cicer arietinum L. nodules as affected by short-term salinization and desalinization

Salinity induced changes in ethylene evolution, antioxidant defense system, N(2)-fixing efficiency and membrane integrity in relation to water and mineral status in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) nodules were studied under screen house conditions. At vegetative stage (55-65 DAS) plants were exposed to single saline irrigation (Cl(-) dominated) of levels 0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0dSm(-1) and sampled after 3d. The other set of treated plants was desalinized by flooding and the plants were sampled after further 3d. Water potential (Psiw) of leaf and osmotic potential (Psis) of leaf and nodules significantly decreased from -0.44 to -0.56MPa and from -0.65 to -1.15MPa and from -0.75 to -1.77MPa, respectively upon salinization. RWC of leaf and nodules also reduced from 86.05% to 73.30% and 94.70% to 89.98%, respectively. The decline in Psis of nodules was due to accumulation of proline and total soluble sugar. In comparison to control, the increase in ethylene (C(2)H(4)) production was 35-108% higher and correspondingly increase in 1-aminocycloprane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content (37-126%) and ACC oxidase activity (31-118%) was also noticed. Similarly, marked increase in H(2)O(2) (25-139%) and thiobarbituric acid substances (TBRAS, 11-133%) contents was seen. N(2)-fixing efficiency i.e. N(2)-ase activity, leghemoglobin and N contents of nodules declined significantly after saline irrigation. The induction in specific activity of antioxidant enzymes was confirmed by the increase in activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione transferase, whereas reverse was true for catalase. These activated enzymes could not overcome the accumulation of H(2)O(2) in nodules. Ascorbic acid content also declined from 20 to 38%, whereas Na(+)/K(+) ratio and Cl(-) content were significantly enhanced. Upon desalinization, a partial recovery in all above metabolic processes and water relations parameters was noticed. It is suggested that ethylene in relation to water status and lipid peroxidation and along with other metabolic processes has an important role in induced nodules senescence under salinity.     

连续股神经阻滞与静脉自控镇痛对全膝关节置换术后患者凝血功能的影响

目的:比较连续股神经阻滞(CFNB)与静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)在全膝关节置换术中的应用效果及对患者凝血功能的影响。方法:选取2014年1月至2015年12月间我院行单侧全膝关节置换术的患者80例,按照随机数字表法分为CFNB组和PCIA组,每组各40例,两组患者分别接受CFNB和PCIA治疗。观察两组患者术后6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h视觉模拟疼痛评分(VAS),两组患者分别于麻醉前(T1)、术毕(T2)、术后1 d(T3)、术后2 d(T4)进行血栓弹力图检查,观察两组凝血功能变化。并于术后随访1年,比较两组患者膝关节功能。结果:术后6 h、12 h、24 h、48 h CFNB组患者VAS评分显著低于PCIA组患者(P0.05)。T2、T3、T4时点CFNB组患者凝血反应时间(R)、血凝块形成时间(K)较T1升高,血凝块聚合形成速率(α角)、血凝块最大振幅(MA)较T1降低,PCIA组患者R、K较T1降低,α角、MA较T1升高,T2、T3、T4时点CFNB组患者R、K高于PCIA组患者,α角、MA低于PCIA组患者,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术后均完成1年的随访,两组患者KSS评分、膝关节最大屈曲度、膝关节最大伸直度比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:CFNB对于全膝关节置换术术后患者镇痛效果优于PCIA,有利于改善患者凝血功能,不影响术后患者膝关节功能的恢复。     

利多卡因对老年胃癌根治术患者术后认知功能障碍的影响

目的:观察利多卡因对老年胃癌患者术后认知功能障碍的预防作用。方法:选择择期胃癌手术患者80例,ASA分级Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,性别不限,年龄大于等于60岁,BMI20-25 kg/m~2,随机分为2组(利多组和对照组):利多组40例,麻醉诱导前静脉给予利多卡因1.0 mg/kg,然后以1.5 mg/kg/h速率静脉输注至术毕前30 min;对照组40例,给予同等剂量和同等用法的生理盐水。术中维持BIS值在40-60。术后两组均行经静脉患者自控镇痛(patient controlled intravenous analgesia,PCIA),PCIA镇痛泵配法:两组均为芬太尼20μg/kg+生理盐水总量300 mL。观察并记录入室时刻(T_0)、气管插管即刻(T_1)、手术开皮即刻(T_2)、开皮后半小时(T_3)以及出手术室时刻(T4)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、脉搏氧饱和度(SpO_2)。记录术前1 d及术后6 h、1 d、2 d、3 d、7 d简易智能量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评分并进行比较,术后评估并记录术后6 h、1 d、2 d、3 d及7 d静息和活动时视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scales,VAS)评分。结果:1与对照组比较,利多组术后6 h、1 d、2 d和3 d静息和活动时VAS疼痛评分均明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2利多组4例发生认知功能障碍(10.0%),对照组13例发生认知功能障碍(32.5%),利多组认知功能障碍的发生率和持续时间较对照组明显降低(P0.05),差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:围术期静脉输注利多卡因可以预防老年胃癌根治术患者术后认知功能障碍,有利于减轻术后疼痛。     

Cortisol production rate measurement by stable isotope dilution using gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

Presented here is a stable isotope dilution technique for determining cortisol production rate (CPR). The method involves extraction and derivatization of cortisol isoforms from serum (0.5 ml), separation of derivatives by gas chromatography, and detection by using negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. This method provides 50-100-fold greater sensitivity than positive ion mass spectrometry and allows for estimations of cortisol production rate with the use of small amounts of pooled serum, even in the presence of high concentrations of lipophilic contaminants. The area under the curve for the total selected ion chromatogram of fluoroacyl derivatives of cortisol (d0, m/z 782) and deuterated cortisol (d3, m/z 785) were used to determine the isotopic dilution ratio in three types of samples: 1) standards: d0/d3 ratios ranging from 1 to 8%; 2) controls: d3-cortisol added to serum with known cortisol concentration; 3) subjects: 24-h pooled serum samples (q 30 min over 24 h) from healthy children (male 10-13 years; female 7-11 years) receiving continuous infusions of d3-cortisol at 2-4% of their estimated CPR. Recovery after the solid phase extraction and derivatization process was >90%, as determined by thin-layer chromatography. Expected versus measured ratios for d3/d0 in standards and serum controls were highly correlated (r2(standard) = 0.99; r2(control) = 0.99) over a wide range of d3-cortisol enrichment (1.0-10.0%). Mean 24-h CPRs were 4.8 +/- 0.6 mg/m2/24 h (mean +/- SEM, n = 7) in male children and 4.4 +/- 0.5 mg/m2/24 h in female children (n = 4). These CPR values are lower than those derived by radio tracer methods, but are in agreement with previous isotopic dilution studies. This technique is an important tool for assessing CPRs in a wide range of disease states affecting cortisol production.     

Development of a reference material using methamphetamine abusers' hair samples for the determination of methamphetamine and amphetamine in hair

In the present study, we developed a reference material (RM) using authentic hair samples for the determination of methamphetamine (MA) and its main metabolite, amphetamine (AP) in human hair. MA abusers' hair samples were collected, homogenized and finally bottled. The concentration of each bottle was determined using two extraction methods, agitation with 1% HCl in methanol at 38 degrees C and ultrasonication with methanol/5M HCl (20:1), followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). Both analytical procedures were fully validated and their extraction efficiency was compared. The homogeneity of analytes was evaluated and their property values were determined with their uncertainties. The two methods were acceptable to analyze MA and AP in human hair through the validation and comparative studies using spiked and authentic hair samples as well as NIST SRM 2379 certified reference material. Satisfying homogeneity was reached for MA and AP in the prepared RM. Finally, a human hair RM containing MA and AP is prepared at the level of 7.64+/-1.24 and 0.54+/-0.07 ng/mg, respectively. This material can be useful in forensic laboratories for internal quality control and external quality assurance.