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1.
Within the central nervous system, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for dopamine and serotonin synthesis.
In addition, BH4 is now established to be an essential cofactor for all isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Inborn errors
of metabolism affecting BH4 availability are well documented and the clinical presentation can be attributed to a paucity
of dopamine, serotonin, and nitric oxide (NO) generation. In this article, we have focussed upon the sensitivity of BH4 to
oxidative catabolism and the observation that when BH4 is limiting some cellular sources of NOS may generate superoxide whilst
other BH4 saturated NOS enzymes may be generating NO. Such a scenario could favor peroxynitrite generation. If peroxynitrite
is not scavenged, e.g., by antioxidants such as reduced glutathione, irreversible damage to critical cellular enzymes could
ensue. Such targets include components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and
possibly pyruvate dehydrogenase. Such a cascade of events is hypothesized, in this article, to occur in neurodegerative conditions
such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. 相似文献
2.
Caifang Chen Weiliang Shen Hailong Gu Linde Wu Zhihua Lin Qinggang Xue 《Genes & genomics.》2017,39(2):143-154
The bloody clam, Tegillarca granosa, is a commercial benthic bivalve, having a strong accumulation ability and torrelence to cadmium. To investigate whether vitellogenin (Vg) is involved in cadmium (Cd) detoxification, the full-length cDNA of T. granosa Vg was cloned, and its expression pattern in response to cadmium exposure was studied compared with the reference metallothionein (MT) gene. The full T. granosa Vg sequence consisted of 8988 bp, including a 6930-bp open reading frame that encoded a 2309 amino acid polypeptide. The deduced Vg protein contained a Vg N-terminal domain, domain of unknown function (DUF1943), SbcC domain, and von Willebrand factor type D domain (VWD). Multiple metal-binding sites were predicted in the deduced T. granosa Vg protein, suggesting its potential in functioning as a metal-binding protein. In addition, Vg expression increased in the T. granosa digestive gland and hemolymph in time-dependent manner after exposure to 1, 3, 6 and 9 μg/L Cd for 28 days. MT expression was measured in parallel with Vg expression, and the latter was more sensitive to Cd induction than the former. Together, results of the present research suggested that Vg may play an important role in T. granosa metal detoxification. 相似文献
3.
Kenji Tagai Maiko Ono Manabu Kubota Soichiro Kitamura Keisuke Takahata Chie Seki Yuhei Takado Hitoshi Shinotoh Yasunori Sano Yasuharu Yamamoto Kiwamu Matsuoka Hiroyuki Takuwa Masafumi Shimojo Manami Takahashi Kazunori Kawamura Tatsuya Kikuchi Maki Okada Haruhiko Akiyama Hitoshi Shimada 《Neuron》2021,109(1):42-58.e8
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Chasing genes in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Alzheimers disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, and Parkinsons disease (PD), the most common movement disorder, are both neurodegenerative adult-onset diseases characterized by the progressive loss of specific neuronal populations and the accumulation of intraneuronal inclusions. The search for genetic and environmental factors that determine the fate of neurons during the ageing process has been a widespread approach in the battle against neurodegenerative disorders. Genetic studies of AD and PD initially focused on the search for genes involved in the aetiological mechanisms of monogenic forms of these diseases. They later expanded to study hundreds of patients, affected relative-pairs and population-based studies, sometimes performed on special isolated populations. A growing number of genes (and pathogenic mutations) is being identified that cause or increase susceptibility to AD and PD. This review discusses the way in which strategies of gene hunting have evolved during the last few years and the significance of finding genes such as the presenilins, -synuclein, parkin and DJ-1. In addition, we discuss possible links between these two neurodegenerative disorders. The clinical, pathological and genetic presentation of AD and PD suggests the involvement of a few overlapping interrelated pathways. Their imbricate features point to a spectrum of neurodegeneration (tauopathies, synucleinopathies, amyloidopathies) that need further intense investigation to find the missing links. 相似文献
6.
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a devastating dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by an abnormal polyglutamine expansion in the N-terminal part of the huntingtin (HTT) protein. HTT is a large scaffold protein that interacts with more than a hundred proteins and is probably involved in several cellular functions. The mutation is dominant, and is thought to confer new and toxic functions to the protein. However, there is emerging evidence that the mutation also alters HTT’s normal functions. Therefore, HD models need to recapitulate this duality if they are to be relevant. Drosophila melanogaster is a useful in vivo model, widely used to study HD through the overexpression of full-length or N-terminal fragments of mutant human HTT. However, it is unclear whether Drosophila huntingtin (DmHTT) shares functions similar to the mammalian HTT. Here, we used various complementary approaches to analyze the function of DmHTT in fast axonal transport. We show that DmHTT interacts with the molecular motor dynein, associates with vesicles and co-sediments with microtubules. DmHTT co-localizes with Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-containing vesicles in rat cortical neurons and partially replaces mammalian HTT in a fast axonal transport assay. DmHTT-KO flies show a reduced fast axonal transport of synaptotagmin vesicles in motoneurons in vivo. These results suggest that the function of HTT in axonal transport is conserved between flies and mammals. Our study therefore validates Drosophila melanogaster as a model to study HTT function, and its dysfunction associated with HD. 相似文献
7.
Latest results on the action of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists indicate their potential therapeutic usefulness in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Basal ganglia
possess high levels of adenosine A2A receptors, mainly on the external surfaces of neurons located at the indirect tracts between the striatum, globus pallidus,
and substantia nigra. Experiments with animal models of Parkinson’s disease indicate that adenosine A2A receptors are strongly involved in the regulation of the central nervous system. Co-localization of adenosine A2A and dopaminergic D2 receptors in striatum creates a milieu for antagonistic interaction between adenosine and dopamine. The
experimental data prove that the best improvement of mobility in patients with Parkinson’s disease could be achieved with
simultaneous activation of dopaminergic D2 receptors and inhibition of adenosine A2A receptors. In animal models of Parkinson’s disease, the use of selective antagonists of adenosine A2A receptors, such as istradefylline, led to the reversibility of movement dysfunction. These compounds might improve mobility
during both monotherapy and co-administration with L-DOPA and dopamine receptor agonists. The use of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists in combination therapy enables the reduction of the L-DOPA doses, as well as a reduction of side effects.
In combination therapy, the adenosine A2A receptor antagonists might be used in both moderate and advanced stages of Parkinson’s disease. The long-lasting administration
of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists does not decrease the patient response and does not cause side effects typical of L-DOPA therapy. It
was demonstrated in various animal models that inhibition of adenosine A2A receptors not only decreases the movement disturbance, but also reveals a neuroprotective activity, which might impede or
stop the progression of the disease. Recently, clinical trials were completed on the use of istradefylline (KW-6002), an inhibitor
of adenosine A2A receptors, as an anti-Parkinson drug. 相似文献
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Tsafrir S. Mor 《Biotechnology letters》2015,37(11):2147-2150
Objectives
This short commentary examines the factors that led to Food and Drug Administration’s approval of the first plant-derived biologic.Results
In 2012, the first plant-derived protein pharmaceutical (biologic) was approved for commercial use in humans. The product, a recombinant form of human β-glucocerebrosidase marketed as ELELYSO, was developed by Protalix Biotherapeutics (Carmiel, Israel). The foresight to select this particular therapeutic product for development, flawless production pipeline, and serendipity seem to provide the key in explaining how ELELYSO became the first plant-derived biologic to achieve approval by Food and Drug Administration.Conclusions
While the circumstances that enabled Protalix and its scientists to become the first to arrive at this historic milestone are perhaps unique, it is anticipated that more biologics will follow suit in winning regulatory endorsement.10.
Richard L. Michalski Todd K. Shackelford Catherine A. Salmon 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2007,18(1):74-84
Using data collected from people with at least one brother and one sister, and consistent with an evolutionary perspective,
we find that older men and women (a) are more upset by a brother’s partner’s sexual infidelity than by her emotional infidelity and (b) are more upset by a sister’s partner’s emotional infidelity than by his sexual infidelity. There were no effects of participant
sex or sex of in-law on upset over a sibling’s partner’s infidelities, but there was an effect of participant sex on reports
of upset over one’s own partner’s infidelities. The results suggest that the key variable among older participants is the
sex of the sibling or, correspondingly, the sex of the sibling’s partner, as predicted from an evolutionary analysis of reproductive
costs, and not the sex of the participant, as predicted from a socialization perspective. Discussion offers directions for
future work on jealousy. 相似文献
11.
Yoshiaki Sumiyoshi Masahiko Kikuchi Morishige Takeshita Kohiti Ohshima Yuhiti Masuda 《Virchows Archiv. B, Cell pathology including molecular pathology》1992,61(1):201-207
In Japan, histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (Kikuchi’s disease) is a relatively common reactive lesion affecting lymph
nodes, but the histogenesis and pathogenesis of the disease have not been clarified. Alpha-interferon has a role in the body’s
defense against, viral infections. Using a polyclonal antibody to human alpha-interferon, we found numerous cells, mainly
histiocytes, containing alpha-interferon in affected foci in the lymph nodes from 24 patients with Kikuchi’s disease. Tubuloreticular
structures, thought by some authors to be associated with the production of interferon, were detected by electron microscopy
in histiocytes, activated lymphocytes and vascular endothelial cells in the affected foci. These results suggested that the
formation of tubuloreticular structures is a secondary phenomenon following stimulation by alpha-interferon. Further, the
activity of 2′–5′ oligoadenylate synthetase, which is induced by alpha-interferon and enhanced during the early or active
stage of viral infection, showed increased levels of activity in the active stage of Kikuchi’s disease and decreased to normal
levels in the convalescent stage 2 weeks later. These results suggested the possibility of a viral etiology for Kikuchi’s
disease. 相似文献
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A. S. Gorina L. S. Kolesnichenko V. I. Mikhnovich 《Biochemistry (Moscow) Supplemental Series B: Biomedical Chemistry》2011,5(4):397-401
In a stable state children with Asperger’s and Kanner’s syndromes demonstrate a similar decrease in plasma norepinephrine.
In the aggravated state, these changes become more expressed and are characterized by a decrease in plasma tyrosine, norepinephrine,
normetanephrine, and by an increase in dopamine and homovanillic acid and a decrease in excretion of norepinephrine and an
increase in excretion of homovanillic acid, epinephrine and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG). In the aggravated state
children with Kanner’s syndrome were characterized by increased plasma MHPG, decreased excretion of tyrosine and increased
expression of normetanephrine. The observed imbalance in dopamine and epinephrine/norepinephrine systems suggests importance
of combined analysis of changes in catecholamines and their metabolites as the most informative approach in the study of the
effect of autistic disorders. 相似文献
14.
Rebecca Bliege Bird Brian F. Codding Douglas W. Bird 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2009,20(2):105-129
Researchers commonly use long-term average production inequalities to characterize cross-cultural patterns in foraging divisions
of labor, but little is known about how the strategies of individuals shape such inequalities. Here, we explore the factors
that lead to daily variation in how much men produce relative to women among Martu, contemporary foragers of the Western Desert
of Australia. We analyze variation in foraging decisions on temporary foraging camps and find that the percentage of total
camp production provided by each gender varies primarily as a function of men’s average bout successes with large, mobile
prey. When men target large prey, either their success leads to a large proportional contribution to the daily harvest, or
their failure results in no contribution. When both men and women target small reliable prey, production inequalities by gender
are minimized. These results suggest that production inequalities among Martu emerge from stochastic variation in men’s foraging
success on large prey measured against the backdrop of women’s consistent production of small, low-variance resources.
Rebecca Bliege Bird received her Ph.D. from UC Davis in 1996. She is interested in gendered strategies of social and economic production, especially as they relate to altruism and public goods provisioning in prestige competitions. In pursuit of these and other questions related to the socioecology of subsistence, she has worked in Torres Strait among the Meriam and is currently working with Martu in Australia’s Western Desert. Brian F. Codding received his B.S. from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo in 2005 and his M.A. in 2008 from Stanford University, where he is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Anthropology. His current research examines the social ecology of gender-specific foraging in archaeological and ethnographic contexts in California and Western Australia. Douglas W. Bird received his Ph.D. from UC Davis in 1996. His interest in ethnoarchaeology led him to explore the processes of shellmidden formation among Meriam of the Torres Strait. He is currently investigating the politics of hunting among Martu and the way that sharing can, paradoxically, create social hierarchy. 相似文献
Douglas W. BirdEmail: |
Rebecca Bliege Bird received her Ph.D. from UC Davis in 1996. She is interested in gendered strategies of social and economic production, especially as they relate to altruism and public goods provisioning in prestige competitions. In pursuit of these and other questions related to the socioecology of subsistence, she has worked in Torres Strait among the Meriam and is currently working with Martu in Australia’s Western Desert. Brian F. Codding received his B.S. from California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo in 2005 and his M.A. in 2008 from Stanford University, where he is currently a Ph.D. student in the Department of Anthropology. His current research examines the social ecology of gender-specific foraging in archaeological and ethnographic contexts in California and Western Australia. Douglas W. Bird received his Ph.D. from UC Davis in 1996. His interest in ethnoarchaeology led him to explore the processes of shellmidden formation among Meriam of the Torres Strait. He is currently investigating the politics of hunting among Martu and the way that sharing can, paradoxically, create social hierarchy. 相似文献
15.
Maltotriose is metabolized by baker’s and brewer’s yeast only oxidatively, with a respiratory quotient of 1.0, the
being, depending on the strain used, 0–11, as compared with
of 6–42μL CO2 per h per mg dry substance. The transport appeared to proceed by facilitated diffusion (no effects of NaF, iodoacetamide
and 3-chlorophenylhydrazonomalononitrile) with a KT of more than 50mm and was inhibited by maltose > maltotriose > methyl-α-D-glucoside > maltotetraose >D-fruetose >D-glucose. The transport was present constitutively in bothSaccharomyces cerevisiae (baker’s yeast) and inS. uvarum (brewer’s yeast) and it was not significantly stimulated by preincubation with glucose or maltose. The pH optimum was 4.5–5.5,
the temperature dependence yielded an activation energy of 26 kJ/mol. 相似文献
16.
Neurochemical Research - Parkinson’s disease (PD), the main risk factor for which is age, is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases and imposes a substantial burden on affected... 相似文献
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DNAs and proteins are major classes of biomolecules that differ in many aspects. However, a considerable number of their members also share a common architectural feature that enables the assembly of multi-protein complexes and thereby permits the effective processing of signals: loop structures of substantial sizes. Here we briefly review a few representative examples and suggest a functional classification of different types of loop structures. In proteins, these loops occur in protein regions classified as intrinsically disordered. Studying such loops, their binders and their interactions with other loops should reveal much about cellular information computation and signaling network architectures. It is also expected to provide critical information for synthetic biologists and bioengineers. 相似文献
19.
Oxidative stress affecting the thyroxin biosynthesis might explain the proneness of patients with Down's syndrome (DS) (trisomia 21) to develop hypothyroidism. Thyroideal cells are exposed to endogenous H2O2 that acts as a cofactor for the iodination of thyroxin precursors. The gland has high levels of selenium-containing proteins, including peroxide-detoxicating enzyme proteins. The object of the present study was to explore the hypothesis of a role of an imbalance between toxic oxygen production and protective metalloenzymes during the development of thyroid hypofunction in DS patients. We analyzed serum levels of thyroid hormones and trace metals in 38 institutionalized adults with DS, using mentally retarded subjects matched for age, sex, and behavioral function as controls. The DS patients had significantly lower mean values of free thyroxin (fT4) and increased TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), as compared to the controls. They had lower serum selenium than the controls. A positive correlation was observed between serum concentrations of fT4 and selenium in the DS patients (r = 0.393, p < 0.05). No significant differences were found between the fT4 or the TSH concentrations in the patients with and without circulating antithyroid autoantibodies. Our results support the suggestion that thyroid hypofunction in patients with Down's syndrome in some way is linked to the low serum levels of selenium found in these patients. It is suggested that selenium-containing proteins are involved in thyroid hormonal synthesis, by protecting biosynthetic processes against the toxicity of free oxygen radicals. 相似文献
20.
Monique Borgerhoff Mulder 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1992,3(1):45-70
Both behavioral ecological and social anthropological analyses of polygynous marriage tend to emphasize the importance of competition among men in acquisition of mates, whereas the strategic options to women both prior to and after the establishment of a marriage have been neglected. Focusing on African marriage systems that are in some senses analogous to resource-defense polygyny, I first review the evidence of reproductive costs of polygyny to women. Then I discuss why the conflict of interests between men and women over mate number is often likely to be settled in favor of men. Using East African ethnographic data I examine the strategic responses of women and their families to polygynous marriage, focusing on four topics: mate choice (Kipsigis), attitudes toward incoming wives (Kipsigis), labor allocation and cooperation (comparative data, Kipsigis), and use of parental wealth (Datoga). The results of these quantitative analyses suggest that through a combination of judicious marriage choice and strategic responses within marriage, polygyny need not be costly to women in resource-defense polygynous systems. The conclusion is that a hierarchy of questions need to be addressed in the analysis of any polygynous marriage system. 相似文献