青海湖地区芨芨草群落特征及其物种多样性研究

以青海湖地区典型的芨芨草群落为研究对象,用样带法进行了调查。根据野外调查资料分析了青海湖地区芨芨草群落的群落学特征,应用生物多样性的原理和方法计测了青海湖地区芨芨草群落的物种丰富度指数(R0,R1)、物种多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数H′、Simpson指数D和Hill指数n1、n2)及均匀度指数(E1、E2)。结果表明,青海湖地区芨芨草群落的组成成分简单,植物种类比较贫乏,北温带分布的属占优势;生活型以地面芽植物种类居多,是该群落中处于优势地位的生活型;芨芨草群落垂直结构分异较为明显;芨芨草群落的丰富度指数、均匀度指数和物种多样性指数表现出基本一致的变化趋势。群落植物多样性指数的大小受立地生境和人为活动的综合影响,对于芨芨草群落而言,生境条件越适宜,优势种地位越明显,丰富度指数和物种多样性指数越低;过度放牧地带丰富度指数和物种多样性指数较低。     

海南万宁青皮林群落多样性特征研究

根据样方调查,对海南万宁青皮林群落的种类组成、外貌、结构特征和物种多样性进行分析。结果表明:(1)海南万宁青皮林自然保护区有维管植物137种,隶属于62科110属,其中热带性分布种达95.5%,群落属于热带雨林植被类型中的海岸单优青皮群落。(2)群落的优势种为青皮,外貌常绿,生活型以小高位芽为主(占35.04%),青皮种群表现为增长趋势。(3)群落的物种丰富度Magarlef指数为34.30,Shannon-Wienner指数为2.31,Simpson指数为0.99,均匀度Pielou指数为1.08。(4)群落各层次的丰富度表现为乔木层>灌木层>藤本植物>草本层,Simpson指数表现为灌木层>草本层>藤本植物>乔木层,Shannon-Wienner指数表现为灌木层>藤本植物>草本层>乔木层,均匀度表现为草本层>灌木层>藤本植物>乔木层,表明乔木层的物种丰富度最高,但分布最不均匀,优势种的优势地位突出。     

秦岭太白红杉群落特征及其物种多样性的研究

选择太白红杉群落分布集中的太白山、长安光头山、玉皇山和冰晶顶等4个地段,设计18个样地,用样方法进行调查,共作样方280个。分析了太白红杉群落的种类组成、区系特点、群落外貌、垂直结构和水平结构等群落学特征,并对该群落的环境概况进行分析,计划了不同地段上群落的频、盖度指标和不同层次上的Shannon-Wiener指数,Simpson指数、Pielou指数和种间相遇指数。结果表是,太白红杉主要分布于秦岭海拔2800－3500m的高海拔山地,群落组成种类约85种,北温带分布属占优势,地面芽植物种类多,数量大,是该群落的优质层片。乔木层为太白红杉单优组成,平均高度约8．6m,多样性指数0．207－0．420,灌木层H值为1．779－2．363,草本层H值最高,为2．122－3．025。本研究为太白红杉可持续利用和保护提供了有益的参考。     

深圳大鹏半岛“风水林”香蒲桃群落特征及物种多样性研究

根据样方调查,对罕见的大鹏半岛"风水林"香蒲桃群落的区系组成、外貌、群落结构特征和物种多样性进行分析,并与邻近4个地区的森林群落作比较。结果表明,该群落属于南亚热带次生性常绿阔叶林,在1200m2样地中,有维管束植物86种,隶属于44科80属,其中以热带性分布属占明显优势,所占比例为89.33%。群落主要优势种为香蒲桃、乌饭树、银柴、密花树。群落外貌终年常绿,生活型以高位芽为主,占86.05%;通过对优势种群的年龄结构分析显示,该群落处于增长状态,按照Raunkiaer的频度等级定律,属于A级的种类最多,频度值为52.32。整个群落物种丰富度Magarlef指数为9.65,Shannon-Wiener指数为3.17,均匀度指数为0.71,3个层次多样性格局为"灌木层>乔木层>草本层"。物种多样性比较结果显示,大鹏半岛香蒲桃群落的物种多样性水平高于受不同程度干扰的深圳南山假萍婆群落和澳门假苹婆群落,但比保护较好的香港黄桐群落和鼎湖山厚壳桂群落低,过度的人为干扰将导致植物物种多样性的降低。     

乌鲁木齐市小型兽类群落特征与分布格局初步研究

根据2002年7月的调查资料对乌鲁木齐市养禽场鼠类群落进行了研究。结果表明：该地区分布的鼠类可划分为2种群落,(1)褐家鼠 小家鼠群落;(2)小家鼠 灰仓鼠群落。同时对鼠类群落的多样性,均匀度等进行了初步研究。     

西藏林芝云杉林凋落物的特征研究

本文报道了西藏林芝云杉林的凋落量、凋落特征及凋落物中主要营养元素（Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ）的含量。３年的测定结果表明,林芝云杉林的年均凋落量为３８４３．２３ｋｇｈｍ－２ａ－１,其中枯叶量占７０．５２％,枯枝、杂物各占１４．３３％和１５．１４％。凋落物中主要营养元素的含量为１００．６５ｋｇｈｍ－２ａ－１。凋落物均有明显的季节变化规律。各类凋落物的凋落特征从一定角度反映了林芝云杉林群落一般的生物学与生态学特性以及对西藏高原环境条件的适应性。     

河南宝天曼栓皮栎林群落特征及物种多样性

河南宝天曼自然保护区地片北亚热带的南暖温带过渡区域,是中国中部地区唯一保持较完好的综合性森林生态系统类型栓皮栎（Ｑｕｅｒｃｕｓ ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓ Ｂｌ．）林是其植被的重要组成之一。本文根据不同海拔的１５块样地材料,对栓皮要不栓群落土壤组成,植物区系成分,群落外貌,群落的结构特征及物种多样性进行了初步研究。     

草海国家级自然保护区华山松群落特征及物种多样性研究

为探讨喀斯特地区森林群落的演替动态和生物多样性维持机制,采用样地调查法对草海国家级自然保护区的华山松(Pinusarmandii)群落的物种组成、植物区系特征、种群结构和物种多样性等进行了分析。结果表明,样地内共有种子植物37科69属81种,其中乔木11种、灌木32种、草本38种;群落内植物的科、属区系成分类型多样,以温带成分为主;生活型谱主要以高位芽植物(46.91%)和地面芽植物(27.16%)为主;乔木层华山松的重要值达58%,为群落的单优势种;径级结构呈左偏正态型分布,树高分布集中在12～21 m,冠幅分布呈V型;乔木层与灌木层、草本层间的多样性差异显著(P0.05),物种丰富度指数S和D_M、多样性指数H和D_S均为草本层灌木层乔木层,物种均匀度指数J为灌木层草本层乔木层。因此,草海国家级自然保护区内的华山松群落特征和物种多样性具有明显的地域特点。     

山西南部脱皮榆群落生态特征及其物种多样性的研究

选择脱皮榆群落分布较为集中的霍山、中条山等2个地段,设计7个样地,用样方法进行调查,共做样方585个。分析了脱皮榆群落的种类组成、区系特点、群落外貌、垂直结构等群落学特征,并对该群落的环境概况进行分析,计测了不同地段群落的重要值指标和不同层次上的Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数。结果表明,脱皮榆主要分布于海拔1100-1650m的中海拔山地。群落组成种类约156种,北温带分布属占优势,显示了脱皮榆群落具有北温带性质。高位芽和一年生植物种类多,显示了脱皮榆群落分布区域夏季水热条件良好,冬季漫长、寒冷、干旱的气候特点。乔木层平均高度约13m,多样性指数H为1．0260一1,5907;灌木层H值0．9983—2．4478;草本层H值为0．9047—3.0621。研究为脱皮榆可持续利用和保护提供了有益的参考。     

西藏原始林芝云杉林雨季林冠降水分配特征

利用2006-2007年对西藏米林县南伊沟原始林芝云杉(Picea likiangensis var.linzhiensis)林林外降水、穿透水和树干茎流定位观测数据,对林芝云杉林的林冠降水再分配特征进行研究。结果表明:西藏南伊沟的年降水量为716.4mm,主要集中在4-9月份,占全年降雨量的86.95%。在林芝云杉的生长季节(4-10月份),林冠截留量为338.6mm,占同期林外降水量的51.60%;林内穿透水量为316.3mm,占同期林外降水量的48.21%;树干茎流量仅为1mm,仅占0.19%。林内穿透水(Tp)、树干茎流(Sf)、林冠截留量(Ip)及林冠截留率(PIp)与林外降水量(p)之间的关系分别为:Tp=0.8622p-3.5229,r=0.9964;Sf=0.0004p1.4586,r=0.9458;Ip=1.2222p0.6341,r=0.874;PIp=253.6p-0.7008,r=0.9732。林芝云杉林雨季林冠降水的分配规律与该森林结构复杂、林分年龄高、胸高断面积大密切相关,说明该森林在涵养水源和保持水土等方面发挥着重要的作用。     

Relationship between volatile compounds of Picea likiangensis var. linzhiensis cone and host selection of Dioryctria abietella

This study aimed to determine the relationship between volatile compounds of Picea likiangensis var. linzhiensis cone and host selection of Dioryctria abietella. During the infestation of P. likiangensis var. linzhiensis by D. abietella, their cones and branches emitted volatile compounds, which were extracted using CH₂Cl₂ extraction and XAD₂ adsorption methods, and were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Before and after overwintering, D. abietella larva preferred annually infested cones and their extracts, and adult D. abietella preferred to lay eggs on annually infested cones and healthy cones of the year, and the oviposition rate of adult D. abietella was 72% on branches with healthy cones of the year, and no egg was laid on branches with annually healthy cones or branches without cones. The volatile compounds after infestation, α- and β-pinene, were significantly higher in cones than those in other tissues; however, myrcene in cones was significantly lower than those in other tissues. The annually infested cones produced β-caryophyllene and (1S)-(-)-β-pinene, while the annually healthy cones and branches produced myrcene and 3-carene. The annually infested cones and their extracts attracted D. abietella larvae, while that of healthy cones and annually infested cones attracted the adults, indicating that the terpene compounds: α-pinene, β-pinene, (1S)-(-)-β-pinene, limonene, and β-caryophyllene are attractive to D. abietella, and the terpene compounds—myrcene and 3-carene—from the branch tissues may be repulsive to D. abietella.     

川西云杉几丁质酶基因PlCHI的克隆、表达与生物信息学分析

以川西云杉（Picea likiangensis var.balfouriana（Rehd.et Wils.）Hillier ex Slsvin）为材料,利用RT-PCR技术,克隆获得几丁质酶基因PlCHI的cDNA全长序列,并对该基因的序列特征及基因表达情况进行分析。结果显示,PlCHI的开放阅读框长1017 bp,共编码338个氨基酸;蛋白序列结构域分析结果表明,PlCHI为ClassⅠ类几丁质酶,属19家族,兼具溶菌酶活性;该序列与其他植物几丁质酶的蛋白序列相似性较高。系统发育分析结果显示,川西云杉PlCHI序列与北美云杉（Picea sitchensis（Bong.）Corr.）、黑松（Pinus thunbergii Parl.）等松科植物亲缘关系最近。进一步将PlCHI重组质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中,表达出约45 kD的蛋白,主要以包涵体形式存在,且在25℃下采用0.2 mmol/L的IPTG诱导4 h时蛋白的表达量最佳。     

Pliocene intraspecific divergence and Plio‐Pleistocene range expansions within Picea likiangensis (Lijiang spruce), a dominant forest tree of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau

A knowledge of intraspecific divergence and range dynamics of dominant forest trees in response to past geological and climate change is of major importance to an understanding of their recent evolution and demography. Such knowledge is informative of how forests were affected by environmental factors in the past and may provide pointers to their response to future environmental change. However, genetic signatures of such historical events are often weak at individual loci due to large effective population sizes and long generation times of forest trees. This problem can be overcome by analysing genetic variation across multiple loci. We used this approach to examine intraspecific divergence and past range dynamics in the conifer Picea likiangensis, a dominant tree of forests occurring in eastern and southern areas of the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP). We sequenced 13 nuclear loci, two mitochondrial DNA regions and three plastid (chloroplast) DNA regions in 177 individuals sampled from 22 natural populations of this species, and tested the hypothesis that its evolutionary history was markedly affected by Pliocene QTP uplifts and Quaternary climatic oscillations. Consistent with the taxonomic delimitation of the three morphologically divergent varieties examined, all individuals clustered into three genetic groups with intervariety admixture detected in regions of geographical overlap. Divergence between varieties was estimated to have occurred within the Pliocene and ecological niche modelling based on 20 ecological variables suggested that niche differentiation was high. Furthermore, modelling of population‐genetic data indicated that two of the varieties (var. rubescens and var. linzhiensis) expanded their population sizes after the largest Quaternary glaciation in the QTP, while expansion of the third variety (var. likiangensis) began prior to this, probably following the Pliocene QTP uplift. These findings point to the importance of geological and climatic changes during the Pliocene and Pleistocene as causes of intraspecific diversification and range shifts of dominant tree species in the QTP biodiversity hot spot region.     

四种云杉的核型分析

首次报道了中国珍稀濒危保护植物长叶云杉 ( P. smithiana ( Wall.) Boiss.)和康定云杉 ( P. likian-gensis( Franch.) Pritz.var.montigena( Mast.) Cheng ex Chen)及我国特产的青海云杉 ( P.crassif oliaKom.)和林芝云杉 ( P.likiangensis( Franch.) Pritz.var.linzhiensis Cheng et L.K.Fu)的核型。它们的核型公式都是 K( 2 n) =2 4 =2 2 m+2 sm (林芝云杉有 1条 B染色体 ) ,染色体相对长度组成分别为 2 n=1 4 M2 +8M1 +2 S,2 L+1 2 M2 +6M1 +4S,2 L +1 0 M2 +1 0 M1 +2 S,和 2 L+1 2 M2 +6M1 +4S.均为 2 A (除青海云杉 1 A外 )核型类型。     

西藏珍珠茅属(莎草科)植物增补

发现了分布于西藏的2个珍珠茅属新记录种:小型珍珠茅和毛果珍珠茅,并补充记载了2个新记录种的文献和标本引证。     

云南小中甸地区丽江云杉径向生长对气候变化的响应

丽江云杉原始林是云南省香格里拉县小中甸地区的主要森林类型.本文采用树轮年代学的方法分析了丽江云杉年轮宽度对气候变化的响应;选取相对保守的结果负指数曲线或线性回归拟合生长趋势建立年表,进行了不同时间尺度的气候因素与差值年表(RES)序列的相关及响应函数分析,并利用特征年分析了产生宽窄年轮的原因.结果表明:研究区丽江云杉的径向生长与温度升高在1990-2008年存在一定的“分离现象”;上一生长季的水热状况是限制丽江云杉当年生长的主要气候因子,特别是上年7月的气温对当年径向生长具有负反馈作用,而上年7月的充足降水则促进当年的径向生长;上年生长季温度与降水变化的相反趋势是导致宽窄年轮形成的主要原因;丽江云杉的生长对帕尔默干旱指数(PDSI)的变化不敏感.     

Study on the Floristic Phytogeographical Differentiation of Xizang Tibet

The geoecological conditions of Xizang (Tibet) are very complicated. An approach on the floristic phytogeographical differentiation of Xizang has been made in the present paper with a quantitative floristic method. According to areal types of the species the flora of Xizang may be classified under five major geoelements: the north temperate zone geo-element (N), the Central Asiatic geoelemcnt (C), the Qinghai-Xizang Tibetan Plateau geo-element (T), the Sino-Himalayan geo-element (SH) and the tropical geo-element (Tr). Different diagrams of spectra of floristic elements of Xizang are presented. Four cross-sections were chosen for illustrating the regional differentiation of spectra of floristic elements of Xizang. It is obvious that the SH-geo-element prevails in the Eastern and Southeastern Xizang and the Trgeo-element is confined at lower elevation of the southern flanks of the Himalayas. On the contrary, on the Plateau proper the Tgeoelement dominates and the C-geo-element plays a significant role in the northwestern part of Xizang. It corresponds to the following horizontal zones of vegetation from southeast to northwest: montane forest-alpine meadow-alpine steppe-alpine desert. An example at the southern slopes of the Eastern Himalayas has been taken to investigate the vertical variation of the spectra of floristic elements, the boundary between the both subbelts of the montane evergreen broad-leaved forest belt at an elevation of 1,800 m has been proposed as the upper limit dominated by the tropical geo-element. On the basis of dominance spectra of the fioristic elements in the grid-square system floristic boundaries are defined, which separate different floristic regions from one another, thereafter a floristic division of Xizang has been discussed. There are the sub-region of the "Himalayan flanks belonging to the Indo-Malaysian sub-kingdom of the Palaeotropical kingdom, the Sino-Himalayan sub-kingdom and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau sub-kingdom of the Holarctic kingdom.     

西藏新生代秋乌组孢粉化石的发现及其初步研究

本文首次报道西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带附近秋乌组含煤沉积中的孢粉化石。孢粉植物群主要由Quercoidifes,具孔类及三孔沟类花粉组成,包括12科26属及一些未定类群。组合中产有少量的Graminidites及Tsugaepollenites。植物群的总体特征显示其时代可能为渐新世至早中新世。秋乌组沉积早期的环境比较温暖。