高速逆流色谱法分离制备丹酚酸B

采用高速逆流色谱法分离纯化丹参水溶性成分丹酚酸类物质,制备丹酚酸B化学对照品。分离采用的溶剂系统为正己烷-乙酸乙酯-水-甲醇(1.5:5:5:1.5),上相做固定相,下相做流动相,流速为1.7 mL/min,仪器转速850 rpm,进样量80 mg,纯度用HPLC方法测定。结果表明:一次分离可制备63.4 mg丹酚酸B,其纯度为98.6%。该方法操作简单,可作为高纯度丹酚酸B化学对照品的制备分离方法。     

连作对丹参生长的障碍效应

通过对1～4年不同连作年限地块丹参生长发育情况进行的连续调查分析,结果表明,连作严重危害丹参生长,主要表现在6～9月,丹参生长期的枯苗率大幅度上升,地上、地下部生长量下降,根系数量、直径和长度减小,产世降低。同时由于有效成分含量降低,根系外观畸形,造成商品率下降,从而影响丹参质量。通过对土壤pH测定发现．丹参连作障碍可能与土壤酸性增加有关。     

Effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza on aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress in cultured rat hepatocytes

Recent findings have suggested that oxidative damage might contribute to the cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁). Salvia miltiorrhiza (Sm), a herbal plant that has been used extensively in traditional Chinese medicine for treating cardiovascular and liver diseases, is believed to have some antioxidative capabilities. In this study, the protective effect of Sm against AFB₁-induced cytotoxicity was investigated in cultured primary rat hepatocytes. AFB₁-induced cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were estimated by determination of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) formation, respectively. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation was measured using a fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). In addition, changes of intracellular glutathione (GSH) content were also studied. Results showed that Sm was able to suppress the LDH leakage induced by AFB₁ in a dose-dependent manner. A dose-dependent inhibitory effect of Sm on AFB₁-induced LPO was also found in hepatocytes treated with Sm. It was further observed that Sm produced an inhibitory effect on ROS formation caused by AFB₁. Concomitantly, the GSH content in Sm-treated groups increased substantially compared to those without Sm treatment. These findings suggest that Sm can inhibit the cytotoxicity of AFB₁ through decreasing ROS formation, inhibiting LPO and preventing GSH depletion. The major component of the aqueous extract of Sm was identified by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), proton magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) and mass spectrum (MS). Analytical results suggested that D(+)β3,4-dihydroxyphenol lactic acid (DA) is the main compound of the aqueous extract of Sm.     

Superoxide radicals scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of magnesium lithospermate B from Salvia miltiorrhiza

In this study we investigated the superoxide radicals scavenging effect and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity by magnesium lithospermate B, which was originally isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (also named Danshen or Dansham), an important herb in Oriental medicine. Superoxide radicals were generated both in beta-NADH/PMS system and xanthine/ xanthine oxidase system. Magnesium lithospermate B significantly inhibited the reduction of NBT induced by superoxide radicals with an IC(50) of 29.8 microg/mL and 4.06 microg/mL respectively in the two systems. Further study suggested that magnesium lithospermate B can directly inhibit xanthine oxidase and exhibits competitive inhibition. Magnesium lithospermate B was also found to have the hypouricemic activity in vivo against potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricaemia in mice. After oral administration of magnesium lithospermate B at doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, there was a significant decrease in the serum urate level when compared to the hyperuricemia control. In addition, magnesium lithospermate B significantly protected HL-60 cells from superoxide radicals-induced apoptosis in the xanthine/ xanthine oxidase reactions. This study provided evidence that magnesium lithospermate B exhibits direct superoxide radicals scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity.     

Superoxide radicals scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of magnesium lithospermate B from Salvia miltiorrhiza

In this study we investigated the superoxide radicals scavenging effect and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity by magnesium lithospermate B, which was originally isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza (also named Danshen or Dansham), an important herb in Oriental medicine. Superoxide radicals were generated both in β-NADH/PMS system and xanthine/ xanthine oxidase system. Magnesium lithospermate B significantly inhibited the reduction of NBT induced by superoxide radicals with an IC₅₀ of 29.8 μg/mL and 4.06 μg/mL respectively in the two systems. Further study suggested that magnesium lithospermate B can directly inhibit xanthine oxidase and exhibits competitive inhibition. Magnesium lithospermate B was also found to have the hypouricemic activity in vivo against potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricaemia in mice. After oral administration of magnesium lithospermate B at doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg, there was a significant decrease in the serum urate level when compared to the hyperuricemia control. In addition, magnesium lithospermate B significantly protected HL-60 cells from superoxide radicals-induced apoptosis in the xanthine/ xanthine oxidase reactions. This study provided evidence that magnesium lithospermate B exhibits direct superoxide radicals scavenging and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity.     

丹参愈伤组织的诱导及增殖效应

以丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza bunge)的幼叶、茎、叶柄为外植体,接种于附加2,4—D、MM、Kr、Zr、6—BA及其组合的hIs固体培养基上,结果发现单独使用四种植物生长调节物质在一定浓度范围均有愈伤组织产生;最佳组合的诱导培养基为MS 2,4—D0．5mg/L 6—BA1．0mg/L。进一步研究发现,在黑暗和光照培养条件下,愈伤组织增殖呈“S”型,且生长周期均为30天。     

Lithospermic acid B isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal injury in rats

The present study was designed to examine whether lithospermic acid B (LSB) isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza has an ameliorative effect on renal functional parameters in association with the expression of aquaporin 2 (AQP 2) and Na,K-ATPase in the ischemia-reperfusion induced acute renal failure (ARF) rats. LSB showed strong antioxidant activity against production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), ROS-induced hemolysis, and production of lipid peroxide in a dose-dependent manner. Polyuria caused by down-regulation of renal AQP 2 in the ischemia-reperfusion induced ARF rats was partially restored by administration of LSB (40 mg/kg, i.p.), restoring expression of AQP 2, in renal inner and outer medulla. The expression of Na,K-ATPase alpha1 subunit in outer medulla of the ARF rats was also restored in the ARF rats by administration of LSB, while beta1 subunit level was not altered. The renal functional parameters including creatinine clearance, urinary sodium excretion, urinary osmolality, and solute-free reabsorption were also partially restored in ischemia-ARF rats by administration of LSB. Histological study also showed that renal damages in the ARF rats were abrogated by administration of LSB. Taken together, these data indicate that LSB ameliorates renal defects in rats with ischemia-reperfusion induced ARF, most likely via scavenging of ROS.     

丹参晚期胚胎蛋白基因SmLEA的克隆及表达分析

对丹参EST序列进行Blast分析,发现一条序列与晚期胚胎丰富蛋白(late embryogenesis abundant)基因有较高的相似性,在此基础上设计引物,分别从cDNA和gDNA水平克隆到该基因的全长(Genbank注册号:AY725206),命名为SmLEA.该序列全长739 bp,无内含子,包含1个长为495 bp的开放阅读框,编码164个氨基酸.序列比对结果显示,该序列与番茄的晚期胚胎丰富蛋白Lemmi9有较高的相似性(69%),推测该编码蛋白属于晚期胚胎蛋白LEA14家族成员.生物信息学显示,SmLEA所编码蛋白SmLEA的相对分子质量为17.34 kD,理论等电点为4.51,富含天冬氨酸及AS、IP、KV、VS、TIP肽段,定位于细胞质中,为稳定类蛋白.实时荧光定量PCR结果显示,该基因在丹参的根、茎、叶中均有表达,为组成型表达基因.     

丹参SmGGPPS3基因的克隆及表达分析

香叶基香叶基焦磷酸合酶(Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase,GGPPS)是植物细胞二萜类物质合成的重要调节靶点。本研究从药用植物丹参中克隆了一条新的GGPPS基因(SmGGPPS3),基因全长2908 bp,包含一个931 bp的内含子和一个960 bp的编码序列。推测的氨基酸序列与蓖麻、橡胶、拟南芥等植物GGPPS一致性达到67%以上。实时定量PCR结果显示,SmGGPPS3基因在丹参不同发育时期不同器官中表达差异显著,同时受茉莉酸甲酯和病原菌的诱导。遗传互补实验也表明,SmGGPPS3编码蛋白具有GGPP合酶的活性。     

丹参中硫堇基因SmTHI的克隆和表达分析

丹参EST序列的Blast分析表明,一条序列与硫堇（thionin,THI）基因有较高的同源性,该序列长575bp,包含1个长366bp的开放阅读框（ORF）,编码121个氨基酸,命名为SmTHI,GenBank登陆号为DQ212984。在此基础上设计引物,分别从cDNA和gDNA水平上克隆到该基因的全编码区序列的结果表明,该基因无内含子。序列分析表明,该编码蛋白与大多数植物的THI蛋白前体高度同源,并符合植物硫堇类蛋白的序列模式和特征：C—C—x（5）．R．x（2）-[FY]-x（2）-C,N端具17个氨基酸的信号肽,中间46个氨基酸为成熟THI部分,C端的58个氨基酸为酸性多肽部分。成熟的THI蛋白带正电荷,偏碱性,推测可能有抗病原微生物活性。实时定量PCR检测SmTHI在丹参不同组织部位的表达以及在黄瓜细菌性角斑病菌（PSL）、NaCl和水杨酸（sA）溶液诱导下的表达结果表明：SmTHI在植物的根、茎和叶中均有不同程度的表达,其表达丰度为叶〉茎〉根：在PSL、NaCl和sA溶液诱导下该基因的表达呈上调趋势。     

丹参DHN1基因的克隆与序列分析

丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge．)是一种重要的药用植物。以组织培养2～13w的丹参幼苗为材料,构建丹参cDNA库并进行大规模EST序列分析,所得序列经NCBI的BLAST工具分析,克隆号为rsmsxl-009377的序列与晚期胚胎丰富(Late Embryogenesis Abundant)基因家族Ⅱ中的成员有较高的同源性。根据其5’单向测序的结果设计引物“5'-GTGCGTAGACACATCGGTTC-3'”继续向3’测序,得到一个全长969bp的序列,序列分析发现该序列包含一个长690bp的开放阅读框(ORF),编码229个氨基酸,与NCBI注册的脱水素家族基因具有较高的同源性,且含有ⅡLEA蛋白的特征序列,表明本基因可能是一种新的脱水素基因,命名为DHN1,并住GENEBANK上进行了注册,序列号为：AY695932。     

丹参miR408基因前体序列的克隆及表达分析

MiR408是植物中一类高度保守的miRNA,其靶基因编码含铜蛋白,miR408的表达受植物生长发育和环境条件的显著影响。拟南芥中miR408在HY5-SPL7基因网络中起着关键作用,而HY5-SPL7基因网络可介导拟南芥对光照和铜离子的协调应答,进一步表明miR408在植物对环境的响应中发挥了核心作用。本研究基于丹参基因组Survey数据库,从中搜索并克隆得到366 bp的含有稳定茎环结构的miR408前体序列及其上游723 bp片段的启动子区,Gen Bank登录号分别为KU360384和KU360385,并将miR408的前体序列命名为SmMIR408。生物信息学分析结果显示:Sm-MIR408上游启动子序列与模式植物拟南芥Ath-MIR408、水稻OsaMIR408启动子区具有许多相同的顺式作用元件,如G-box、CGTCA-motif、TGACG-motif、GTAC-motif等,而HSE、CATT-motif作用元件仅存在于丹参启动子区;miR408成熟序列在不同物种中具有很高的保守性;基于不同物种miR408前体序列构建的系统进化树显示,来源于单子叶植物的miR408前体序列聚为一支,来源于双子叶植物的miR408前体序列聚为另一支。实时定量PCR分析结果显示:Sm-MIR408在丹参的根、茎、叶、花中都有表达,其在花中的表达量最高,根中最低;Sm-MIR408的表达受茉莉酸甲酯和伤害的抑制,黑暗和持续光照也可抑制该基因的表达。Sm-MIR408基因的克隆与表达分析为今后研究丹参miR408的功能奠定了基础。     

丹参肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶基因克隆与生物信息学分析

分析丹参转录组数据库,获得一条新的肉桂酰辅酶A还原酶(cinnamoyl-CoA reductase,CCR)基因,命名为SmCCR-2(GenBank注册号为JF784010)。该基因包含一个长为966 bp的完整开放读码框,编码321个氨基酸残基。生物信息学分析显示,SmCCR-2编码的蛋白具有NWYCY基序,属于NABD_Rossmann超家族,相对分子量为35.80 kD;预测SmCCR-2为中性亲水的稳定蛋白,存在跨膜结构域。实时荧光定量PCR结果表明,SmCCR-2基因在丹参各组织都有表达,茎中表达量最高。其表达受到病原菌的影响,表明SmCCR-2基因可能与植物防御反应有关。     

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 induces cardiac fibroblast migration, collagen and cytokine secretion: inhibition by salvianolic acid B from Salvia miltiorrhiza

Cardiac fibroblasts play the key role in cardiac function and matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9) is a well known contributor to the development of myocardial remodeling. However, the direct regulation of MMP-9 on the function of cardiac fibroblasts and the underlying mechanism are far from elucidation. In the present research, recombinant protein encoding catalytic domain of MMP-9 (MMP-9 CD) was constructed and the function of neonatal cardiac fibroblasts was investigated by cell proliferation assay, migration assay, picrosirius red assay, multiplex cytokine assay and fibroblast phenotype detection. 200 nM MMP-9 CD stimulated cardiac fibroblasts migration (169.4±22.5% versus 100±0%, p<0.01), increased collagen synthesis (1.5±0.2 fold, p<0.05), up-regulated the secretion of ICAM (574.0±40.1 versus 268.5±8.6pg/ml, p<0.01), TNF-α (192.6±11.0 versus 14.4±1.8pg/ml, p<0.001), IL-6 (1500.9±70.2 versus 323.4±40.6pg/ml, p<0.001) and sVCAM-1 (30.3±4.3 versus 7.0±0.1 pg/ml, p<0.05) and down-regulated VEGF (436.5±148.9 versus 1034.3±28.1 pg/ml, p<0.05) significantly with modest effects on proliferation. Accompanying with these regulations, transition of fibroblasts to myofibroblast was confirmed by immunofluorescent stain of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) with MMP-9 CD treatment. Furthermore, salvianolic acid B (SalB) inhibited the effects of MMP-9 CD significantly. In conclusion, our results provide evidence for a direct influence of MMP-9 on cardiac fibroblast migration, collagen and cytokine secretion, which can be attenuated by SalB.     

Production of lithospermic acid B and rosmarinic acid in hairy root cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza

Hairy root cultures of Salvia miltiorrhiza were established by infecting sterile plantlets with Agrobacterium rhizogenes ATCC 15834, and the transformation was proved by direct detection of the inserted T-DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. As determined by HPLC, these hairy root cultures had the ability to produce lithospermic acid B (LAB), rosmarinic acid (RA) and other related phenolic compounds, the water-soluble active components of the plant. The effect of five different basal media, MS, MS-NH<INF>4</INF> (MS without ammonium nitrate), B5, WPM and 6,7-V on the root growth and phenolic compound production was studied. It was found that MS-NH<INF>4</INF> and 6,7-V media were superior to MS, B5 and WPM media in terms of both root growth and phenolic compound production. The time course of biomass accumulation and phenolic compound formation was also examined in the culture using MS-NH<INF>4</INF>medium. During cultivation, the content of RA in the roots was stable being approximately 0.48% of dry weight while the content of LAB fluctuated between 0.73% and 1.61% of dry weight, and decreased gradually at the stationary phase of growth. The highest production of LAB and RA was about 64 mg L⁻¹ and 23 mg L⁻¹, respectively. Received 05 November 1998/ Accepted in revised form 06 February 1999     

Coexisted components of Salvia miltiorrhiza enhance intestinal absorption of cryptotanshinone via inhibition of the intestinal P-gp

Cryptotanshinone, derived from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge and Salvia przewalskii Maxim, is the major active component and possesses significant antibacterial, antidermatophytic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the intestinal absorptive characteristics of cryptotanshinone as well as the absorptive behavior influenced by co-administration of the diterpenoid tanshinones and danxingfang using an in vitro everted rat gut sac model. The results showed a good linear correlation between cryptotanshinone of absorption and the incubation time from 10 to 70 min. The concentration dependence showed that a non-linear correlation existed between the cryptotanshinone absorption and the concentration at 100 μg/ml. Coexisting diterpenoid tanshinones and danxingfang could significantly enhance the absorption of cryptotanshinone. Coexisting diterpenoid tanshinones and danxingfang, which influenced cryptotanshinone's absorption, manifested as similar to that of the P-glycoprotein inhibitor. The underlying mechanism of the improvement of oral bioavailability was proposed that coexisting diterpenoid tanshinones and danxingfang could decrease the efflux transport of cryptotanshinone by P-glycoprotein.     

In vitro cytotoxic activity of abietane diterpenes from Peltodon longipes as well as Salvia miltiorrhiza and Salvia sahendica

Phytochemical investigations of the n-hexane extract from the roots of Peltodon longipes (Lamiaceae) resulted in the isolation of 12 known abietane diterpenes (1-12). Structures were established on the basis of one and two dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data ((1)H and (13)C, COSY, HSQC and HMBC), electron ionization mass spectrometric analysis (EIMS) as well as comparison with data from literature. These compounds, as well as eight known diterpenes (13-19) from Salvia miltiorrhiza, and two from Salvia sahendica (20 and 21) were evaluated for their cytotoxic effects in human pancreatic (MIAPaCa-2) and melanoma (MV-3) tumor cell lines using the MTT assay. Tanshinone IIa (13), 7α-acetoxyroyleanone (1), 1,2-dihydrotanshinone (16) and cryptotanshinone (14) had the highest cytotoxic effects in MIAPaCa-2, displaying IC(50) of 1.9, 4.7, 5.6, and 5.8 μM, respectively. Structure-activity relationships of abietane diterpenoid quinones are discussed.     

丹参晚期胚胎富集蛋白基因SmLEA的表达特征研究

利用DNA walking的方法克隆到了丹参SmLEA基因 5′ 端上游调控序列,约1 038bp。经生物信息学预测分析,该区域含有多种与逆境胁迫、ABA、种子特异表达相关的顺式作用元件。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,100 μmol/L ABA,200mmol/L NaCl,低温（4℃）及脱水处理后,SmLEA基因的表达均得到了明显的提高,与启动子序列分析的结果相符合。表明SmLEA基因可对盐、脱水和低温胁迫以及 ABA做出响应。