山东莱阳白恶纪后期龟类化石

一.绪言本文记述的两种白垩纪龟类化石,是1951年前新生代及脊椎古生物研究室在山东莱阳采集的大批脊椎动物化石中的一部分,系刘东生与王存义两同志在莱阳的陡山及金刚口两处所发现。金刚口发现的仅一片肋甲;陡山的包括一异常完整的龟类甲壳与另一个体的一部分甲壳,前者为我国至目前为止所发现的中生代龟类化石中最完整的标本,在地层与地理分布上都有相当意义。     

甲壳低聚糖铁(Ⅲ)、硒配合物的制备及其表征

以甲壳低聚糖与FeCl3反应络合成甲壳低聚糖铁(Ⅲ),以甲壳低聚糖与亚硒酸反应络合成甲壳低聚糖硒,对2种络合物的稳定性及紫外、红外光谱进行检测。甲壳低聚糖铁(Ⅲ)水溶液中不存在游离铁(Ⅲ),表明铁(Ⅲ)与甲壳低聚糖形成了稳定的配合物,在pH值为3-11的范围内不水解,无沉淀产生;甲壳低聚糖硒水溶液中不存在游离的硒离子,表明硒元素与甲壳低聚糖也形成了稳定的配合物。红外光谱扫描也表明甲壳低聚糖与铁、硒络合的特征峰变化。研究结果说明甲壳低聚糖与铁(Ⅲ)或硒能形成稳定的配合物。经红外光谱分析其配位的基团主要是氨基,羟基也有一定的配位能力,但是强度低于氨基。以上实验结果有望使甲壳低聚糖铁(Ⅲ)配合物成为一种具有较好生物利用度的营养型补铁剂,使甲壳低聚糖硒配合物成为具有多功能的保健药品。     

甲壳低聚糖铁穴Ⅲ雪、硒配合物的制备及其表征

以甲壳低聚糖与FeCl3反应络合成甲壳低聚糖铁(Ⅲ),以甲壳低聚糖与亚硒酸反应络合成甲壳低聚糖硒,对2种络合物的稳定性及紫外、红外光谱进行检测。甲壳低聚糖铁(Ⅲ)水溶液中不存在游离铁(Ⅲ),表明铁(Ⅲ)与甲壳低聚糖形成了稳定的配合物,在pH值为3～11的范围内不水解,无沉淀产生;甲壳低聚糖硒水溶液中不存在游离的硒离子,表明硒元素与甲壳低聚糖也形成了稳定的配合物。红外光谱扫描也表明甲壳低聚糖与铁、硒络合的特征峰变化。研究结果说明甲壳低聚糖与铁(Ⅲ)或硒能形成稳定的配合物。经红外光谱分析其配位的基团主要是氨基,羟基也有一定的配位能力,但是强度低于氨基。以上实验结果有望使甲壳低聚糖铁(Ⅲ)配合物成为一种具有较好生物利用度的营养型补铁剂,使甲壳低聚糖硒配合物成为具有多功能的保健药品。     

甲壳低聚糖抑菌性能鉴定

甲壳低聚糖对日常生活中特别是食品中一些常见的细菌、霉菌、酵母菌具有抑菌作用,其抑菌率明显超过对照组,相应最小抑菌质量浓度为1-10g/L,随着甲壳低聚糖质量浓度的增加,抑菌作用逐渐变强。该文还探讨了甲壳低聚糖抑菌活性与溶解性之间的关系,结果表明甲壳低聚糖的抑菌活性与氨基质子化有关。     

安徽泗洪县下草湾金龟化石*

下草湾发现的脊椎动物化石中,最多的是龟类甲壳的残片,多数都是在地面拾到的零星碎块,无法鉴定仅有采自河岸赭红色砂土层中的一个保存较好的破碎甲壳,经定为一种似与现代的金龟相近的淡水龟;此外,在拾自地面的碎块中有属于另一个体的完整的剑腹甲一块,亦可归入同一种内。龟类化石在淮河流域的发现还是第一次。     

龟类起始何方?

爬行动物在过去的地史时期中曾很繁盛,而现今却已衰落,只有龟鳖类、鳄类、有鳞类(蜥蜴和蛇)和喙头类为代表。其中,喙头类仅生活在新西兰及附近岛屿一带,我们现在常见的爬行动物,则只有三类。对于龟鳖类,大家都比较熟悉,扁平的身体隐藏在坚硬的甲壳之中,行动迟缓。这类动物的构造,与现生乃至其它爬行动物化石都有很大的差别,以致生物学家们迄今尚未搞明白它们到底是从哪类古代爬行动     

似龟非龟--楯齿龙

龟是人们熟悉的爬行动物,生活在地球上的各种环境中,身体包囊在厚重的甲壳中是龟类最显的特征,这种结构在现代的爬行动物中是独树一帜的,但是．在龟类出现之前,地球上还生活着一支与它们外观非常相似的动物．这就是楯齿龙类。     

甲壳酶特性与应用研究

本文阐明了甲壳酶(甲壳素酶和壳聚糖酶)的物理化学酶学性质,并着重对甲壳酶的结构、催化机制和其多方面应用进行了论述,同时还简介了相关甲壳素脱乙酰酶和溶菌酶等的概况。     

溞类的食性

节肢动物門甲壳綱中的枝角类(Cladocera)一般簡称为溞类。它們在天然水域(特別是淡水水域)中,种类和数量通常很多,成为淡水魚类的一項重要的天然食料。在有些漁場,大量培养溞类投喂魚苗和魚种,更是一項节省成本、促进魚体成长的良好措施。如果我們要估价某个水域的漁业生产力,亦要注意到这类动     

介形类系统分类与起源演化的形态、分子和化石证据

介形类(Ostracoda)因其丰富的化石记录和广布的海陆现生代表类群,而被认为是进化生物学中研究生物多样性产生机制和演变历程的颇具潜力的重要模式生物。介形类在甲壳亚门中的谱系发生位置、起源及其内部各类群间的系统关系还存在诸多争议。基于其体制构造的形态学特征,介形类被归入甲壳亚门下的颚足纲(Maxillopoda),但来自18S rDNA序列数据分析却显示Maxillopoda不是单系群。基于化石记录和壳体形态特征,高肌虫(Bradoriida)长期以来被认为是介形类的一个祖先类群,但保存有软躯体的早寒武世化石的研究表明,Bradoriida不是介形类甚至可能也不属于甲壳类。不同的研究者所强调的壳体和肢体形态特征各异,导致介形类最大的现生类群速足目(Podocopida)的四个超科之间的关系也存在诸多推测。壳体和肢体特征在系统演化意义上的不兼容,需要分子生物学等证据的介入。分子、形态和化石证据的积累及各种信息整合是系统演化研究的必然趋势。     

古猿闭壳龟的新材料及该属的地史分布

云南禄丰古猿产地发现的古猿闭壳龟(Cuora pitheca Yeh,1981),是闭壳龟属的首次化石记录。它的发现,把该属的历史从现代一下追溯至中新世晚期。本文除补充记述古猿闭壳龟的新材料外,并结合近年国内外的新发现,综述了该属龟类的地史分布。     

First fossil record of the catfish genus Sorubim (Siluriformes,Pimelodidae), from the Late Miocene of Paraná, Northeastern Argentina

The aim of the present contribution is to describe a partial fossil skull belonging to the catfish genus Sorubim. The specimen originates from the Late Miocene Ituzaingó Formation, at Paraná locality, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina. The material described here (MACN Pv-14224) was determined just to genus because the living species of Sorubim are morphologically similar. Presence of Sorubim is in concordance with the hypothesis indicating that most extant pimelodid genera were already present by the Late Miocene. Present finding constitutes the first fossil record for the genus.     

Plio-Pleistocene giant tortoises from Tha Chang sandpits,Nakhon Ratchasima Province,Thailand

Giant tortoises have been found from the Plio-Pleistocene sediments of Tha Chang sandpits, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. These tortoises are represented by several individuals and are described based on carapace, plastron, limb bones, and isolated plates. Three different morphotypes of epiplastral projection are recognized, pertaining to different sexes or different ontogenetic stages. Based on their large size, thick shell, single supracaudal, well-developed epiplastral projection, gulars covering anterior part of the entoplastron or in contact with the latter, and humeropectoral sulcus posterior to entoplastron, these Thai giant tortoises are assigned to the genus Megalochelys. Thai specimens show strong similarities with large tortoises from India as well as those from Flores and Timor, and are therefore very close morphologically to Melgalochelys atlas. Our study provides new evidence about polymorphism and additional information about distribution of Plio-Pleistocene fossil giant tortoises in South and Southeast Asia.     

福建漳平奇和洞发现的新石器时代早期人类头骨

2011年在福建漳平奇和洞发现的距今1万年左右的新石器时代早期人类遗骸"奇和洞III号",是迄今在福建地区发现的最早、最完整的古人类头骨,为探讨华南更新世晚期向全新世过渡阶段人类的体质特征及现代人群的形成与分化提供了重要的研究材料。本文对这件头骨进行了研究,奇和洞III号为35岁左右的男性个体,牙齿龋病严重,推测当时人类的经济模式主要以农耕为主。通过与更新世晚期柳江、山顶洞101号及14组新石器时代人类头骨的比较,发现奇和洞III号头骨兼有更新世晚期人类及新石器南、北方居民的混合体质特征:奇和洞III号头骨长而脑量大,似更新世晚期人类;其高而狭窄的面部、宽阔而低矮的鼻部,呈现出不同于南、北方人群的特殊体质特征。主成分分析显示,奇和洞III号与对比的新石器时代各组在头骨的测量数据上没有表现为明显的南、北地区间差异,但在头骨的测量指数或形状上存在时代和地区间的不同。本文研究为新旧石器过渡阶段人类体质特征的变异提供了进一步证据。     

安徽上新五褶兔两新种及淮南上新五褶兔化石(英文)

近年,作者在安徽淮南大居山陆续发现了数量很多的上新五褶兔化石,其中包括保存较完整的数十个头骨及上百个下颌骨,均产自新洞、无名洞及铁四局洞穴、裂隙堆积,分别记述为大居山上新五褶兔Pliopentalagus dajushanensis sp.nov.和安徽上新五褶兔Pl.anhuiensis sp.nov.两新种。淮南地区的晚新生代洞穴和裂隙堆积十分发育,其中常含有丰富的脊椎动物化石,而且在时、空分布上有一定的规律。区内洞穴和裂隙堆积垂直分布至少有6个水平层,最高的第6层海拔高度为160 m(如大居山老洞),第5层(如大居山新洞、无名洞)及第4层(如大居山铁四局洞穴)的海拔高度分别为130 m和90 m,属于新近纪,常含有丰富的上新五褶兔化石;第3层为第四纪早期(如大居山西裂隙),未见上新五褶兔,代之出现丝绸兔(Sericolagus sp.),第2层为中更新世(如大顶山西裂隙),出现野兔(Lepus sp.)。迄今为止,安徽淮南地区共发现了3种上新五褶兔化石,即淮南上新五褶兔Pl.huainanensis (金昌柱,2004)、大居山上新五褶兔Pl.dajushanensis sp.nov.及安徽上新五褶兔Pl. anhuiensis sp.nov.,至少涉及了3个不同地质时期的动物群:一为Pl.huainanensis,Kowalskia neimengensis,Adcrocuta eximia等代表的老洞晚中新世动物群,二为Pl.dajushanensis sp.nov.和Promimomys asiaticus等代表的新洞早上新世动物群,三为Pl.anhuiensis sp.nov.和Kowalskia yinanensis所代表的晚上新世动物群。淮南地区发现的3种上新五褶兔地史分布较连续,演化特征明显,它们构成上新五褶兔连续的进化系列。从晚中新世至晚上新世,淮南大居山上新五褶兔体型从小变大;p3较原始的釉岛状后内褶沟逐渐向舌侧开放(晚中新世种Pl. huainanensis的后内褶沟均为釉岛状,早上新世种Pl.dajushanensis为83.9%,晚上新世种Pl. anhuiensis为33.3%);p4-m2的前外褶沟逐渐退化,其下跟座舌侧的釉质层越来越变细。依性状分析,安徽发现的3种上新五褶兔化石与日本琉球奄美黑兔(Pentalagus furnessi)具有密切的亲缘关系,但从日本奄美黑兔的p4-m2完全缺失前外褶沟、颊齿褶沟釉质层的褶曲异常复杂等衍生性状看,上新五褶兔和奄美黑兔的系统演化关系较为复杂,尚有待发现更多早更新世的材料进一步探讨。     

甘肃榆中晚更新世哺乳动物化石

本文记述了甘肃榆中上苦水大沟发现的几种哺乳动物化石：Microtusgregalis,Ochotonasp.,Felistigris,Equusprzewalskii,Coelodontaantiquitatis,Cervus（Sika）sp.,Antilopinaegen.indet.,Ovisnahoor,Bovinaegen.indet..含化石地层的时代应为晚更新世中晚期。这是甘肃中部地区新发现的一个层位确切、化石门类较多的第四纪哺乳动物群。     

Mummified fossil of Keteleeria from the Late Pleistocene of Maoming Basin,South China,and its phytogeographical and paleoecological implications

Keteleeria is a small genus of Pinaceae now mainly restricted to eastern Asia. Although this genus has been documented with a wide distribution in the geologic record of Europe, North America, and Asia, its history in low‐latitude areas (including South China) has remained obscure. In this paper, a fossil wood of Keteleeria sp. is described from the Late Pleistocene (29–27 ka BP) of the Maoming Basin, South China. This wood is the most ancient megafossil evidence of Keteleeria within the modern distribution area of this genus. The fossil records of Keteleeria suggests that this thermophyllous genus migrated into South China by the Middle Pleistocene escaping from glacial cooling and became widespread over this region in the Late Pleistocene beginning from the interglacial stage preceding the Last Glacial Maximum. The analysis of growth rings in the fossil wood and its comparison with those of modern Keteleeria davidiana (Bertrand) Beissner indicates that in the Late Pleistocene of Maoming Basin (29–27 ka BP) there was a humid climate with less pronounced seasonality of precipitation than that seen in the subtropical monsoonal climate of modern northeastern Vietnam. Apparently, the Maoming Basin was influenced by interglacial regime with summer–monsoon circulation. The previously proposed method to distinguish between evergreen and deciduous conifers based on growth ring anatomy, is not reliable because of the wide variance and ambiguity in its results.     

The flora of the early Miocene Brandon Lignite, Vermont, USA. VIII. Caldesia (Alismataceae)

Caldesia, a genus of aquatic monocotyledons, is represented by four living species, which are widely distributed in the temperate and tropical Old World. The genus has an extensive Oligocene through Pleistocene fossil record in Eurasia. We survey the morphology of the extant and fossil fruits of the Alismataceae, and provide a detailed review of the morphology and anatomy of living and fossil Caldesia fruits. The latter exhibit substantial similarity, making the recognition of separate species on the basis of fruit morphology difficult. We erect the new species Caldesia brandoniana from the Early Miocene Brandon Lignite of Vermont primarily on the basis of its geographic isolation; careful revision of all fossil fruiting material of Caldesia might require placement of the Brandon specimens in a more inclusive form species. Together with leaves of Caldesia from the Miocene Clarkia flora of Idaho, this occurrence indicates that Caldesia was in the New World as recently as the Early Miocene.     

Phylogeny and adaptive diversity of rodents of the family Ctenomyidae (Caviomorpha): delimiting lineages and genera in the fossil record

Differentiation of genera of the modern (Late Miocene to Recent) South American rodent family Ctenomyidae would have been linked to the acquisition of disparate adaptations to digging and life underground. In accordance with this hypothesis, the delimitation of lineages and genera in the ctenomyid fossil record is evaluated here following an adaptation-rooted criterion that involves both an assessment of the monophyly and of the adaptive profiles of recognized clades. The application of such a criterion, including morphofunctional information, delimited four cohesive lineages among crown ctenomyids (i.e. euhypsodont species of the Late Miocene to Recent): Eucelophorus (Early Pliocene–Middle Pleistocene), Xenodontomys-Actenomys (Late Miocene–Pliocene), Praectenomys (Pliocene) and Ctenomys (including Paractenomys ; Pliocene–Recent); in addition, the results supported the status of Xenodontomys as a paraphyletic ancestor of Actenomys . The cladogenesis that gave rise to the crown group would have occurred immediately after the acquisition of euhypsodonty in a Xenodontomys simpsoni -like ancestor during the Late Miocene. This putative ancestor would have had fossorial habits and moderate digging specializations, an adaptive profile maintained in Xenodontomys-Actenomys . Eucelophorus and Ctenomys would have independently evolved subterranean habits at least since the Pliocene. Although the earliest history of the only living representative, Ctenomys , is known only fragmentarily, remains from Esquina Blanca (Uquía Formation), in north-western Argentina, suggest a minimum age of around 3.5 Ma (Early–Late Pliocene) for the differentiation of the genus. This date agrees with recent molecular estimates.