迄今世界最早被子植物花序化石的首次发现

首次报道迄今已知世界最早的被子植物花序化石。该花序花石产于甸黑龙江鸡西早白垩世城子河组,花序由数十枚小花组成,其花粉具典型的被子植物特征,无明确的萌发口器,根据其所在层位下伏海相层化石佐证,以及与以色列等地早期被子植物花粉化石的对比等。该花序持质时代可能为早白垩世晚期,或Ｈａｕｔｅｒｉｖｉａｎ晚期至Ｂａｒｒｅｍｉａｎ早期。文中还讨论了此花序及其花粉化石的发现在研究全球被子植物起源早期演化等的重要意     

内蒙古西部额济纳盆地早白垩世孢粉植物群

本文首次报道了西部额济纳盆地井下中生代地层中的孢粉植物群,该微体植物群的牲是,裸子植物花粉占绝对优势,蕨类孢子次之,早期被子植物花粉偶见。根据特征分子的出现情况,将这套地层的时代归和早白垩世早期,约在凡兰吟期至早巴列姆期范围内。     

黑龙江省鸡西城子河组被子植物化石层的孢粉研究

城子河组为黑龙江省鸡西盆地主要含煤岩组,在其顶部已发现迄今已知全球最早期的被子植物大化石,近来在该层又陆续发现多粒被子植物花粉,为研究被子植物的发生及早期演化提供了有力佐证。本文报道了被子植物化石层的被子植物花粉及与其伴生的丰富多样的蕨类植物孢子和裸子植物花粉,共３８属６１种,其中描述了５属５种,包括２新种,推断其时代为Ｂａｒｅｍｉａｎ期,并倾向于Ｂａｒｅｍｉａｎ早期。推测当时该地为以海金沙科等多种蕨类植物及松柏类植物为主,兼具早期被子植物的十分繁茂植物群,气候为湿润的亚热带型。     

内蒙古二连盆地早白垩世巴彦花群被子植物花粉

内蒙古二连盆地早白垩世巴彦花群含有类型丰富、保存精美的被子植物花粉。本文利用光学显微镜观察和扫描电镜观察相结合的方法,对这些花粉类型进行了较详细的研究。研究结果表明,巴彦花群的被子植物花粉主要由属于金粟兰科的Hammenia和Singhipollis,悬铃木科/金缕梅科的Tricolpites以及亲缘关系不明的Polyporites组成。这一被子植物花粉组合面貌指示的地质时代为中晚阿尔必期(Albian)。据相关现生植物的地理分布及煤夹层的存在,推测在早白垩世晚期二连盆地处于湿润的亚热带气候环境中。     

新疆塔里木盆地早白垩世孢粉组合

本文记述了新疆塔里木盆地下白垩统卡普沙良群孢子花粉55属108种包括6新种,建立了本区早白垩世孢粉组合序列,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地质时代和古气候特征,亚格列木组孢粉组合以裸子植物松柏类为主,缺乏被子植物花粉,其时代相当于贝利亚斯期至凡兰吟期;舒善河组孢粉组合仍以裸子植物为主,但出现原始被子植物花粉,时代应属豪特里维斯至巴列姆期;巴西盖组孢粉组合的海金沙科孢子和被子植物花粉都有显著增加,时代应属阿普第期至阿尔必期,本区早白垩世古气候应属亚热带干燥或半干燥型,但在巴列姆期至阿尔必期相对潮湿。     

新疆塔里木盆地早白垩世孢粉组合

本文记述了新疆塔里木盆地下白垩统卡普沙良群孢子花粉55属108种包括6新种,建立了本区早白垩世孢粉组合序列,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地质时代和古气候特征,亚格列木组孢粉组合以裸子植物松柏类为主,缺乏被子植物花粉,其时代相当于贝利亚斯期至凡兰吟期;舒善河组孢粉组合仍以裸子植物为主,但出现原始被子植物花粉,时代应属豪特里维斯至巴列姆期;巴西盖组孢粉组合的海金沙科孢子和被子植物花粉都有显著增加,时代应属阿普第期至阿尔必期,本区早白垩世古气候应属亚热带干燥或半干燥型,但在巴列姆期至阿尔必期相对潮湿。     

三水盆地早白垩世白鹤洞组的被子植物花粉*

系统描述了区内早白垩世白鹤洞组的被子植物花粉,11属20余种.结合前人研究成果,对一些容易混淆的属种作了区分性的讨论.据所发现的被子植物花粉的组合面貌,将白鹤洞组归人中晚阿尔必期.     

木兰藤科系统位置评述

木兰藤科(Austrobaileyaceae)含1属2种,是系统学上最孤立的科之一。其花粉类似于最古老的被子植物化石之一:晚白垩世的棒纹粉。最新的分子系统发育研究结果表明,木兰藤科是现存被子植物的基部类群之一,其对于被子植物的起源与早期进化的研究具有重要价值。被子植物(有花植物)的起源和辐射一直是植物学家关注的热点。有关木兰藤科的系统位置一直存在争议。本文对该科系统位置的研究历史与现状进行评述。     

甘肃酒泉下新民堡群孢粉组合及地质时代

下新民堡群主要由黑色纸状页岩夹灰绿色厚层砂岩和灰色薄层泥灰岩组成,底部具砾岩,为湖相沉积,总厚1,135米。我们处理了取自红柳峡、新民堡、旱峡等六个自然剖面和两个钻孔的162块岩样,从其中33块样品中发现大量孢子花粉。本文描述了下新民堡群孢子花粉19属20种(型)包括2新种。下新民堡群孢粉组合以裸子植物花粉占绝对优势(占93.3％);蕨类孢子次之(占5.9％);被子植物花粉含量虽少,但在组合中起重要作用。该组合的主要特征是松柏类花粉占优势、富含海金砂科孢子和出现被子植物花粉。由于欧亚和北美大陆早白垩世植物群通常都具这些特点,作者认为下新民堡群的地质时代应属早白垩世。根据孢粉组合所反映的植物群,酒泉盆地早白垩世的气候与现今华南相似,无疑是温热湿润的,属亚热带型。     

东海陆架西南部台北坳陷新近纪孢粉植物群演替

对东海陆架西南部台北坳陷13口钻井孢粉分析表明,本地区新近纪植物群经历了3个发展阶段,即：1)早中新世早期松科花粉优势期;2)早、中中新世阿丁枫科花粉繁盛期;3)晚中新世至早上新世草本被子植物发展期。各时期孢粉植物群在横向上几乎没有大的区别,表明新近纪整个坳陷内构造与沉积环境及其变迁具有很好的一致性。植物群演替反映古气候从早中新世早期的湿润温凉到早、中中新世的暖湿,最后(晚中新世至早上新世)又趋温凉的变化历程。     

中国白垩纪被子植物花粉的宏演化

根据中国白垩纪被子植物花粉产出记录与形态构造分析以及与世界其它地区产出顺序比较,假设中国白垩纪被子植物花粉的宏演化序列,共划分为１０个发育阶段,归于７个形态演化期：１）欧特里夫期至早巴列姆期的无口器类演化期（含：１：１网纹无口器粉发育阶段）;２）晚巴列姆至晚阿普梯期的单沟类演化期（含：２：１。棒纹粉发育阶段;２．２,星粉－棒纹粉发育阶段）;３）早,中阿尔必期的三沟类演化期（含：３．１,三沟粉类－星     

内蒙古开鲁盆地早白垩世阜新组孢粉组合

开鲁盆地陆家堡坳陷白垩系十分发育,富含各门类生物化石。根据坳陷内钻井所采样品,系统研究了早白垩世阜新组孢粉化石,建立以Cicatricosisporites Laevigatosporites Tricolpopollenites 为代表的孢粉组合。根据典型分子时代分布及横向组合对比,确定其地质时代为巴列姆—阿普第期,孢粉植物群反映的气候特征为潮湿的亚热带。     

Fossil pollen records of extant angiosperms in China

About 250 fossil pollen types related to 113 extant angiospermous families from the Cretaceous and the Tertiary in China are discussed in the first part of this article. In the second part, comparisons of early records of fossil pollen in and outside China are made to trace the oldest fossil records. Based on these data, we conclude that many plants may have originated in China, a finding that may be important for the study of the origin and early development of angiosperms.     

Early Cretaceous Palynoflora from Anchow Basin,Korea

Fifty-nine species of fossil spores and pollen referred to 34 genera found from the Lower Cretaceous Longpan Formation in Anehow Basin of North Korea have been studied. Two species were described as new. The palynoflora of the Longpan Formation was characterized by its predominance of gymnosperms and subdominance of pteridophyta. A few primitive angiospermous pollen grains occured in the middle to upper part of the formation. Coniferae was dominant in the whole palynoflora, while Lygodiaceae and Schizaeaceae were dominant in the pteridophyta. The important species of spores and pollen comprised Cicatricosisporites dorogensis, C. subrotundus, L ygodioisporites gemmatus, Concavissimisporites asper, C. variverrucatus, C. penolaensis, Trilobosporites minor, Klukisporites variegatus, K. pseudoreticulatus, K. scaberis, Sch, izaeoisporites cretacius, S. certus, S. zizyphinus, S. gansuensis, Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis, Converrucosisporites saskatchewanensis, Densoisporites microrugulatus, Parvisaccites radiatus, Platysaccus oculus, P. gansuensis, Podocarpidites canadensis, AbietineaepoUenites minimus, Pinuspollenites insignis, Cedripites cretaceus, C. canadensis, Classopollis classoides, C. annulatus, C. minor, C. anchowensis, Cycadopites minimus, Ephedripites tarimensis, and Clavatipollenites hughesii. The palynoflora is comparable with that of the Changcai Formation of the Yanbian District of the Jilin Province of China. It is suggested that the Longpan Formation of North Korea should belong to Barremian to Aptian in age. Judging from the palynoflora, the Early Cretaceous palaeoclimate in the Anchow Basin should belong to the semi-arid type of the subtropic zone.     

Early Cretaceous Palynofloras from Tarim Basin,Xinjiang

One hundred and eight species of fossil spores and pollen referred to 55 genera found from the Lower Cretaceous Kapushaliang (Kizilsu) Group in the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang have been studied in this paper. The Kapushaliang Group may be divided into the Yageliemu Formation, the Shushanhe Formation and Baxigai Formation in ascending order. The Yageliemu palynoflora is characterized by the predominance of gymnospermous pollen, the relative abundance of pteridophytic spores and the absence of angiospermous pollen. Coniferae is dominant, while Lygodiaceae and Schizaeaceae are important in the flora. The most common species of palynomorphs are Todisporites minor, Cicatricosisporites dorogensis, C. australiensis, Lygodiumsporites subsimplex, Schizaeoisporites cretacius, S. zizyphinus, S. certus. Cibotiumspora paradoxa, Cyathidites australis, C. minor, Biretisporites potoniael, Cycadopites minimus, Pseudowalchia hiangulina, Parvisaccites radiatus, Podocarpidites multesimus, P. canadensis, Alisporites bilateralis, Cedripites cretaceus, C. canadenris, Abietineaepollenites microalatus, Clarsopollis classoides, C annulatus, C. xinjiangensis (sp. nov.), Ephedripites multicostatus, E. tarimensis (sp. nov.), etc . The palynoflora is comparable with those of the lower part of the Lower Xinminbu Formation in northwestern China and the lower part of the Lower Mannville Formation in western Canada, which is considered corresponding from Berriasian to Valanginian in age. The Shushanhe palynoflora is also characterized by dominance of gymnosperms and subdominance of pteridophyta. Some primitive angiospermons pollen grains are found in the upper part of the formation. In addition to the most common species of the above mentioned palynoflora, the important species in the present palynoflora comprise Cicatricosisporites potomacensis, C. orbiculatus, C. subrotundus, Concavissimisporites punctatus, C. verrucosus, C. globosus, lmpardecispora apiverrucata, Trilobosporites crassus, T. trioreticulosus, Pilosisporites verus, P. trichopapillosus, Klukisporites pseudoreticulatus, Verrucosisporites obscurilaesuratur, Converrucosisporites saskatchewanensis, Foraminisporis wonthaggiensis, Cingulatisporites valdensis, C. ruginosus, Jiaohepollis verus, Pityosporites constrictus, etc. More than 40 in dicative species of Early Cretaceous occur in the assemblage. The palynoflora compares clcsely with those of the middle part of the Lower Xinminbu Formation and the Quartz Sand Member of the Lower Mannville Formatton. It is suggested that the Shushanhe Formation should belong to Hauterivian of Barremian in age. The Baxigai palynoflora is basically similar to the Shushanhe palynoflora. But the palynoflora shows an obvious increase in abundance of lygodiaceous spores and angiospermous pollen accompanied by a great reduction of Classopollis and Ephedripltes. Most of the Early Cretaceous species occurring in the above mentioned palynofloras are present. In addition, some Cretaceous species recorded from Aptian and Albian Stages in Europe, North America and Australia, such as Trilobosporites tribotrys, T. trioreticulosus, Coptospora paradoxa, Camarozonosporites insignis, Crybelosporites punctatus, etc., appear in the assemblage. In comparison with the microfloras of the upper part of the Lower Xinminbu Formation, the Upper Mannville Formation and the lower part of the Lower Colorado Group, the Baxigai Forma- tion should be referred to Aptian to Albian in age. Judging from the palynofloras, the early Cretaceous palaeoclimate in the basin should belong to the arid or semi-arid type of the subtropic zone. However, from Barremtan through Albian the climatic conditions might appear relatively wet.     

Palaeopalynological Evidence of Phylogeny in Hamamelidaceae

This paper deals with evolution, classification and pollen morphology of the Hamamelidaceae, an important family in phylogeny of angiosperms. I. Pollen morphology and systematics of modern Hamamelidaceae. The pollen morphology of the family may be divided into the following four types: (1) Tricolpate: Hamamelis, Loropetalum, Mytilaria, Corylopsis, Sysopsis, and Distylum etc.; (2) Tricolpate with operculum: Disanthus; (3) Tricolporate: Rhodoleia; (4) Pantoporate: Liquidambar. The tricolpate pollen of the Hamamelidaceae is a primitive type in angiosperms, but the most ancient type is monocolpate pollen. Therefore, the family might have evolved from the Magnoliaceae of the monocolpate pollen. The pantoporate pollen is an evolutionary type in the family. It might have evolved from the tricolpate pollen. II.The fossil pollen of the Hamamelidaceae 1 .General introduction of the fossil pollen of the family Hamamelidaceae The most’ancient fossil pollen belonging to the family was found in the middle-late Early Cretaceous. Palynologists call the fossil pollen of the Hamamelidaceae Retitricolpites, which consists of three genera: Hamamelis L.,Corylopsis Sieb. et Zucc and Fothergilla Murr. Liquidambar is of an advanced type in the fossil pollen of the Hamamelidaceae. It was found in the period from the Palaeogene to the Neogene in China. 2. The geological history of the Hamamelidaceae may be divided into the following four stages: (A) The Early Cretaceous stage or origination stage. The family may be evolved from Magnoliales in the middle-late Early Cretaceous. (B)the Late Cretaceous stage or formation stage. The family is much developed in the period. (C) The Tertiary stage or development stage. The family was a much developed one among angiosperms. (D)The Neogene to modern stage or perfection stage. The evolutionary type, the Liquidambar type of the Hamamelidaceae, was much developed in the Neogene. III. The palaeopalynological evidence of evolution of the Hamamelidaceae The earliest fossil pollen of angiosperms was found in the Barremian (Early Cretaceous) in England, Israel, the United States of America etc., and was named as Clavatipollenites by Couper (1953). In recent years, Clavatipollenites was also found in the middle-late Early Cretaceous in Nei Monggol and Jiangxi Province of China. We also found Retitricolpites in the middle-late Early Cretaceous in Nei Monggol and Jiangxi Province. Retitricolpites, belonging to the Hamamelidaceae, is a primitive type among angiosperms, but it is younger than Clavatipollenites. Therefore, the pollen of Hamamelidaceae may have evoloved fromClavatipollenites, which may have evoloved in turn from that of Magnoliales.     

Fossil spores and pollen grains of cretaceous (Upper campanian) from Sakhalin, Russia

This paper shows fossil spores and pollen grains from Cretaceous (Upper Campanian) of Sakhalin, Russia, with scanning electron microscopy. A total of 520 palynomorph assemblages consisting of 25% spores of pteridophytes and bryophytes, 4.5% of ephedroid pollen grains, 6.5% of coniferous pollen grains, and 64% of angiospermous pollen grains were recovered in the present study. 5 genera of pteridophytes, 4 genera of gymnosperms, and 18 genera of angiosperms are described in the present study. The frequent and representative genera from the stratum areEphedripites, Liliacidites, Clavatipollenites, Tricolpites, Aquilapollenites, andAzonia. A new genus,Sciadopitipollenites, that is comparable with extantSciadopitys is proposed in the present study. Polycolpate pollen with the same exine sculpture ofClavatipollenites suggests a generic differentiation in the Chloranthaceae during the Cretaceous age. The diverse spores and pollen paleoflora shown in the present study suggests a wide diversification of angiosperms in the Upper Campanian at the eastern side of Laurasia (Aquilapollenites province).     

朝鲜安州盆地早白垩世孢粉组合

报道朝鲜安州盆地下白垩统龙盘组孢子花粉３４ 属５９ 种（包括２ 新种）,并根据孢粉组合讨论了地质时代和古气候特征。龙盘组孢粉组合以裸子植物花粉为主,蕨类植物孢子次之,出现少许原始被子植物花粉。松柏纲花粉在组合中占绝对优势;海金沙科和莎草蕨科孢子则在蕨类中占优势。根据孢粉组合,龙盘组的时代应属早白垩世巴列姆期至阿普第期;安州盆地当时气候温暖偏干,属亚热带半干旱型     

Erdtmanitheca portucalensis,a new pollen organ from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) of Portugal with Eucommiidites-type pollen

A new lignitised, slightly compressed pollen organ, Erdtmanitheca portucalensis, with affinities to extinct Erdtmanithecales from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) of Vale de Água (Lusitanian Basin, western Portugal), is described. The pollen organ is composed of loosely arranged microsporophylls radiating from a central core. The estimated number of microsporophylls is about 100–150. The microsporophylls are sessile and ellipsoidal to barrel-shaped with a flattened or slightly apically depression containing about ten narrow sporangia. The sporangia enclose abundant well-preserved pollen grains of Eucommiidites-type. Pollen grains found in situ are elliptical in equatorial outline, about 16.0–27.2 μm long and 11.9–16.4 μm wide. The main (distal) colpus is long with expanded rounded ends. It is flanked by two subsidiary colpi in an almost equatorial position. The surface of the pollen wall is psilate and occasionally punctate. The ektexine is composed of a distinct tectum, granular infratectal layer and a thin foot layer. The endexine is thick and laminar. The new Early Cretaceous Portuguese pollen-organ is similar in several respects to that of Erdtmanitheca texensis described from the Late Cretaceous of Texas, USA. The new fossil species further documents the importance of the Bennettitales-Erdtmanithecales-Gnetales group in the Early Cretaceous floras of Portugal extending the stratigraphic and geographical distribution of the genus with regard to systematic and phylogenetic significance of the Eucommiidites-producing plants that may have been co-occurring with the Early Cretaceous diversification of angiosperms. It is ascertained that perforate tectum occurs in pollen grains with a well-developed foot layer as well as in pollen grains in which a foot layer is poorly developed or lacking, and that pollen features do not support a separation of the Erdtmanithecales seeds and pollen organs.