毛叶粉背蕨配子体的泌粉现象及其系统学意义

为探讨蕨类配子体泌粉现象的系统学意义,对5种粉背蕨属(Aleuritopteris)植物的配子体发育过程进行了观察。结果表明,毛叶粉背蕨(A.squamosa)的配子体(通常是雌配子体)也具有泌粉现象,而其他4种的配子体不具粉状分泌物。基于叶绿体rbc L序列的证据表明,毛叶粉背蕨与粉背蕨属其他植物、中国蕨属(Sinopteris)等构成一个具有强烈支持率的单系,即Hemionitids支,该支与美洲分布的隐囊蕨类互为姐妹群。因此,配子体泌粉现象在碎米蕨类中并非隐囊蕨类植物所特有,泌粉现象的产生,在系统发育上至少涉及2次独立的演化事件。毛叶粉背蕨的泌粉现象多发生在雌性配子体上,暗示配子体的泌粉可能与配子体的雌性分化和胚发生发育相关。     

绒粉蚧属一新种记述(同翅目:蚧总科)

本文记述产自我国浙江省余杭县,为害毛竹的绒粉蚧属一新种,取名为皱绒粉蚧。新种的正模和副模标本均保存在中国科学院动物研究所。 皱绒粉蚧Eriococcus rugosus新种(图1). 雌成虫 模式标本是老熟虫体,     

我国东南沿海地区的VA菌根真菌Ⅲ．无梗囊霉属7个我国新记录种

本文报道了从我国东南沿海七省发现的7种无梗囊霉新记录种：附柄无梗囊霉Aappendicola,膨胀无梗囊霉A.dilatata,毛氏无梗囊霉Amorrowae,多果无梗囊霉Amyriocarpa,皱壁无梗囊霉A.rugosa,疣状无梗囊霉A.tuberculata和孔窝无梗囊霉A.foveata。除种的形态描述外,还列表介绍了它们的生态分布及土壤环境条件。     

球形棕囊藻囊体形成中光照、营养盐和共存硅藻的影响

在不同光照和营养盐结构条件下半连续培养球形棕囊藻和3种硅藻,研究光照、营养盐限制和硅藻竞争对球形棕囊藻囊体形成的影响。结果表明:高光照显著促进了藻类的生长,球形棕囊藻在低光环境下几乎不形成囊体。球形棕囊藻和3种硅藻对光限制和P限制更加敏感,而在N限制环境中均具有相对较高的生物量。粒径较小的球形棕囊藻游离单细胞和中肋骨条藻在营养盐和光限制条件下比粒径较大的细胞具有更强的竞争能力。硝酸盐是球形棕囊藻囊体形成的营养基础,但是营养盐结构并未改变棕囊藻囊体形态。具有两种生活史状态有利于球形棕囊藻度过资源限制的环境,从而有利于球形棕囊藻在硅藻藻华之后再次形成藻华。     

我国东南沿海地区的VA菌根真菌Ⅲ.：无梗囊霉属7个我国新记录种

本文报道了从我国东南沿海七省发现的７种无梗囊霉新记录种：附柄无梗囊霉Ａ．ａｐｐｅｎｄｉｃｏｌａ,膨胀无梗囊霉Ａ．ｄｉｌａｔａｔａ,毛氏无梗囊霉Ａ．ｍｏｒｒｏｗａｅ,多果无梗囊霉Ａ．ｍｙｒｉｃｏｃａｒｐａ,皱壁无囊霉Ａ．ｒｕｇｏｓａ,疣状无梗囊霉Ａ．ｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌａｔａ和孔窝无梗囊霉Ａ．ｆｏｖｅａｔａ。除种的形态描述外,还列表介绍了它们的生态分布及土壤环境条件。     

基于16S rRNA基因序列探讨中国粉蛉科的系统发育关系

本研究测定了粉蛉科Coniopterygidae9属15种昆虫16SrRNA基因部分序列,对序列的碱基组成、转换/颠换比率、遗传距离、变异位点等进行分析。基于16SrRNA基因序列数据,分别采用邻接法（NJ）、最大简约法（MP）和最大相似法（ML）建立粉蛉科分子系统发育关系。研究结果表明：粉蛉亚科的粉蛉属Coniopteryx与重粉蛉属Semilalis是姊妹群,（虫齿）粉蛉属Conwentzia较前二者原始;囊粉蛉亚科的卷粉蛉属Helicoconis和隐粉蛉属Cryptoscenea的亲缘关系较近。曲粉蛉属Coniocompsa和异粉蛉属Heteroconis聚类在一起,但自展值较低。瑕粉蛉属Spiloconis和囊粉蛉属Aleuropteryx的位置在囊粉蛉亚科中不够稳定。     

球形棕囊藻的生长、囊体形态以及囊体细胞的分布

球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)是中国近海海区常见有害藻华原因种, 其异型生活史中包含单细胞和球形囊体两种形态。游离单细胞直径一般为几微米, 囊体最大直径可达3 cm, 巨大的体积可能导致囊体具有特殊的结构和细胞分布。以球形棕囊藻汕头株为研究对象, 测定了囊体直径、囊体细胞丰度和游离单细胞丰度, 并探讨球形棕囊藻囊体形态与细胞分布的关系。研究结果表明, 囊体形态在其异型生活史中占优势, 囊体对生物量的贡献介于38%–95%之间, 在对数生长期的后期和稳定期, 囊体细胞与单细胞相比占绝对优势。囊体细胞数量与囊体直径的对数呈线性相关, 回归线斜率为1.34, 该值显著低于世界海区其它球形棕囊藻株系的研究结果, 表明汕头株单位囊体表面上分布的细胞数更少。中国海区的球形棕囊藻囊体结构和细胞分布与其它株系不同, 在爆发球形棕囊藻的海区, 巨大的囊体能够有效地抵御摄食, 可能对区域海洋食物链结构和功能有重要影响。     

充气和搅动对球形棕囊藻生长及囊体形成的影响

球形棕囊藻生活史中包含游离单细胞和球形囊体两种生活形态,但是实验室中培养的球形棕囊藻经常无法形成囊体。研究通过向培养基中泵入过滤空气,以及给培养基提供不同程度的搅动,研究了充气和搅动对球形棕囊藻生长及囊体形成的影响。充气和搅动均显著提高了囊体的数量,并且提高了囊体内细胞的生长速率。但是充气对于囊体直径及囊体内细胞密度并无显著影响。搅动则明显的提高了囊体直径和囊体内细胞数量。然而,尽管充气以及搅动有利于球形棕囊藻囊体的形成,但是培养的囊体直径依然小于自然海区中囊体的大小。     

囊萼紫草属与滇紫草属花粉形态比较研究

本文借助光学显微镜和扫描电镜研究了囊萼紫草属3种和滇紫草属12种植物的花粉形态。囊萼紫草属的花粉为哑铃形或茧形,中等大小,P／E比为1．6一1．67,三孔沟,内孔横长;具小刺状纹饰。滇紫草属的花粉为近长球形或近卵球形,P／E为l—1．23;三孔沟或三合沟孔,内孔一般纵长,具皱波状纹饰,在皱波上具密集的小瘤或微颗粒。从花粉形态的角度,本文支持把囊萼紫草属从滇紫草属(广义)中分离出来的观点。值得注意的是,在滇紫草属的花粉中首次观察到了一种比较少见且特化的花粉即单极三合沟孔的花粉。     

棉花花粉水合和萌发时超微结构的变化：着重论述内质网和被膜小泡

棉花(Gossypium hirsutum L.)花粉在授粉后水合至萌发时期的营养细胞中贮藏的大量淀粉粒和脂体被动用。超微结构的观察表明,首先是造粉质体中的淀粉粒降解,尔后是脂体。在花粉水合至萌发时期,营养细胞中内质网和高尔基体十分活跃,并含丰富的被膜小泡。内质网的构型发生明显的变化:花粉刚水合时内质网潴泡高度扩张,不同程度扩张的内质网潴泡连续成网状并折迭形成许多囊袋状结构单位,其中包含造粉质体、脂体和被膜小泡群;其后,内质网潴泡形成的囊袋状结构消失,变为分支互通的网状结构;至萌发时,内质网潴泡略为扩张,有些连续成简单的网状,有些呈游离的囊泡状。被膜小泡始终是成群地分布,并与脂体联结,当脂体降解时一些被膜小泡与之融合。根据棉花花粉在水合至萌发时期,营养细胞质中存在独特形态的内质网系统和含丰富的被膜小泡,它们的动态行为及与淀粉和脂体的转化和降解之间的密切关系,讨论了这两种细胞器可能的功能。     

A Diverse Ant Fauna from the Mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

A new collection of 24 wingless ant specimens from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (Albian-Cenomanian, 99 Ma) comprises nine new species belonging to the genus Sphecomyrmodes Engel and Grimaldi. Described taxa vary considerably with regard to total size, head and body proportion, cuticular sculpturing, and petiole structure while all species are unified by a distinct shared character. The assemblage represents the largest known diversification of closely related Cretaceous ants with respect to species number. These stem-group ants exhibit some characteristics previously known only from their extant counterparts along with presumed plesiomorphic morphology. Consequently, their morphology may inform hypotheses relating to basal relationships and general patterns of ant evolution. These and other uncovered Cretaceous species indicate that stem-group ants are not simply wasp-like, transitional formicids, but rather a group of considerable adaptive diversity, exhibiting innovations analogous to what crown-group ants would echo 100 million years later.     

New jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) from the Cretaceous of Russia,Kazakhstan, and Mongolia

A new jewel beetle genus, with one species (Cretofrontolina kzyldzharica gen. et sp. nov.) from the Upper Cretaceous of Kazakhstan is described based on a body; and three new species of the formal genus Metabuprestium are described based on isolated elytra: Metabuprestium sibiricum sp. nov. and M. arkagalense sp. nov. come from the Arkagala locality (Upper Cretaceous of Russia) and M. ichbogdense sp. nov. is from the Shar Tologoi locality (Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia).     

A new genus and species of the cockroach family Blattulidae from Lebanese amber (Dictyoptera,Blattina)

A new genus and species of the cockroach family Blattulidae, Ocelloblattula ponomarenkoi gen. et sp. nov., are described from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber. In the wing venation, the new genus is extremely similar to the Jurassic genus Blattula Handlirsch, differing from the latter in a number of characters in its body structure. This find reveals much about the body structure of the extinct family Blattulidae, which is related to ancestors of the suborders Mantina and Blattina.     

Early evolution in the Pinaceae

Nineteen species of structurally preserved ovulate cones of the Pinaceae are known from the Cretaceous. One of these belongs to Pinus, while the others contain anatomical features necessitating their classification in the organ genera Pityostrobus and Pseudoaraucaria. The six species of the latter group are very similar to one another and probably represent a natural, thought extinct, genus. By contrast, there is so much variety in the twelve Cretaceous species of Pityostrobus that when they are considered with respect to the uniformity of cone structure within each of the modern genera, each of the species of this organ genus may well reperesent an natural genus by itself. All expect one of these fossil forms contain features that are today characteristic of Pinus. This, combined with the Early Cretaceous occurrence of a structurally preserved Pinus cone, suggests that Pinus or something very close to it represents the phylogenetic centrum of the ancestral complex. Lack of cones showing distinct affinity with other modern genera supports this idea and further suggests that, while Pinus was in existence in the Early Cretaceous, other Recent genera of the Pinaceae may not have diverged from the complex until the Late Cretaceous or Early Tertiary.     

A Cretaceous crane-fly (Diptera: Tipulidae): 93 million years of stasis

A new fossil species of crane-fly, Helius botswanensis :Diptera: Tipulidaey is described. The specimen was discovered recently in reliably dated. Cretaceous sediments from Botswana. Ii is extremely well preserved, has a distinctive morphology, and is identified as belonging to the extant genus Helius. The single specimen puts the origin of the subfamily Limoniinae and the genus well into the Cretaceous Period, and provides data on the southern African Cretaceous palaeoenvironment. The conservative nature of a dipteran of such antiquity, assignable to an extant genus which has an association with flowers, has implications for evolutionary theory.     

The youngest South American rhynchocephalian,a survivor of the K/Pg extinction

Rhynchocephalian lepidosaurs, though once widespread worldwide, are represented today only by the tuatara (Sphenodon) of New Zealand. After their apparent early Cretaceous extinction in Laurasia, they survived in southern continents. In South America, they are represented by different lineages of Late Cretaceous eupropalinal forms until their disappearance by the Cretaceous/Palaeogene (K/Pg) boundary. We describe here the only unambiguous Palaeogene rhynchocephalian from South America; this new taxon is a younger species of the otherwise Late Cretaceous genus Kawasphenodon. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the allocation of the genus to the clade Opisthodontia. The new form from the Palaeogene of Central Patagonia is much smaller than Kawasphenodon expectatus from the Late Cretaceous of Northern Patagonia. The new species shows that at least one group of rhynchocephalians not related to the extant Sphenodon survived in South America beyond the K/Pg extinction event. Furthermore, it adds to other trans-K/Pg ectotherm tetrapod taxa, suggesting that the end-Cretaceous extinction affected Patagonia more benignly than the Laurasian landmasses.     

A Cretaceous crane-fly (Diptera: Tipulidae): 93 million years of stasis

A new fossil species of crane-fly, Helius botswanensis:Diptera: Tipulidaey is described. The specimen was discovered recently in reliably dated. Cretaceous sediments from Botswana. Ii is extremely well preserved, has a distinctive morphology, and is identified as belonging to the extant genus Helius. The single specimen puts the origin of the subfamily Limoniinae and the genus well into the Cretaceous Period, and provides data on the southern African Cretaceous palaeoenvironment. The conservative nature of a dipteran of such antiquity, assignable to an extant genus which has an association with flowers, has implications for evolutionary theory.     

Recent genus Notonecta (Insecta: Heteroptera: Notonectidae) in the Lower Cretaceous of San Luis,Argentina: Palaeoecological implications

We describe a new species of the genus Notonecta, i.e. Notonecta mazzoniae n. sp. from the Lower Cretaceous of Argentina. It is the first fossil representative of the family described from South America, demonstrating the great antiquity of the genus, bearing identical ventral chaetal system correlated with respiratory for such a long period. The new species is recorded only by immature stages from the second to the fifth instars. Specimens are considered to be exuviae and not body fossils. Absence of body fossils may be due to taphonomic bias instead of palaeoecological constrains. In addition we found some specimens of Anisopinae, also considered as nymph exuviae, which represent the oldest record of the taxon.     

PINUS TRIPHYLLA AND PINUS QUINQUEFOLIA FROM THE UPPER CRETACEOUS OF MASSACHUSETTS

Dwarf shoots and needle leaves of Pinus triphylla Hollick and Jeffrey and P. quinquefolia Hollick and Jeffrey have been discovered recently in a Late Cretaceous age clay deposit on Martha's Vineyard Island, Massachusetts. Detailed study of these fossils provides further information on the internal construction of the two taxa. This new information permits both species to be compared easily with similar fossil forms from the Upper Cretaceous of Japan as well as with dwarf shoots and needles of modern species of Pinus. As a result, the relationships between Cretaceous pines and the extinct genus Prepinus are found to be less than previously believed. Moreover, the dwarf shoots and needles of Cretaceous members of the genus Pinus appear to be most like those of present-day species included in the subgenus Pinus.     

Cretaceous and Eocene fossils of the rare extant genus Synneuron Lundstrom (Diptera: Canthyloscledidae): evidence of a true Pangean clade

The first two fossil species of the canthyloscelid genus Synneuron are described based on compression wings. Synneuron eomontana sp. nov. is described from the Middle Eocene Coal Creek Member of the Kishenehn Formation, in the USA, and Synneuron jelli sp. nov. is described from the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra Fossil Bed of the Korumburra Group, in Australia. The wings are illustrated and compared to the extant species of the genus, to species of the three other recent genera of Canthyloscelidae and to an anisopodid. A phylogenetic analysis of the relationships between the species of Synneuron was performed. The Eocene fossil S. eomontana appears as sister of the pair of recent Holarctic species of the genus, while the Australian Cretaceous species S. jelli is sister of the clade with the species of Synneuron of the northern hemisphere. The sister group of Synneuron is the canthyloscelid clade (Hyperoscelis + Canthyloscelis), for which a middle Jurassic fossil is known. At the early Cretaceous, Gondwana was already separated from Laurasia and the disjunction between the species of Synneuron in Australia and the northern hemisphere clade of the genus suggest a true pangeic origin for the genus. The biology of the canthyloscelid larvae is shaped by its trophic specialization—xylosaprophagous. This suggests that the transition from the Pangean Jurassic gymnosperm-dominated forests to the late Cretaceous angiosperm-dominated forests may be related to the low recent diversity of Synneuron or of the canthyloscelids in the world—and maybe to the extinction of the genus in the southern hemisphere. This major turnover of the vegetation type along the Cretaceous may be also somehow related to the complete extinction of other groups of flies strictly associated with gymnosperms, as may be the case of the lower brachyceran family Zhangsolvidae. This speculation needs additional corroboration from other groups, that will become available with the combination of systematics, paleontology and biogeographical information of different early Cretaceous clades.