扬子区晚震旦世动物化石新材料

扬子区晚震旦世地层中已有多种类型的动物及遗迹化石的报道。文中补充了不同地区和层位的骨骼及遗迹化石新材料,包括：江西上饶王家院陡山沱组顶部磷块岩中的磷酸盐化“十”字形骨针和云南晋宁王家湾灯影组上段隧石条带中的单轴双射硅质骨针,它们可能分属于钙质海绵和普通海绵类;贵州瓮安陡山沱组上段磷质白云岩中的可疑壳状化石;宜昌三斗坪金瓜墩陡山沱组下部（第二段）遗迹化石;瓮安陡山沱组上段及湖北南漳灯影组上段底部磷质硬底中的生物扰动构造。另外还报道了贵州清镇桃子冲剖面桃子冲组最底部的瓶状动物（Pro-tolagena limbata）化石,并认定桃子冲组与灯影组之间为假整合接触,其底界并无跨入震旦系的证据。     

湖北峡东地区九龙湾剖面震旦系陡山沱组微体化石的新发现

中国南方扬子地台震旦系陡山沱组产出丰富的微体化石,它们主要保存在磷块岩以及燧石结核和条带中。文章详细报道湖北峡东地区九龙湾剖面震旦系陡山沱组微体化石,描述以前未曾在峡东地区碳酸盐相燧石中发现的8属8种微体化石。研究九龙湾剖面陡山沱组大型带刺疑源类、微体多细胞藻类和动物胚胎化石的分布特征,发现Tianzhushania spinosa是最早出现的大型带刺疑源类分子,大冰期后微体生物的辐射是一个阶段性渐进的过程。同时．本项研究进一步证实华南扬子区陡山沱组碳酸盐相燧石和磷块岩地层中保存的微体化石面貌基本一致。     

是胚胎还是藻类？：兼答薛耀松,周传明,唐天福先生

贵州瓮安陡山沱组磷块岩中所产的球状微体化石曾被薛耀松等 ( Xue et al.,1 995)解释为团藻类化石 ,最近被重新解释为早期动物休眠卵和胚胎化石 ( Xiao et al.,1 998)。薛耀松等 ( Xue etal.,1 998;下称薛文 )对动物休眠卵 -胚胎的解释提出六点不同看法 ,并坚持认为这些球状微体化石应为团藻类化石。本文对薛文中所提六点看法进行逐条解答 ,并着重讨论了球状微体化石的大小和丰度 ,磷酸盐化“细胞壁”,生物软体的磷酸盐化过程 ,以及团藻类的生理和生殖特点和陡山沱球状微体化石的不同特征。事实上 ,陡山沱组磷酸盐化动物休眠卵和现代某些甲壳类体眠卵在外表装饰上几乎雌雄难辨 ,陡山沱组球状微体化石的大小、发育过程、卵裂形式以及外层包膜的存在也和动物胚胎的解释相吻合。显然 ,动物休眠卵 -胚胎仍然是对陡山沱球状微体化石的最佳解释。     

湖北宜昌樟村坪陡山沱组微体化石新资料

湖北宜昌樟村坪磷矿陡山沱组化石组合主要包括球状蓝菌Archaeophycus venustus,丝状蓝菌Siphono-phycus,Oscillatoriopsis,Polytrichoides和Salome hubeiensis,以及多细胞藻类化石Wengania和可能的Sarcino-phycus。化石主要产于陡山沱组上部白云岩的硅磷质条带和结核中。樟村坪磷矿陡山沱组化石组合的发现进一步表明华南扬子地区陡山沱组燧石相具有和磷块岩相中类似的化石组合。     

湖南张家界四都坪埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组微体化石新材料

首次描述并研究了在湖南张家界四都坪乡四都坪剖面埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组下部硅质条带和结核中发现的保存精美的微体化石。化石组合包括大型具刺疑源类Cavaspina acuminata,Cavaspina basiconica,Gyalosphaeridium sp.,Mengeosphaera latibasis,Tanarium varium,Tanariumsp.和Urasphaera fungiformis;球状化石Megasphaera inornata;球状、丝状蓝藻化石Archaeophycus yunnanensis,Polytrichoides sp.,Salome hubeiensis,Siphonophycus robustum,S.typicum,S.kestron,和S.solidum以及多细胞藻类Wengania minuta。该微体化石组合与湖北峡东地区陡山沱组三段硅质结核中以大型具刺疑源类Tanarium为特征的组合面貌基本一致。这些微体化石的发现,进一步完善了我国埃迪卡拉系(震旦系)陡山沱组的生物地层序列,也为华南扬子地区陡山沱组的地层对比提供了新的古生物证据。     

湖北西部震旦系陡山沱组奥勃鲁契夫藻的发现

湖北西部震旦系十分发育(插图1),自下而上可分为下统莲沱组、南沱组和上统陡山沱组、灯影组,是我国震旦系的典型地区。我们应努力加强该区震旦系生物地层学研究,使它成为国际通用的年代地层单位。近年来,作者研究湖北西部震旦系上统陡山沱组微体化石,从岩石薄片中已发现多种丝状体化石,计有:Doushantuonema peatii Zhang,     

江西上饶朝阳磷矿新元古代晚期陡山沱组微体化石新材料

江西上饶朝阳磷矿新元古代晚期微体化石产于上震旦统陡山沱组上部含磷地层中,微体化石组合包括疑源类Asterocapsoides sp.,Megasphaera inornata,Meghystrichosphaeridium chadianensis,M.gracilentum,丝状蓝绿藻Siphonophycus septatum,S.robustum,S.tpicum,S.kestron,S.soldium,Oscillatoriopsis sp.和Slome nunavutensis,及可能的多细胞藻类。该化石组合的发现为中国南方扬子区陡山沱组含磷岩系中微体化石生物群的研究提供新的材料。     

湖北宜昌樟村坪埃迪卡拉纪陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石组合

保存于华南新元古代晚期陡山沱组中的磷酸盐化化石被认为与后生动物起源、真核生物演化有重要联系。位于鄂西黄陵隆起北缘的樟村坪地区,是华南最重要的工业磷矿产地之一,主要磷矿层属于埃迪卡拉纪地层,却鲜有磷块岩化石报道。此次研究利用钻孔样品的大量连续切片,在陡山沱组磷矿层中发现了丰富的保存精美的微体化石,化石组合包括可能的动物胚胎化石Megasphaera inornata;大型具刺疑源类Appendisphaerasp.,Cymatiosphaeroides kullingii,Dicrospinasphaera sp.,Ericiasphaera magna,Weissiella sp.;多细胞藻类Wengania globosa,W.exquisite,Sarcinophycus papilloformis,Thallophyca sp.,以及球状丝状蓝藻化石Archaeophycus yunnanensis,Cyanonema majus,Salome nunavutensis,Obruchevella minor,Siphonophycus kestron,S.typicum,S.robustum,S.septatum。这些微体化石的发现丰富了该区磷酸盐化化石资料,同时该化石组合面貌与黔中地区陡山沱组上磷块岩"瓮安生物群"以及峡东陡山沱组典型硅化生物群都具有相似性,化石层位的探讨也为华南不同沉积相区陡山沱组的地层对比提供了新的参考依据。     

宜昌峡东地区埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组疑源类化石新材料及其生物地层学意义

在湖北宜昌秭归青林口剖面埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组二段燧石结核中发现大量微体化石,其中包括大型带刺疑源类8属9种(含1个未定种):Appendisphaera?hemisphaerica,A.magnifica,Dicrospinasphaera zhangii,Eotylotopalla dactylos,Mengeosphaera chadianensis,Taedigerasphaera lappacea,Tanariumsp.,Tianzhushania spinosa,以及Variomargosphaeridium lithoschum。同时在宜昌秭归金瓜墩剖面陡山沱组二段发现一些新的具刺疑源类化石材料,结合过去的报道,总结该剖面陡山沱组二段的疑源类化石组成:共7属9种(含3个未定种和1个相似种),及1个不定种,包括Appendisphaera magnifica,Appendisphaera sp.,Dicrospinasphaera zhangii,Knollisphaeridiumsp.,Mengeosphaera chadianensis,Mengeosphaera sp.indet.,Tianzhushania spinosa,Variomargosphaeridium lithoschum,Weissiella cf.brevis,以及Weissiella sp.。在宜昌三斗坪九龙湾剖面陡山沱组二段发现具刺疑源类Variomargosphaeridium lithoschum。这些化石材料丰富了对峡东地区陡山沱组二段具刺疑源类化石组成的认识,表明峡东地区陡山沱组具刺疑源类下组合与上组合在化石组成上的差别或许小于过去的认识。     

湖北保康白竹磷矿埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组微体化石新材料

埃迪卡拉纪(震旦纪)是早期多细胞生物起源与辐射的重要地质时期,磷酸盐化保存的微体化石则是研究该时期生命演化的重要窗口。目前对我国扬子地台埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷酸盐化微体化石的研究主要集中于贵州瓮安等地,其他地区的研究偏少。本次研究报道了保存于湖北保康白竹磷矿埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组磷块岩的微体化石。这些微体化石以三维磷酸盐化形式保存,种类丰富,共计14属21种,包括大型带刺疑源类Asterocapsoides sp.,Dicrospinasphaera sp.,Knollisphaeridium sp.,Mengeosphaera chadianensis,Tanarium conoideum,T.digi-tiforme,T.pilosiusculum,Tianzhushania sp.;球状化石Megasphaera inornata;球状蓝藻Archaeophycus yunnanensis,丝状蓝藻Cyanonema majus,Obruchevella minor,Salome sp.,Siphonophycus septatum,S.robustum,S.typicum,S.kestron;以及多细胞藻类Gremiphyca corymbiata,Thallophyca ramosa,Wengania exquisita,W.globosa。这些微体化石的发现,进一步丰富了白竹磷矿陡山沱组的化石组合,为华南扬子地台陡山沱组的生物地层对比提供了新的材料。     

陕西西乡灯影组顶部的瓶状微化石

瓶状微化石被认为是某种未知海相原生动物外壳化石,最早出现于９００－８５０Ｍａ以前。本文记述的该类化石,产自陕西西乡三郎铺小湾里下寒武统灯影组顶部杨家沟段,相当于梅树村阶中－上部,计１０属,１３种和２未定种。所获化石个体数量及形态类型丰富。保存良好,并见有大量具公共壳壁的连体壳。此类连体壳的连接程度呈系列变化。可能代表处于分裂状态的生物体,如是则可为其原生动物解释提供一佐证,瓶状微化石在国外的地层分     

贵州寒武系第二统杷榔组有壳变形虫的新发现*

有壳变形虫(testate amoebae)的演化历史最早可追溯至新元古代早期, 以该时期北美、华北、挪威以及澳洲等多个地区浅海相碳酸盐岩、页岩中发现的瓶状微体化石(vase-shaped microfossils)为标志。此前认为, 显生宙的有壳变形虫最早出现在早泥盆世。长期以来, 早古生代的地层中未发现这类原生生物的明确化石证据。本研究通过对岩石样品进行常规孢粉酸泡分析处理和切磨岩石薄片, 获取原位保存的化石标本的技术方法, 从贵州东部剑河县交榜剖面出露的寒武系杷榔组(第2统第4阶)中获得数枚有壳变形虫(testate amoebae)化石标本。基于标本的显微形态特征, 并结合激光拉曼光谱等研究, 对原先记述为疑源类的Plagasphaera balangensis和P. sp. A两形态种进行重新认识和描述。由于它们在结构和形态上与一些现生的鳞壳虫目(Euglyphida)有壳变形虫极为相似, 因此将先前定为疑源类的Plagasphaera balangensis和P. sp. A两形态属、种名, 分别修订为Palaeoassulina balangensis gen. et sp. nov.和?Palaeoassulina sp. A。该发现不仅将显生宙有壳变形虫的原有化石记录从晚古生代泥盆纪向前延伸至寒武纪早期, 还为调查研究有壳变形虫的系统演化提供关键的生物化石证据。     

New preparation techniques for molecular and in‐situ analysis of ancient organic micro‐ and nanostructures

Organic microfossils preserved in three dimensions in transparent mineral matrices such as cherts/quartzites, phosphates, or carbonates are best studied in petrographic thin sections. Moreover, microscale mass spectrometry techniques commonly require flat, polished surfaces to minimize analytical bias. However, contamination by epoxy resin in traditional petrographic sections is problematic for the geochemical study of the kerogen in these microfossils and more generally for the in situ analysis of fossil organic matter. Here, we show that epoxy contamination has a molecular signature that is difficult to distinguish from kerogen with time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). This contamination appears pervasive in organic microstructures embedded in micro‐ to nano‐crystalline carbonate. To solve this problem, a new semi‐thin section preparation protocol without resin medium was developed for micro‐ to nanoscale in situ investigation of insoluble organic matter. We show that these sections are suited for microscopic observation of Proterozoic microfossils in cherts. ToF‐SIMS reveals that these sections are free of pollution after final removal of a <10 nm layer of contamination using low‐dose ion sputtering. ToF‐SIMS maps of fragments from aliphatic and aromatic molecules and organic sulfur are correlated with the spatial distribution of organic microlaminae in a Jurassic stromatolite. Hydrocarbon‐derived ions also appeared correlated with kerogenous microstructures in Archean cherts. These developments in analytical procedures should help future investigations of organic matter and in particular, microfossils, by allowing the spatial correlation of microscopy, spectroscopy, precise isotopic microanalyses, and novel molecular microanalyses such as ToF‐SIMS.     

Ancient (AR-PR1) Microfossils: Methods of Research

Paleontological Journal - Various methods for the study of microfossils (AR-PR1) in macerates, thin sections, and fresh chips have been compared. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages....     

Studies OB the Microfossils from the Hebiancun Formation,Hutuo Group,Wutai Mountain Area,North China

Well preserved microfossils were here described from the middle of Hebiancun Formation, Hutuo Group, northern China, estimated to be 2,000 2,400 Ma years old based on the K-Ar and U-Pb isotopic. They were coccoids (Globophycuswenshanensis Xu sp. nov.) and filamentous (Siphonophycus cf. kestron and Siphonophycus sp.) and occur in petrographic thin sections. The coccoids were preserved by permineralization in the chert part of the conical stromatolites (Zhongtiaoshanella) and the filamentous in black chert. The paleoenviromental modal for the setting of the Hebiancun Formation was able to be reconstructed according to the microfossit assemblage and different lithology observed. The formation was divided in ascending orders as follows: The breccia; the thick sandy dolomite; the black chert in which the filamentous microfossils in subparalled colonies were preserved; and the dolomite with conical stromatolites in which the coccoidal microfossils with hyaline and unlamelleted sheath was observed. As mentioned above, it was conjectured that the descent and uplift of the geosynclinal area led to transgression and regression during the Hebiancun time. Compared with the all microfloras in the world known uptodate the characteristics of the microfossils from Hebiancun Formation was similar to that from Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Both of them show of the big sizeof the algal bodies inspite of different types. The algae Seemed to have a big cell period during their systematization.     

A DISCUSSION AND PROPOSAL CONCERNING THE USE OF THE TERM CALCISPHERES

Abstract:  The terminology and grouping of spherical, calcareous microfossils of unknown biological affinity, usually referred to as calcispheres, are diffuse. The term calcispheres is inconsistently used, the morphological and taxonomical concepts are mostly ill-defined and a formal definition is lacking. To resolve this issue, we propose, in analogy with the erection of the Acritarcha for organic microfossils of unknown origin, a new group called Calcitarcha, including all calcareous microfossils with a central cavity for which the biological affinities remain unknown.     

东海陆架西湖凹陷宝石一井深层微体化石及地层意义

简要报道东海陆架浙东坳陷西湖凹陷之宝石一井T4°地震反射层以下深部地层 (井深 344 7m以下 )的古生物资料 ,并探讨其年代地层属性。经初步分析研究 ,这深部层位含有有孔虫、钙质超微化石、沟鞭藻和海相介形类等微体化石 ,以及见有尚不能判断是否为原位的孢粉化石。根据微体古生物的地质分布以及其它钻井深层所含微体古生物比较 ,认为宝石一井T4°反射层以下地层为西湖凹陷揭示的一套新的地层 ,其年代属古新世     

湖北元古代微体化石新材料

黄麦岭磷矿的8个中元古代黄麦岭组变质岩地层剖面中发现了两类微体化石。一类是丁丁虫中的Funnelasinensisgen.etsp.nov.,另一类是球形分类位置未定的Sinosphaera hubeiensisgen.etsp.nov.。两者均为多细胞化石,它们都含磷。在该磷矿中,凡是含微体化石越多的层位,磷矿的品位也就越高。     

北京延庆地区雾迷山组燧石相微体古生物研究

本文报道的微体化石产于北京延庆地区雾迷山组中的燧石相岩层中,共鉴定出10个属19个种,其中含1个新种,3个未定种,以及2个相似种。化石类型以蓝细菌中的颤藻科、念珠藻科和色球藻科属种为主,还保存有少量绿藻和大量分类位置未定的藻类。新的化石资料必将进一步丰富燕山雾迷山组的微化石群的内容,并为进一步评价雾迷山组微化石的生物演化和多样性的水平,及其生物地层意义提供更充分的依据。     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷D1井白垩纪-古近纪微体古生物地层及沉积环境

高邮凹陷D1井富含介形虫、轮藻和孢粉等化石。通过系统的微体古生物分析,首次对该地区白垩纪一古近纪微体古生物地层进行了精确划分,从下到上共建立11个化石组合：其中介形虫4个,轮藻4个,孢粉3个。文中还简要探讨了沉积环境演变,为该地区油气勘探提供有力的生物地层依据。