中西方旧石器文化中的技术模式的比较

对中西方旧石器文化中技术模式的比较表明,两者间存在很大的差别,充分显示了中国旧石器文化发展的特殊性以及中西方整个旧石器文化属于不同的传统。     

中国旧石器文化的“西方元素”与早期人类文化进化格局

本文回顾和分析中国旧石器研究史上有关"西方元素"即西方旧石器文化标志性技术和工具问题的争论,得出三点结论:1)"西方元素"在中国旧石器文化中是与西方同类技术和工具大体同步出现的客观现象,两者无本质差别;2)和西方一样,中国旧石器的"西方元素"也有重叠与穿时性.这使得旧大陆两侧的旧石器文化连成一体,难分东西;3)基于以上事实,本文作者倾向于认为:迄今已知的旧大陆旧石器文化是过去200多万年间早期人类在进化过程中应对全球气候波动引起的生态环境变迁而反复进行的横贯大陆的双向迁移、交流与融合的结果.     

西方旧石器文化中的勒瓦娄技术

在石片打制技术的发展史上,勒瓦娄技术的发明无疑是一个重大的进步,本文将就西方旧石器文化中的勒瓦娄技术的内容、意义及其起源等问题作一概要的综述。在此基础上,笔者将另行撰文就中外旧石器文化在这一方面的异同作一比较的研究和讨论。     

西方1）旧石器文化中的勒瓦娄技术

在石片打制技术的发展史上，勒瓦娄技术的发明无疑是一个重大的进步，本文将就西方旧石器文化中的勒瓦娄技术的内容、意义及其起源等问题作一概要的综述。在此基础上，笔者将另行撰文就中外旧石器文化在这一方面的异同作一比较的研究和讨论。     

辽东半岛的旧石器文化

辽东半岛旧石器研究可追溯至20世纪30年代, 但较大的进展则在70年代以后所取得。迄今为止, 包括以庙后山石器工业和营口金牛山人类化石为代表的旧石器早期、以海城小孤山下层石器工业为代表的旧石器中期和以海城小孤山中层石器工业、骨角制品和前阳人类化石为代表的旧石器晚期组成的辽东旧石器文化发展序列已经初步建立起来。从古生态环境和石器技术、类型学而言, 辽东半岛旧石器文化和华北同期文化存在密切的联系。     

泥河湾盆地旧石器文化研究新进展

泥河湾盆地旧石器文化异常丰富,在约1800平方公里范围内新发现各时期的旧石器文化遗址或地点三十余处,这些发现为该盆地旧石器文化研究提供了大批的科学资料。盆地内小石器文化传统贯穿始终,从早到晚旧石器有明显的继承性和发展性。到旧石器时代晚期,同时存在细石器技术传统的产品。     

蔚县盆地2017-2018年旧石器考古调查简报

蔚县盆地地处泥河湾盆地（广义）的东南端,是更新世人类活动的重要区域。2017-2018年,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所等在盆地内开展系统的旧石器考古调查,新发现并确认了27处旧石器地点。相关地貌、地层对比显示,新地点年代可大致分为中更新世和晚更新世晚期两个阶段,文化遗物分别埋藏于泥河湾河湖相堆积和黄土堆积中。中更新世石制品类型包括石核、石片、石器和断块等,原料以火山岩为主,均采用锤击法进行剥片和修理石器;晚更新世晚期遗址包括石核、石片和细石叶等,原料以白云岩和燧石居多,火山岩次之,以硬锤锤击法为主要剥片技术,软锤技术少量发现。对石制品初步分析表明,蔚县盆地中更新世地点表现出了一套与阳原盆地早-中更新世不同的原料及石制品组合,且在蔚县盆地晚更新世晚期存在小型石片石器和细石器两种工业。本次调查扩大了泥河湾盆地古人类活动的地理范围与文化内涵,为揭示泥河湾盆地（广义）早期人类的迁徙与适应行为提供了有价值的线索。     

北京地区旧石器考古新进展

北京地区旧石器文化遗物丰富,自１９９０年开始在北京城区和郊区县开展旧石器调查和试掘以来,发现旧石器时代文化遗址或地点３８处。这些新的为研究北京地区的旧石器文化提供了有的考古资料。     

中国旧石器文化序列的地层学基础

本文首先讨论旧石器考古年代学的一般原则、中国旧石器文化序列的地层学基础和文化分布区。其次 ,着重讨论中国一些主要旧石器遗址的年代问题。文章最后提出一个供讨论的中国旧石器文化序列方案。     

软锤石片辨识的实验史及争议

在打制石器中,软锤法能够更有效地控制石片形态,是古人类认知与技术水平提升的一个重要标志。传统认为,使用软锤法打下的石片具有打击泡散漫、台面处有唇等特征。随着针对性实验的开展,上述石片特征已经不再被认为仅是软锤剥片所致,而是打制过程中如打击角度、背缘角等诸多因素共同作用的结果,通过石片特征区分软、硬锤存在很大争议。本文旨在梳理学术界对软锤法的认知过程和系统实验历史。根据国际上大量的实验可知,目前的实验以燧石、黑曜石为主要石料,根据石片特征区分软、硬锤尚存在很大争议,石片特征的产生可能受锤的质地、石料、打制者、打击角度等多种因素的影响,因此,不宜仅凭个别石片特征判断遗址中存在软锤剥片。在对具体考古材料的技术分析中,需综合考量整个石器打制过程中涉及到的多种因素,有必要建立一个汇集实验数据与遗址出土石片相关特征的数据库,为打制技术与技法分析提供更为丰富的对比材料。     

Embryo rescue inVicia faba andVicia narbonensis

Embryo rescue in twoVicia faba L. cultivars (‘Polycarpe’ and ‘A-107’) and oneV. narbonensis L. population (A-202) was studied under a 22 ± 2°C/ 16 ± 1° day/night temperature regime. Very young ovules (1.0–1.8 mm long) cultured, in-ovule, on five liquid media remained green for a longer period of time on modified B5, modified Murashige and Skoog and modified Beasley and Ting media than on modified Phillips and Collins and modified Bourgin and Nitsch media. However, no embryo growth or embryo germination was observed. In-ovule culture of older ovules, 6 and 8 days forV. narbonensis and 10 and 14 days forV. faba, on modified B5 liquid medium allowed 6-day-oldV. narbonensis and 14-day-oldV. faba embryos to be rescued. Finally, culture of whole pods of the two species resulted in the rescue of even younger embryos. Thus, plantlets were obtained from as young as 4-day-oldV. narbonensis pods and 11-day-oldV. faba pods.     

二十世纪我国植物学家对植物组织培养的贡献

回顾了上一世纪我国植物组织培养的发展。 1934年以来 ,我国的植物组织培养研究一直与国际发展同步进行。我国学者在离体器官发生、茎尖培养、花药培养、子房培养、胚乳培养、原生质体培养和细胞大量培养等分支领域都取得重要进展。本文在引证我国研究者发表的植物组织培养论文的基础上 ,着重评述了那些被国际同行公认的研究成果。此外 ,还介绍了植物组织培养在我国农业和工业上应用的情况     

二十世纪我国植物学家对植物组织培养的贡献

回顾了上一世纪我国植物组织培养的发展.1934年以来,我国的植物组织培养研究一直与国际发展同步进行.我国学者在离体器官发生、茎尖培养、花药培养、子房培养、胚乳培养、原生质体培养和细胞大量培养等分支领域都取得重要进展.本文在引证我国研究者发表的植物组织培养论文的基础上,着重评述了那些被国际同行公认的研究成果.此外,还介绍了植物组织培养在我国农业和工业上应用的情况.     

猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌共培养的形态学研究

本文对猪苓、伴生菌及蜜环菌两两共培养及三者共培养进行了宏观形态观察及细胞学水平上的研究。结果表明,猪苓与伴生菌共培养时,在二者之间形成一致密拮抗线,猪苓菌落表面菌丝分化产生大量菌丝束;猪苓与蜜环菌共培养时,猪苓能阻止蜜环菌菌索对其自身的进一步侵袭,互作区中的双方菌丝及菌索均停止生长;蜜环菌与伴生菌共培养时,蜜环菌能穿透整个伴生菌菌落,在伴生菌菌落下方产生大量分枝;三者共培养后,猪苓对蜜环菌的防御能力有所下降,伴生菌对蜜环菌的耐受力有所提高,蜜环菌产生的新分枝均向伴生菌一侧生长,猪苓与伴生菌之间并不形成致密拮抗线,只可见双方菌丝的白色交融区。 猪苓与伴生菌均能在蜜环菌菌索皮层上形成侵入位点。     

Tapping culture-an improved method for cell suspension culture

Summary A new culture vessel was designed for cell suspension culture. A silicone-convered magnet bar fixed by one end to the side wall of the bottle was held horizontally a short distance from the bottom. A standard type magnetic stirrer was used. In contrast to the conventional horizontal movement of “stirring” in cultures the bar moves vertically with a “tapping” motion. This improvement resulted in less cell injury, higher rate of cell proliferation and formation of fewer bubbles than in the conventional type. Nine cell types were simultaneously cultivated in tapping, stirring and stationary culture. All cell types proliferated more luxuriously in tapping cultures than in stirring cultures. Serial cultivation of cells in tapping cultures was also successful. This work was supported in part by the grants for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan.     

荔枝生物技术研究进展（综述）

从荔枝的组织培养、花药培养和原生质体培养方面综述荔枝生物技术的研究概况,并提出该领域存在问题及发展方向。     

Light requirement and photosynthetic cell cultivation – Development of processes for efficient light utilization in photobioreactors

Although the potential of photosyntheticmicroorganisms for production of various metabolitesand in environmental bioremediation is recognized,their practical application has been limited by thedifficulty in supplying light efficiently tophotobioreactors. Various types of photobioreactorwith high illumination to volume ratios have beenproposed, but most are limited by cost, mass transfer,contamination, scale-up or a combination of these.The problem of light supply to photobioreactorscan be solved by developing photosynthetic cellcultivation systems where light is either substitutedor supplemented. Many strains of photosynthetic cellsare capable of heterotrophic growth under darkconditions and their heterotrophic culture can be usedfor efficient production of biomass and somemetabolites. However, light is absolutely required forefficient production of some metabolites. In suchcases, there is a need to supplement the heterotrophicwith photoautotrophic metabolism. Inphotoheterotrophic (mixotrophic) culture, thephotoautotrophic and heterotrophic metabolisms can beexploited for efficient production of usefulmetabolites but it has many problems such as processoptimization in terms of making a balance between thephotoautotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism. Another promising system is the sequentialheterotrophic/ photoautotrophic cultivation system,where the cells are cultivated heterotrophically tohigh concentrations and then passed through aphotobioreactor for accumulation of the desiredmetabolite(s). Furthermore, cyclicphotoautotrophic/heterotrophic cultivation system canbe used to achieve continuous cell growth underday/night cycles. This involves cultivating thecells photoautotrophically using solar light duringthe day and then adding controlled amount of organiccarbon source during the night for heterotrophicgrowth. In this review, these various systems arediscussed with some specific examples.     

Technology for cell cycle research with unstressed steady-state cultures

A culture system for performing cell cycle analyses on cells in undisturbed steady-state populations was designed and tested. In this system, newborn cells are shed continuously from an immobilized, perfused culture rotating about the horizontal axis. As a result of this arrangement, the number of newborn cells released into the effluent medium each generation is identical to the number of cells residing in the immobilized population, indicating that one of the two new daughter cells is shed at each cell division. Thus, the immobilized cells constitute a continuous, steady-state culture because the concentrations, locations and microenvironments of the cells in the culture vessel do not vary with time. In tests with mouse L1210 lymphocytic leukemia cells, about 10⁸ newborn cells were produced per day. This new culture system enables a multiplicity of cell cycle analyses on large numbers of cells assured to be from populations in steady-state growth.

A simple device for planting replicate mammalian cell cultures

Summary The design and use of a unit for planting uniform inocula for replicate cultures are described. Its design permits continuous gassing of suspensions of mammalian cells with humidified CO₂, thus stabilizing the pH (±<0.05 pH unit) of culture media buffered with sodium bicarbonate. The unit can be readily modified to deliver different volumes; identical samples can be dispensed simply and rapidly, with minimal cell damage and chance of microbial contamination. Quantitative data regarding sample uniformity and growth subsequent to planting with this unit are presented.     

A simple device for planting replicate mammalian cell cultures

Summary The design and use of a unit for planting uniform inocula for replicate cultures are described. Its design permits continuous gassing of suspensions of mammalian cells with humidified CO₂, thus stabilizing the pH (±<0.05 pH unit) of culture media buffered with sodium bicarbonate. The unit can be readily modified to deliver different volumes; identical samples can be dispensed simply and rapidly, with minimal cell damage and chance of microbial contamination. Quantitative data regarding sample uniformity and growth subsequent to planting with this unit are presented.