四川地区幼儿和学龄前儿童的鼻部测量

本文报告１１１６例四川地区幼儿和学龄前儿童（２－７岁）鼻部９项指标的测量均数,性差及年龄发育特点。性差：仅鼻凹鼻底距４－６．５岁等少数指标部分年龄段男女性间出现显著性划异（男＞女）。此外各项指标的绝大多数年龄段男女性间无显著性差异。年龄发育：９项测量指标中７项的生长曲线随年产长而上升,数值随年龄增大,并有１－２个发育高峰;提示鼻部发育具有阶段性;２项指标的曲线随年龄增长变化较小。４项指标男女性的曲     

4308例四川地区汉族2—25岁眼距测量及生长发育分析

为探讨四川地区汉族人眼部形态及生长发育规律。采用摄影测量和活体测量的方法,对四川地区4308例(男女各2154例)2—25岁汉族人眼部4项人类学指标进行测量, 按年龄划分为29个年龄段, 每一年龄段分为男、女2个组。计算各年龄段各项指标的均数与标准误; 并观察性别差异及年龄发育规律。结果显示: 眼外角间距、瞳孔间距多个年龄段男性大于女性, 差异具有显著性意义; 眼内角间距、眼裂宽男性略大于女性, 差异无显著性意义。眼部生长发育曲线随年龄增长而上升, 并有1—2个发育高峰, 生长发育具有阶段性发育的特点, 在某些年龄段女性发育快于男性。     

广西玉林地区汉族儿童青少年头面部发育特征

为了了解广西玉林地区汉族儿童青少年头面型,本文采用分层随机抽样方法对广西玉林地区1119名7－16岁城镇汉族儿童青少年的9项头面部指标进行测量,分析和比较儿童青少年容貌特征的发育与年龄增长的关系,按头面部各项指数分型。结果显示：汉族儿童青少年头面部的9项指标除头最大宽外均随年龄的增长而增大,各年龄组的性别间存在显著性差异。头面型以中头型和圆头型、高头型、狭头型及阔面型和中面型为主。     

腊尔山区苗族学生头面部形态特征

本项目对1896例腊尔山区6~16岁苗族学生（男919例,女977例）进行了人体测量,测量了10项头面部形态指标,并根据公式计算13项头面部指数值。结果表明,苗族学生头面部各指标均值随年龄增长而增加,同年龄段头面部各指标均值男生一般高于女生,且多数年龄段差异有统计学意义;男性的头长宽的、形态面的、形态上面的、容貌面的、颧额宽的、容貌上面的和容貌上面高的指数以及女性的形态面的、形态上面的、容貌面的、颧下颌宽度的、容貌上面高的指数随年龄增长总体趋势是先增加后递减;男性头面高的以及女性的头长高的、头宽高的和头面宽的指数随年龄增长逐渐增加;男女性之间的头长高的、头宽高的和额顶宽的指数比较显示,多数年龄段差异有统计学意义;苗族学生头型以中头型、高头型、阔头型多见,面型以阔面型、阔上面型为主;相对于其他族群,腊尔山苗族男生面型短而宽,头型偏长,女生面型偏短,头型稍偏长而窄。腊尔山苗族学生头面部特征与融水苗族、土家族等族群较为接近,与哈萨克族、新乡汉族相距较远。     

江西汉族人头面部形态特征的年龄变化

为研究人类头面部形态特征随年龄增长而变化的规律, 赴江西省丰城调查了汉族705例(城男151, 城女156, 乡男203, 乡女195)38项头面部指标, 并计算了12项头面部体质指数, 对江西汉族头面部形态特征的年龄变化进行了初步分析。结果显示: 江西汉族人头面部形态特征随年龄增长呈现一定的变化规律。1)随年龄增长, 江西汉族成人有蒙古褶率下降, 眼裂倾斜度渐趋水平, 眼色变浅, 上唇皮肤部高度狭窄型率下降, 红唇厚度窄型率上升。2)相关分析显示, 江西汉族鼻宽、口裂宽、鼻深、上唇皮肤部高度、容貌耳长、容貌耳宽与年龄呈正相关; 眼外角间宽、唇高、红唇厚度与年龄呈负相关; 3)江西汉族人头长宽指数、口指数与年龄呈负相关。4)方差分析显示, 上述指标值、指数值在不同年龄组间差异均具有统计学意义。     

对SK、AK、cSCC临床及病理特征的差异性分析

摘要 目的：探讨SK、AK、cSCC临床及病理特征的差异。方法：收集2010年1月-2020年12月期间经皮肤科病理确诊为SK（484例）、AK（68例）和cSCC（152例）患者的临床及病理资料,分析患者发病性别、年龄、皮损部位、病理分型及误诊疾病的构成等特点。结果：1. SK好发于46-60岁和61-75岁,在31-45岁年龄段好发于非暴露部位;AK好发于61-75岁和≥76岁年龄段,无论在哪个年龄段均好发于暴露部位,且随年龄增长患病率增高;cSCC好发于61-75岁和≥76岁年龄段,在46-60岁年龄段,好发于非暴露部位,在≥76岁年龄段,cSCC好发于暴露部位。2. SK及cSCC可发生于任何部位;AK可发生于除外阴以外的其他部位,好发于头面颈部。3. SK发病男女无差异,AK发病女多于男,cSCC发病男多于女。4. SK以棘层肥厚型（52.9%）和角化过度型（38.2%）多见,AK以萎缩型（47.0%）和角化过度型（26.5%）多见。6.SK误诊率为29%,AK误诊率为63%。结论：SK、AK及cSCC发病性别、年龄、皮损部位等各有异同,临床表现多样,易误诊,临床需提高警惕。     

蒙古族青少年体型的研究——运用Heath—Carter体型法

运用Ｈｅａｔｈ－Ｃａｒｔｅｒ体型法对１５６４名（男７２３,女８４１）７－１９岁蒙古族青少年体型进行了研究。结果表明蒙古族青少年体型随年龄增长而变化。男性平均体型变化较小。女性较大。男性以中胚层体型和偏中胚层体型的外胚层体型为主;女性随年龄增长逐渐从中间体型向偏中胚层体型的内胚层体型过渡。经检验从１１岁以后男女性的平均体型具有显著性差异。通过与其他群体青少年平均体型的比较,表明在不同民族,种族间的体     

混合性快速皮肤扩张法在修复皮肤缺损中的应用

我院自１９９４年５月至１９９６年５月应用混合性快速皮肤扩张法施行皮肤扩张２１例２６个扩张器,均取得较为满意的效果,现报告如下。１临床资料１．１一般资料本组２１例,男１６例,女５例,年龄７～４８岁。部位：头部６例,９个扩张器;躯干５例,７个扩张器;面部...     

大连汉族学生身高的研究

本文采用国际通用的人体测量方法,调查了大连城市７－１７岁的１２１４（男６０１,女６１３）名汉族学生的身高,并利用以往的资料,研讨了大连学生身高的生长发育趋势、性差和生长突增高峰年龄。结果表明：大连汉族学生２１年来身高吾逐渐增高趋势,平均每１０年增长值男性为２．９４ｃｍ,女性２．０９ｃｍ,但近８年间在８￣１０岁各年龄组的男女学生身高均呈负增长。在１９７４年－１９９５年的２１年间,生长突增高峰年龄男性     

兰州市1907 例不同年龄正常人群骨密度测定综合分析

目的:了解兰州地区正常人群骨密度的变化特点,分析其变化规律,为预防和治疗骨质疏松症提供科学依据。方法:使用天津圣鸿公司SHY-Ⅰ数字式骨密度测定仪对兰州地区1907人进行检测,其中男1381例,女526例,分别做左前臂尺、桡骨测量。年龄20～85岁,每10岁为一年龄组进行统计分析。结果:男、女组骨密度峰值均在30～39岁,峰值后随年龄增加而骨密度下降,女性下降较男性显著。骨量减少及骨质疏松患病率在40岁后随年龄增长而增高,女性高于男性。老年人骨量减少及骨质疏松患病率高于中青年人,老年女性骨质疏松患病率与老年男性比较有明显差异(P<0.05)。结论:兰州地区健康人群骨密度随年龄变化,并与性别有关。骨密度的检测在骨质疏松症的早期预防和治疗中具有重要意义。     

Development of a function to recognize angry facial expressions in 5- to 11-year-old children

In 5- to 6-, 7- to 8-, and 10- to 11-year-old children, age-related features of the effects of former experience on the recognition of emotional facial expressions were found using a cognitive set model. In five- to six-year-old children, an inert set to an angry facial expression was formed and expressed during testing as a large number of erroneous recognition of facial expressions of the perseverative type (assimilative) illusions. Set plasticity was increased in seven- to eight-year-old children and the number of assimilative illusions decreased. In 10- to 11-year-old children, the cognitive set was similar to adults in terms of its plasticity and a ratio of assimilative and contrast illusions. Changes in the spatial synchronization of electrical potentials in the ??- and ??-frequency bands were observed in all age groups, mainly during set formation. In all age groups, we observed a correlation between the bioelectrical data and the effects of former experience on the recognition of facial expression. Based on the data on the coherence of the potentials of the ??- and ??-ranges we propose age-related changes in the involvement of the cortico-hippocampal and fronto-thalamic functional systems of integration of brain activity in organizing the sets to emotionally negative facial expressions.     

高功能自闭症儿童面孔加工的ERP研究

目的:探讨7-9岁高功能自闭症儿童面孔加工时事件相关电位(Electrical event-relateds,ERP)的变化及其意义。方法:选择7-9岁自闭症儿童(实验组)与普通儿童(对照组)各15名,以中国人中性面孔及常见物件为刺激材料,记录和比较两类儿童在面孔刺激下的脑电成分。结果:剔除无效数据后,有效被试:实验组12人、对照组14人,两组年龄和性别组成无显著性差异(P0.05)。而,自闭症组按键反应时间、面孔反应时间显著长于对照组(按键反应F=9.26,P0.05;面孔反应t=5.32,P0.05)。在面孔刺激因素下,自闭症组平均波峰明显小于对照组(t=4.62,P0.05)。在物件刺激因素下,两组平均波峰无显著差异(t=0.21,P0.05)。而两组的潜伏期组别主效应不显著(F=1.63,P0.05)。结论:自闭症儿童面孔结构编码过程异常,对面孔的关注度比普通儿童低。本文证实了自闭症儿童知觉/认知缺陷的存在,为更进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

高功能自闭症儿童面孔加工的ERP研究

目的：探讨7-9岁高功能自闭症儿童面孔加工时事件相关电位（Electrical event-relateds,ERP）的变化及其意义。方法：选择7-9岁自闭症儿童（实验组）与普通儿童（对照组）各15名,以中国人中性面孔及常见物件为刺激材料,记录和比较两类儿童在面孔刺激下的脑电成分。结果：剔除无效数据后,有效被试：实验组12人、对照组14人,两组年龄和性别组成无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。而,自闭症组按键反应时间、面孔反应时间显著长于对照组（按键反应F=9.26,P〈0.05;面孔反应t=5.32,P〈0.05）。在面孔刺激因素下,自闭症组平均波峰明显小于对照组（t=4.62,P〈0.05）。在物件刺激因素下,两组平均波峰无显著差异（t=0.21,P〉0.05）。而两组的潜伏期组别主效应不显著（F=1.63,P〉0.05）。结论：自闭症儿童面孔结构编码过程异常,对面孔的关注度比普通儿童低。本文证实了自闭症儿童知觉/认知缺陷的存在,为更进一步研究提供了理论依据。     

Influence of restraining devices on patterns of pediatric facial trauma in motor vehicle collisions

In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, it is required that all children under the age of 4 years be restrained by an infant seat or car seat appropriate for their age and weight. Furthermore, all individuals riding in the front seat must be restrained by a seatbelt. This study examined the relationship between patterns of facial injuries and the use of restraining devices in the pediatric population. A retrospective analysis was performed on motor vehicle collision data submitted to the Pennsylvania Trauma Outcome Study database from 1990 through 1995. Criteria for submission included trauma patients who were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit, those who died during hospitalization, those who were hospitalized for more than 72 hours, or those who were transferred in or out of the receiving hospital. A subset of 412 pediatric patients, 15 years of age or younger, was analyzed for patterns of facial injury and the presence or absence of restraining devices. Restraining devices were categorized as a car seat or a seatbelt. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Of the 412 pediatric patients, only 17 children were restrained with a car seat and 121 were wearing a seatbelt. A total of 30 children sustained facial fractures, and 50 children suffered facial lacerations. There was a statistically significant increase in the incidence of facial fractures with increasing age of the child (p < 0.001). Of children with facial fractures, 70 percent of those 5 to 12 years old and 90 percent of those 13 to 15 years old were unrestrained (p = 0.166). In conclusion, despite legislation mandating the use of restraints, a large proportion of children involved in motor vehicle collisions were unrestrained. Furthermore, there seems to be a direct relationship between the age of a child and the incidence of facial fractures sustained in motor vehicle collisions.     

Maternal tendencies in women are associated with estrogen levels and facial femininity

Previous studies have shown that women with higher maternal tendencies are shorter and have lower testosterone levels than those with lower maternal tendencies. Here we report two studies that investigated the relationships between maternal tendencies and two further measures of physical masculinization/feminization; urinary estrogen metabolite (estrone-3-glucuronide: E1-3G) levels (Study 1) and rated facial femininity (Study 2). In Study 1, nulliparous women reported both their ideal number of children and ideal own age at first child and also provided urine samples. There was a significant positive correlation between measured late-follicular estrogen levels and reported ideal number of children. In Study 2, analyses of facial cues in two independent samples of women showed that the average facial characteristics of women who reported desiring many children were rated as more feminine than those desiring fewer children. Collectively, these results support the proposal that maternal tendencies are related to physical feminization and that this effect may, at least in part, reflect the influence of the hormone estrogen.     

Facial Mimicry in 6–7 Year Old Children with Disruptive Behavior Disorder and ADHD

Background

Impairments in facial mimicry are considered a proxy for deficits in affective empathy and have been demonstrated in 10 year old children and in adolescents with disruptive behavior disorder (DBD). However, it is not known whether these impairments are already present at an earlier age. Emotional deficits have also been shown in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Aims

To examine facial mimicry in younger, 6–7 year old children with DBD and with ADHD.

Methods

Electromyographic (EMG) activity in response to emotional facial expressions was recorded in 47 children with DBD, 18 children with ADHD and 35 healthy developing children.

Results

All groups displayed significant facial mimicry to the emotional expressions of other children. No group differences between children with DBD, children with ADHD and healthy developing children were found. In addition, no differences in facial mimicry were found between the clinical group (i.e., all children with a diagnosis) and the typically developing group in an analysis with ADHD symptoms as a covariate, and no differences were found between the clinical children and the typically developing children with DBD symptoms as a covariate.

Conclusion

Facial mimicry in children with DBD and ADHD throughout the first primary school years was unimpaired, in line with studies on empathy using other paradigms.     

Facial electromyography: responses of children to odor and taste stimuli

The study investigated the potential for facial electromyography (EMG) to be used as a clinical tool for measuring the responses of children to pleasant and unpleasant smell and taste stimuli. Responses in the zygomaticus major and levator labii muscles to 4 odorants and 4 tastants were recorded from 34 children aged 6-9 years. The results indicated that EMG activities in the 2 muscles discriminated between pleasant and unpleasant stimuli within each modality in a manner that indicated that the children perceived the hedonic qualities of the stimuli in a manner similar to that reported for adults. Importantly, there was unanimous agreement across the children as regards the differential nature of the activities exhibited. These outcomes together with the results of earlier facial expression studies suggest that facial EMG may provide an objective procedure that could be suitable for the clinical assessment of taste and smell function in newborns and young infants.     

Analysis of the vertical facial form in patients with severe hypodontia

We examined the lateral cephalograms of Russian patients in the following categories: control with acceptable occlusions (group 1); severe hypodontia with absence of six or more teeth (group 2); and severe hypodontia associated with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) (group 3). Analysis was in a cross-sectional manner, comparing dimensions at the start of the mixed dentition phase (age 6-10) and in the permanent dentition (age 12-18). The groups were matched for age and sex. Thirty-one hard- and soft-tissue landmarks were traced, and 35 linear, 19 angular, and 7 ratioed measurements were taken and compared, using analysis of variance to compare the means of each group. A reduced anterior face height was found in groups 2 and 3 as a consequence of a reduced anterior lower face height. In group 2 in the mixed dentition, the posterior face height was also reduced. The inclination of the mandible (相似文献   

Developmental changes in emotion recognition from full-light and point-light displays of body movement

To date, research on the development of emotion recognition has been dominated by studies on facial expression interpretation; very little is known about children's ability to recognize affective meaning from body movements. In the present study, we acquired simultaneous video and motion capture recordings of two actors portraying four basic emotions (Happiness Sadness, Fear and Anger). One hundred and seven primary and secondary school children (aged 4-17) and 14 adult volunteers participated in the study. Each participant viewed the full-light and point-light video clips and was asked to make a forced-choice as to which emotion was being portrayed. As a group, children performed worse than adults for both point-light and full-light conditions. Linear regression showed that both age and lighting condition were significant predictors of performance in children. Using piecewise regression, we found that a bilinear model with a steep improvement in performance until 8.5 years of age, followed by a much slower improvement rate through late childhood and adolescence best explained the data. These findings confirm that, like for facial expression, adolescents' recognition of basic emotions from body language is not fully mature and seems to follow a non-linear development. This is in line with observations of non-linear developmental trajectories for different aspects of human stimuli processing (voices and faces), perhaps suggesting a shift from one perceptual or cognitive strategy to another during adolescence. These results have important implications to understanding the maturation of social cognition.