中国汉族锁骨的性别判定

本文通过对279副中国汉族成人锁骨的测量,其中男性241副,女性38副。使用性别判别分析的方法,建立了锁骨性别判别的分析式,使中国汉族锁骨性别判别的准确率达到了90－94．7％,该文提出的性别判别方法,是锁骨性别判别的准确可靠的方法。     

中国汉族女性长骨推断身高的研究

本文通过对中国汉族女性69副已知生前确切身高的四肢长骨的测量,研究了中国汉族女性四肢长骨推断身高的方法,建立了中国汉族女性上、下肢骨推断身高的一元回归方程,二元回归方程及三元回归方程。首次提出了中国汉族女性长骨推断身高的方法。     

中国东北汉族及3个少数民族DYS19和DYS287多态性研究

本文以中国东北汉族和鄂温克,鄂伦春,达斡尔３个少数民族人群为研究对象,采用ＰＣＲ产物变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电胶的方法分析了Ｙ染色体特异性微卫星ＤＹＳ１９的等位基因分布规律。结果显示：东北汉族人群中各等位基因分布较分数Ａ２．９％,Ｂ２６．０９％,Ｃ２６．０９％,Ｄ２８．９８％,Ｅ１５．９４％;东北汉族和３个少数民族人群的等位基因频率有显著性差异。     

辽宁满族和汉族指纹白线正常值分析

本文研究了1060例 (满族：460,汉族：600;男女各半) 满族和汉族指纹白线。满族和汉族指纹白线出现率分别是7.11％和31.73％。结果表明民族间的指纹白线有他们各自的特征并做了性别和手别间差异的比较分析。     

中国汉族成人髌骨性别判别初步研究

对256副中国汉族成人左右侧髌骨分别观测,显示各项指标测量值的平均值都是男性大于女性,并具有显著性差异;各指标以髌骨体积判别性别效果最好,单项判别率达94％以上;运用Fisher线性两类判别分析、逐步判别分析方法得出多项指标判别性别的公式,判别率最高达96.1％。本研究还设计了髌骨体积及髌骨内外关节面高指标的测量方法。本研究为髌骨性别判别提供了简单、实用、科学、判别率较高的新方法。     

中国汉城成人髌骨性别判别初步研究

对２５６副是国汉族成人左右侧髌骨分别观测。显示各项指标测量值的平均值都是男性大于女性,并具有显著性差异,各指标以髌骨体积判别性别效果最好,单项判别率达９４％以上,运用Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ线性两类判别分析,逐步判别分析方法得出多项指标判别性别的公式,判别率最高达９６．１％,本研究还设计了髌骨体积及髌骨内外关节面高指标的测量方法,本研究为髌骨性别判别提供了简单,实用,科学,判别率较高的新方法。     

鄂尔多斯蒙古族、汉族4项人类遗传学指标的研究

报道了内蒙古鄂尔多斯地区508例蒙古族人（男223例,女285例）和461例汉族人（男233例,女228例）的蒙古褶,上眼睑皱褶,铲型门齿和耳垂的出现率。调查结果显示：1）有蒙古褶率蒙古族为97．84％,汉族为97．83％,有上眼睑皱褶率蒙古族为81．69％,汉族为85．25％, 有铲型门齿率蒙古族为91．54％,汉族为88．72％;有耳垂率蒙古族为83．86％,汉族为82．86％;2）有蒙古褶率蒙古族汉族均存在性别间的羞异,有耳垂率汉族存在性别间差异;3）4项指标间无相关关系;4）蒙古族与汉族间蒙古褶出现率存在极显著差异。     

国人胫骨的测量及其性别判别分析

为积累国人资料,本文对长春、通辽两地出土的１２７副胚骨（男７１,女５６）进行了胚骨最大长、胚骨全长等２６项指标的测量,计算出胫骨中部断面指数和胚骨指数等４项指数及其分型,进行了侧别、性别及地区比较,并用胫骨最大长等７项因素进行了Ｆｉｓｈｅｒ法性别判别分析,得出５个判别式．结果显示：除个别测量项外均无显著性侧别差异,但均具有显著性性别差异,部分项目存在显著性地区差异;判别分析中判别正确率（７８．３％－８２．３％）介于美国白人与黑人之间。     

吐鲁番市胃食管反流病发生相关危险因素分析（附280例报道）

目的：探讨280例胃食管反流病（GERD）的分布特点及危险因素。方法：对临床诊断和胃镜确诊的280例GERD患者进行临床和风险因子相关性分析。结果：不论汉族还是维族,男性患者比例均明显高于女性;汉族患者高发年龄段早于维族患者（z=-2．939,P=0．003,）;汉族和维族患者占反流性食管炎和Barrett食管比例分别为42．4％、81_3％及56．5％、18．8％,其中汉族患者Barrett食管比例较高（X2=14．358,P=0．000）;肥胖、习惯性便秘、重体力活动者、饮食习惯不良在维族患者中的比例较高（P〈0．001）。结论：GERD与性别、年龄密切相关,男性多于女性,汉族患者发病年龄高峰旱于维族患者;汉族患者Barrett食管发生比例高于维族患者;肥胖、习惯性便秘、重体力活动、饮食习惯不良可能是GERD尤其是维族人群GERD的危险因素。     

唐山汉族人ABO血型调查

随机检测421例唐山汉族人群的ABO血型,调查结果为：唐山汉族人群的ABO血型分布为A型占26．37％,B型占35．63％,O型占27．79％,AB型占10．21％,血型分布特征为B〉O〉A〉AB。各基因的频率为：p=0．2041,q=0．2648,r=0．5311,特征为r〉q〉p。唐山汉族ABO血型分布的民族指数为0．778。唐山汉族具有较高的B基因频率,具有北方人群的血型分布特点。     

Sex differences in intracranial arterial bifurcations

Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is a serious condition, occurring more frequently in females than in males. SAH is mainly caused by rupture of an intracranial aneurysm, which is formed by localized dilation of the intracranial arterial vessel wall, usually at the apex of the arterial bifurcation. The female preponderance is usually explained by systemic factors (hormonal influences and intrinsic wall weakness); however, the uneven sex distribution of intracranial aneurysms suggests a possible physiologic factor—a local sex difference in the intracranial arteries.Objective: The aim of this study was to explore sex variation in the bifurcation anatomy of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) and internal carotid artery (ICA), and the subsequent hemodynamic impact.Methods: Vessel radii and bifurcation angles were measured in patients with MCA and ICA bifurcations. Data from a previously published study of 55 patients undergoing diagnostic cerebral digital subtraction angiography at Dalcross Private Hospital in Sydney, Australia, between 2002 and 2003, were available for analysis. The measurements were used to create idealized, averaged bifurcations of the MCA and ICA for females and males. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to calculate hemodynamic forces in the models.Results: The vessel radii and bifurcation angles of 47 MCA and 52 ICA bifurcations in 49 patients (32 females, 17 males; mean age, 53 years; age range, 14–86 years) were measured. Statistically significant sex differences were found in vessel diameter (males larger than females; P < 0.05), but not in bifurcation angle. Computational fluid dynamics simulations revealed higher wall shear stress in the female MCA (19%) and ICA (50%) bifurcations compared with the male bifurcations.Conclusions: This study of MCA and ICA bifurcations in female and male patients suggests that sex differences in vessel size and blood flow velocity result in higher hemodynamic forces acting on the vessel wall in females. This new hypothesis may partly explain why intracranial aneurysms and SAH are more likely to occur in females than in males.     

Growth of the clavicle and development of clavicular secondary cartilage in the embryonic mouse

Whether secondary cartilage develops in the mammalian clavicle has been a matter of controversy. This study documents, in the embryonic mouse: (a) the onset of clavicular osteogenesis at 14 days of gestation (Theiler stage 22); (b) the appearance of secondary cartilage at 16 days of gestation (Theiler stage 24) and its persistence as a prominent cartilage until 18 days of gestation; (c) that the relative growth rate of the clavicle is much higher (0.097 mg/g body weight/day) between 16 and 17 days of gestation than at later ages (mean of 0.005 mg/g/day between 17 days of gestation and 4 days postnatally), and (d) that secondary cartilage failed to form in clavicles from 15-day-old embryos maintained in vitro. We conclude that secondary cartilage is a feature of the developing mouse clavicle, that it arises when the relative growth rate of the clavicle is highest, and that the most likely stimulus for differentiation of this cartilage is mechanical, muscle-based and associated with rapid relative clavicular growth.     

锁骨远端解剖锁定钢板结合Nice结环扎与锁骨钩钢板治疗Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折的疗效比较研究

摘要 目的：以锁骨钩钢板为对照,探讨锁骨远端解剖锁定钢板结合Nice结环扎治疗Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折的临床疗效,为临床Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折的治疗提供合理方案。方法：回顾性分析自2017年1月~2020年1月宿迁市第一人民医院收治的38例Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折患者的临床资料,按内固定方式不同进行分组,其中18例采用锁骨远端解剖锁定板结合Nice结环扎固定（观察组）,20例采用锁骨钩钢板内固定（对照组）。记录两组手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、术后并发症,并于术后3个月和6个月时进行视觉模拟评分法（VAS）评分及肩关节功能Constant-Murley和UCLA评分。结果：38例患者手术均顺利完成,两组手术时间及术中出血量比较无差异（P>0.05）。38例患者手术均获得随访,两组骨折愈合时间比较无差异（P>0.05）;观察组并发症发生率（11.11%）低于对照组（40.00%）（P<0.05）。观察组术后3个月和6个月的VAS评分均低于对照组,而Constant- Murley和UCLA评分均高于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折采用锁骨远端解剖锁定钢板结合Nice结环扎治疗固定效果确切,患者术后肩关节功能恢复良好,并发症少,痛疼程度轻,相较于锁骨钩钢板治疗,其优势明显,可作为临床治疗Neer Ⅱ型锁骨远端骨折的推荐方案。     

Radiographic changes in the clavicle and proximal femur and their use in the determination of skeletal age at death

Visually seriated radiographs of the proximal femur, proximal humerus, clavicle, and calcaneus from 130 individuals from the Hamann-Todd collection were examined as indicators of skeletal age at death. The clavicle demonstrated the most consistent relationship to age in both sexes. The same radiographs were also seriated by size-normalized optical density as a means of establishing relative radiolucency. In this context, visual seriation proved superior. The four sites studied showed strong divergence in response to age. Since each was sampling bone response from the same individual, it is concluded that bone loss is highly site specific. This demonstrates the individual character of specific skeletal sites. Visual inspection of clavicular radiographs, seriated on a populational basis, provides age estimates that are comparable to anatomical age indicators and provides independent estimates of skeletal age when included in the summary age method (1985: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 68:1–14).     

Sexual differentiation in higher plants

As in all organogenetic studies, sex differentiation implies three fields of research: the identification of macsomalecular markers specific for stamens or carpels }expression program); the analysis of the signals (such as phytohormones{ inducing them: and finally the knowledge of the regulator genes (sex detsrmination genes).
In dioecious plants, sex determination (male and female genes or combinations of heterochromosomes) occurs at the fertilization stage. These regulators probably act early by means of inducers; their action is perceptible mainly when reproductive organs develop, and the existence of target cells able to respond to the inductive message is obvious. Experimental control of sex expression by phytohormones leads to the repression of the normal organogenetic program (induced by the presence of the sex genes) arrd to the induction of the opposite program (normally incompatible with these genes).
Analogous mechanisms occur in monoecious plants, but here the male program is always expressed before the female one. Experimental control of sex expression suggests that the successive induction of first male and then the female program results from inverse gradients of male and female signals. Sex differentiation studies of monaeciousness are more difficult than studies on dioeciousness since, in all the cells. not only male and female programs co-exist as in dioeciousness, but also male and female sex penes and signals.
The present model has been tested in the dioecious Mercurialisannua (2n = 16) and some other species, and the results that have been established are described.     

THE EFFECTS OF EXHAUSTIVE EXERCISE ON THE ACTIVITY LEVELS OF CATALASE IN VARIOUS TISSUES OF MALE AND FEMALE RATS

The effects of exhaustive exercise on the activity levels of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) in various tissues of male and female Sprague—Dawley rats (Rattus norvegicus) were investigated. Both the male and female rats were subdivided into an experimental group and a control group consisting of eight rats each. One group of each sex was subjected to a swimming session of 1h (experimental group) while the other group of each sex served as sedentary control groups. The tissues investigated were liver, heart, kidney and lung. The activity levels of catalase in all the tissues investigated were significantly (P< 0.05) elevated in both male and female rats as a result of exercise. The average increase in the activity levels of catalase in the various tissues investigated for both male and female rats was 417% (males 404%; females 430%). The male and female rats exhibited comparable activity levels of catalase in all the tissues investigated. The higher activity levels of catalase as a result of exercise might be indicative of a compensatory measure to counteract the possible detrimental effects associated with oxidative stress.     

锁骨远端锁定钢板治疗NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折的疗效及对肩关节功能恢复的影响

目的:探讨锁骨远端锁定钢板治疗NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折的疗效及对肩关节功能恢复的影响。方法:回顾性分析2015年7月～2017年10月期间四川省泸州市中医医院收治的107例NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折患者的临床资料,其中行锁骨钩钢板治疗的53例患者作为对照组,行锁骨远端锁定钢板治疗的54例患者作为研究组。比较两组术后1年的临床疗效,记录两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、手术切口长度、骨折愈合时间,比较两组术前、术后5周、术后10周肩关节功能情况,记录并发症发生情况。结果:研究组术后1年优良率为90.74%(49/54),显著高于对照组患者的64.15%(34/53)(P0.05)。两组患者手术时间、术中出血量、手术切口长度以及骨折愈合时间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者术后5周、术后10周肩关节功能、肩关节活动度、X线评定、患侧肩部疼痛、关节稳定性评分高于术前,且术后10周高于术后5周(P0.05);研究组术后5周、术后10周上述指标评分高于对照组(P0.05)。研究组术后并发症总发生率为7.41%(4/54),低于对照组的32.08%(17/53)(P0.05)。结论:锁骨远端锁定钢板治疗NeerⅡ型锁骨远端骨折安全有效,可有效改善患者肩关节功能,促进术后恢复。     

A note on the Olduvai clavicular fragment

Certain features of the Olduvai clavicular fragment have been examined in the light of data already existing on the form of the clavicle in primates. Although similar to that of modern man, the fragment exhibits features which suggest that its function may have differed somewhat from that of the clavicle in man. The new information correlates well with that obtained from the fragmentary Sterkfontein scapula.     

Paralysis and growth of the musculoskeletal system in the embryonic chick

Avian embryos can be completely paralyzed by injection of neuromuscular-blocking agents. We used a single injection of decamethonium iodide to paralyze embryos at 7, 8, or 10 days of incubation and analyzed the growth of individual bones (clavicle, mandible, ulna, femur, tibia, humerus) and of individual muscles that act upon some of those bones (clavicular and sternal heads of m. pectoralis, and mm. biceps brachii, depressor mandibulae, pseudotemporalis, and adductor externus). Growth of the bones is not equally affected by paralysis. Only 27% of clavicular growth (by mass) but 77% of mandibular growth occurred in paralyzed embryos, whereas the four long bones exhibited 52-63% of their normal growth. Analysis of muscle weight, fiber length and physiological cross-sectional area (weight/fiber length) indicate that there was greater reduction of the muscles acting on the limbs than of those acting on the mandible, i.e., diminished growth of the skeleton is correlated with reduced muscular activity. Specific retardation of clavicular growth is due to fusion of sternal rudiments and collapse of the thorax, as well as virtual absence of the musculature that normally attaches to the clavicle. We discuss these results in the light of intrinsic and extrinsic factors governing growth of the embryonic skeleton. Paralysis reduces skeletal growth by reducing both the movements taking place in ovo, and the loads imposed on the bones by muscle contraction, changes that represent alterations in the mechanical environment of the skeleton.