中国奥陶纪牙形刺分区和生物地层

根据牙形刺动物群的性质和分布，中国奥陶纪牙形刺在Ｔｒｅｍａｄｏｃ以后可以明显区分为两大地理区，即华南区和华北区。华南区的牙形刺动物群几乎与北大酉洋型的牙形刺动物群完全一致，属冷水型动物群。华北区的牙形刺动物群与北美中大陆区的牙形刺动物群较为接近，但有自己的地方型特征，属暖水动物群。总结了两个不同地理区的牙形刺生物地层，并较详细地进行了不同区的国内外对比。     

日本志留纪至三叠纪牙形刺生物地层

本文系统地回顾了日本志留纪至三叠纪牙形刺研究的历史和现在的成果。志留纪牙形刺只有少数零星的报道,没有建立化石带;早泥盆世已建立了５个牙形刺组合,没有中、晚泥盆世的记录;石炭纪有８个牙形刺带,其中晚石炭世３个牙形刺带;二叠纪５个牙形刺带或动物群,其中,中、晚二叠世各１个带（动物群）;三叠纪可划分出１４个牙形刺带。     

广西宜山拉利多灵山泥盆-石炭系界线层牙形刺的发现及其意义

本文主要介绍广西宜山拉利多灵山泥盆-石炭系界线层牙形刺动物群的面貌特征及其分布规律,并且通过与国内、外有关地区地层剖面的对比,对泥盆-石炭系界线定义、界线层的岩相和生物相变化以及牙形刺分带中的若干问题均作了探讨。文中还描述了牙形刺一新种,即多灵山假多颚刺Pseudopolygnathus duolingshanensis sp.nov.。     

依据牙形刺确定的蒙古国塔琳波格德组（Taliin Bogd Formation）的时代

在蒙古南部波尔海尔汗乌尔(Bor hairhan uul)剖面的塔琳波格德组下部的6个样品中发现了牙形刺,通过研究清楚地表明含牙形刺动物群的塔琳波格德组下部的时代是中洛霍考夫阶(早泥盆世)到中艾菲尔阶(中泥盆世).塔琳波格德组的牙形刺动物群更接近于北美同时期的动物群,而与欧洲同期动物群相远.这一动物群可能属于冷水动物群.作者在文中描写了一个新种:Steptotaxis mongolianus sp.nov.Wang.     

陕西凤县熊家山界河街组早石炭世牙形刺动物群

首次描述并图示了位于华北地台和华南地台之间的秦岭山脉中的早石炭世杜内阶上部的牙形刺。这一牙形刺动物群与欧洲杜内阶的牙形刺动物群非常相似。文中描述了两个新种:Pseudopolygnathusnodosussp.nov.和Pseudopolygnathusparamultistriatussp.nov.     

河北唐山达瑞威尔阶(Darriwilian)牙形刺生物地层的新认识

本文作者对河北唐山赵各庄剖面的北庵庄组(原称下马家沟组)和马家沟组(原称上马家沟组)较系统地采集了牙形刺样品,通过对所获之牙形刺标本和安太库等(1983)在同一剖面所描述的牙形刺动物群仔细研究,得到一些新的认识、分带及对比意见。唐山赵各庄剖面不仅具有丰富各异的地方型分子,如Aurilobodus leptosomatus,Loxodus dissectus,Tangshanodus tangshanensis,Rhipidognathus maggolensis,R.laiwuensis,Triangulodus changshanensis和Erraticodon tangshanensis外,尚有一些分布广泛和具地层意义的重要分子,如Histiodella holodentata,Eoplacognathus pseudoplanus和Eoplacognathus suecicus等。根据这些重要分子和牙形刺分带原则,本文对安太庠等(1983)的牙形刺分带重新修订,即将北庵庄组的Aurilobodus leptosomatus-Loxodus dissectus带和Tangshanodus tangshanensis带修正为Histiodella holodentata-Tangshanodus tangshanensis带,并由下而上可划分为Rhipidognathus maggolensis和R.laiwuensis两地方型亚带;将马家沟组的Eoplacognathus suecicus-Acontiodus?linxiensis带和Plectodina onychodonta带修正为Eoplacognathus suecicus带,并由下而上又可划分为Acontiodus?linxiensis和Plectodina onychodonta两个地方型牙形刺亚带。因此,唐山地区的北庵庄组产牙形刺的部分和马家沟组可与华南的牯牛潭组和新疆塔里木盆地的大湾沟组对比,归入奥陶纪达瑞威尔阶(Darriwilian),从而改变了过去将北庵庄组产牙形刺的层位,即所谓的Aurilobodus leptosomatus-Loxodus dissectus带和Tangshanodus tangshanensis带与华南区大坪阶(Dapingian)的大湾组相对比的认识。     

塔里木中央隆起区上奥陶统的牙形刺

塔里木板块中央隆起区的上奥陶统,即巴楚露头剖面吐木休克组和良里塔格组以及塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中油田井下良里塔格组皆为灰岩相.作者对前人报道的牙形刺带作了修改,首次系统描述牙形刺动物群全貌,共计14属21种.在曾归入Pygodus serra带和P.anserinus带的吐木休克组底部和下部发现Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis,故应改为Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis带;吐木休克组中部因发现Baltoniodus alobatus和B.variabilis共生,应属B.alobatus带.在Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis带和Baltoniodus alobatus带之间尚未发现可靠的B.variabilis,因此是否存在B.variabilis带尚存疑问.巴楚露头区上奥陶统的牙形刺序列由下而上应为Yangtzeplacognathus jianyeensis带,Baltoniodus variabilis带?,B.alobatus带和Belodina confluens带.塔中的良里塔格组则可识别出B.confluens带和Yaoxianognathus yaoxianensis带.将中央隆起区牙形刺动物群组合与其相邻的柯坪地块进行对比,说明晚奥陶世因两个地理区水深的差异导致牙形刺带完整性的差异.     

蒙古南戈壁泥盆纪(埃姆斯期-艾菲尔期)牙形刺

在蒙古南戈壁地区丘隆组(Chuluun Formation)和查干卡勒噶组(Tsagaankhaalga Formation)发现的牙形刺证明丘隆组的时代为晚埃姆斯期,查干卡勒噶组的时代为早艾菲尔期,与以前大化石所确定的时代一致。但艾菲尔阶的底界暂时还无法准确确定,蒙古南戈壁地区艾菲尔阶牙形刺动物群与同期北美的牙形刺动物群相似．但也包含一些地方性分子,蒙古海相艾菲尔期的沉积可能不完整。本文描述了2个命名新种．Caudicriodus delicatus sp. nov. , C. paraculicellus sp. nov. ,一个未命名新种,Caudicriodus sp. nov. A和一个新亚种,Cuadicriodus angustus cauda subsp, nov.。     

滇西保山地区石炭纪、二叠纪古动物地理演化

探讨滇西保山地块晚古生代Ｔｉｎｇ类、有孔虫、珊瑚、牙形刺、腕足类等动物群的古生物地理属性,根据牙形刺和Ｔｉｎｇ类化石,确定长期争论的丁家寨组的时代为Ａｒｔｉｎｓｋｉａｎ期,小型单体珊瑚Ｃｙａｔｈａｘｏｎｉａ动物群可出现在从早石炭世到二叠纪的多种沉积环境中,不一定指示冷水冈瓦纳型。根据沉积特征及对环境特别敏感的珊瑚和Ｔｉｎｇ类动物群的分布特点,结合全球构造事件,恢复保山地块的古地理演化模式。早石炭世     

滇西保山地区丁家寨组、卧牛寺组牙形刺的时代

本首次描述了滇西保山卧牛寺组及永德丁家寨组的Rabeignathus牙形刺动物群,其中2个新种：Rabeignathus yunnanensis sp．nov．,R．ritterianus sp．nov．,并划分出3个牙形刺带,进一步确定了古生物地层工作争论已久的卧牛寺组的时代为Artinskian晚期-Kungurian早期;丁家寨组上段为Sakmarian晚期-Artinskian早期。该牙形刺动物群为暖温型动物群,结合保山地块当时的古地磁资料,丁家寨组、卧牛寺组沉积之时,应处于边缘冈瓦纳区。卧牛寺组玄武岩喷发时间的确定,预示了保山地块从边缘冈瓦纳区分离出来的时间为Artinskian晚期。     

广西凌云县罗楼地区早三叠世牙形石

罗楼地区下三叠统,经赵金科（１９５９）研究显示,最低层位为Ｖishnuites marginalis菊石带（Gyronitan阶）,张舜新（１９９０）研究广西凤山金下三叠统形石时,未发现最高的牙形石带,当前研究发现,罗楼地区下三叠统牙形石丰富,可识别出Ｈindeodus parvus,Isarciclla staeschei ,Neospathodus waageni,Neospathodus novaehel-landiae,Neospathodus homeri-Neospathodus triangularis,Chiosella timorensis6个牙形石带（组合带）,从而表明该地区不但存在下三叠统底部层位Ｏtoceratan阶,而且存在下三叠统最高的牙形石带,牙形石组合面貌和岩相显示,该牙形石动物群生活环境与田东县作登地区同属盆地相环境。     

湘西北晚二叠世-早三叠世早期牙形石古生态

通过对牙形石器官的对称性、相分布和地球化学特征的研究,探讨湘西北晚二叠世至三叠纪初牙形动物的生态分布.按器官所包括不同对称型分子的比例,牙形动物器官的对称性可分为4级,器官的对称性越高,动物运动能力越强.湘西北晚二叠世一三叠纪初地层可分为6种沉积相,即盆地相、盆缘-台坡相、开阔台地相、边缘浅滩相、局限台地相和泥坪相.具不同对称级器官的属种在6种沉积相中的差异分布,反映了牙形动物的3种生态类型:自由游泳型、浮游型和底栖型.牙形石地球化学组分的变化与当时环境演变相吻合.随水深增加,化石中的P含量升高,而Ca、s、sr的含量降低;Al、Fe和Ba在近岸浅水环境的牙形石中富集;而Mg的富集指示高盐环境.基于上述研究,划分了4个牙形石相,建立了一个组合横向替代的牙形动物生态分布模式.     

Compostional variations and patterns of condont reworking in Late Devonian and early carboniferous calciturbidites (Moravia, Czech Republic)

Summary Compositional variations and grain-size properties of both carbonate constituents and conodonts as an alternative component group were used for interpreting the processes governing the deposition of upper Famennian and middle Tournaisian calciturbidites in Moravia, Czech Republic. Both the composition and grain-size properties of conodont element associations showed to be markedly dependant on facies type of their host sediment. Upper Devonian calciturbidite successions deposited on flanks of wide, Moravian-Silesian carbonate platform are composed mainly of echinoderm-and peloid-rich wacke/packstones and intraclastic float/rudstones (fine-grained calciturbidites, “normal” calciturbidites with Tab Bouma sequences, debris-flow breccias) with abundance of shelf-and shelf margin conodont taxa and epipelagic and “mesopelagic” conodonts. Upper Devonian calciturbidites deposited on slopes of volcanic sea-mounts are composed of echinoderm-and peloid-rich wacke/packstones and float/rudstones with increased proportion of intraclasts and volcanigenic lithoclasts (fine-grained calciturbidites, normal calciturbidites), yeilding abundant conodont associations with higher proportion of “mesopelagic” taxa compared to the platform-flank examples. Middle Tournaisian calciturbidite succession composed of crinoid-, peloid-, intraclast-and lithoclast-rich lime mudstones, wacke/packstones and float/rudstones (normal calciturbidites and debris-flow breccias) yielded conodont element associations rich in shelt-and shelf-margin taxa, “mesopelagic” conodonts and reworked Middle-and Upper Devonian conodonts. In general, the ratio of shelf-and shelf margin conodont taxa to “mesopelagic” taxa is distinctly lower in finegrained calciturbidites than it is in normal calciturbidites and debris-flow breccias. Grain-size properties (mean grain size and sorting) and percentage of fragmented conodont elements, too, are markedly dependant on the facies type: in fine-grained calciturbidites the values of mean grain-size and fragmentation are low and the sorting is good to very good whereas in normal calciturbidites and debris-flow breccias the values of mean grain-size and fragmentation are distinctly higher and the sorting is poorer. The interdependence of facies type and composition and grain-size properties of conodont element associations in gravity-flow deposits is explained as resultant from hydrodynamic sorting during turbidity current flow and final deposition of the bed. Compositional variations observed in our sections may thus be attributed to facies variability (coarsening-and thickening-upward trends) rather than to sea-level fluctuations (highstand shedding of carbonate platforms). On the other hand, significant enrichment in reworked conodont taxa in middle Tournaisian normal calciturbidites compared to scarcity and/or absence of such conodonts in essentially identical facies of upper Famennian age indicate sea-level to be the major control governing such compositional variations, with low relative sea-level stand in middle Tournaisian and high relative sea-level stand in upper Famennian. Thorough analysis of conodont evolution, palaeoecology and taphonomy, with emphasis on understanding the processes of deposition of their host rock, are recommended for any biostratigraphic and biofacies study to be done in carbonate sediments deposited under strong hydrodynamic regimes, such as calciturbidites, temperstites, debris-flow deposits, shelf-edge oolitic sands, tidal-channel facies etc.     

Zur Biologie, Taxonomie und Chronologie der Conodonten

The actual state of knowledge concerning the conodont animal is critically reviewed. All soft tissue documented by the specimens of the conodont animal were interpreted by the British collectors as Craniota (Vertebrata) features. Opinions on the precise affinities, however, remain controverse: The alleged chorda could have been a gut, bilateral symmetry, myomery, apatitic biomineralisation occur also in Invertebrata, caudal fins do in Chaetognatha. Even the lobes in the capital area interpreted as sensory organs could have served as aiding organs for food intake. Therefore, the originally sensational findings are reduced to the core issue that the conodont animal had an eel-like body and at the blunt end of it, behind peculiar lobes, the mineralized conodont elements were arranged. As a consequence, a relationship to the Protochordata cannot be excluded. A systematic position of the conodont animal as possible Vertebrata is likely only if organized below the Ostracodermata which is particularly so because conodonts occur so early in the Cambrian. In the second part of the article conodonts are discussed as guide fossils. The comprehensive, empirically grown taxonomy of the single elements is the prerequisite for recognizing outstanding, high resolution stratigraphy. In comparison, a multielement taxonomy remains as long problematical, as it is based on assumed, mostly statistically reconstructed rather than on natural multielement apparatuses. Taxonomical and nomenclatorial operations built on assumed apparatus affinity can bear heavily on nomenclature and stratigraphy of platform elements. It can be shown at the example of the Devonian that the platform elements have provided particularly in the pelagic facies a Standard Conodont Zonation that covers time almost without any gaps. The basis for this is that platform single element species and their phylogenetic development are extra-well known. In a special paragraph, history and applicability of the Standard Zonation is discussed in details. Different conodont biofacies are developed between the pelagic realm where the Standard Zonation originated, and the coastal areas so that conodonts can indicate temporal and bathymetric relationships of the mother rocks. In addition alternative conodont zonations were introduced mainly for the shallow water. Because of their conspicuous stratigraphic significance in the Devonian, conodonts were employed by International Committees to redefine Series and Stage Boundaries. For the boundary selection species were utilized from phylognetic lineages as only from tight evolution their point of origination could be well identified and recognized in worldwide correlation. The GSSPs (Global Stratotype Section and Point) within the Devonian are discussed in detail. In recent times, attempts are made at calibrating the duration of conodont zones on the basis of their well known rate of evolution and high temporal resolution. These analyses have to be continued in order to demonstrate the absolute time relationship of condont zones in more and continuous detail. Currently the phyletically controlled Standard Conodont Zonation is the authoritative stratigraphic method in the Devonian. It has provided together with the GSSPs precise and valuable fix points for a Global Time Scale (GTS). In combination with additional stratigraphie methods the Standard Conodont Zonation may provide further refinements in the future.     

Frasnian conodonts from the eastern Russian Platform

The Frasnian conodonts of the eastern Russian Platform from the Timan in the north to the Orenburg Region in the south are characterized in detail both paleontologically and stratigraphically. This paper is a continuation of a previously published monograph (Ovnatanova and Kononova, 2001) on the Frasnian conodonts of the shallow-water strata of the central Russian Platform, where polygnathids prevail. The conodont assemblages from the shallow-water and basinal sections of the Volga-Ural province and Southern Timan are analyzed. Problems and difficulties associated with the correlation of the shallow-water and deep-water Frasnian sections of the eastern Russian Platform and their correlation with the existing zonal conodont scales are discussed. The correlation between the deep-water Mendym deposits and the shallow-water Rechitza and Voronezh strata of the Volga-Ural province with the Vetlasyan and Sirachoi deposits of the Southern Timan is substantiated. The stratotype of the Semiluki Regional Stage of the Central Devonian Field contains equivalents of the lowermost beds of the Domanik Formation (unit 1), based entirely on polygnathids. Phylogenetic reconstructions for Palmatolepis and Polygnathus are suggested based on the ontogenetic series for some species of these two genera and the presence of transitional forms between some of the species. Based on these phylogenetic reconstructions, conodont zonal scales for the shallow-water and deep-water sections of the Frasnian Stage of the Russian Platform are proposed and their correlation with the existing conodont zonal scales is also adduced. Some aspects of biofacies control are considered based on the distribution of conodonts in the sections studied. In Systematic Paleontology, 91 conodont species of the genera Ancyrodella, Mesotaxis, Palmatolepis, and Polygnathus are described, including the new species Palmatolepis menneri, P. kaledai, P. acutangularis, and Polygnathus reitlingerae. DEDICATION To the blessed memory of the outstanding geologist Vladimir Vladimirovich Menner     

Conodont affinity of the enigmatic Carboniferous chordate Conopiscius

Conopiscius shares V-shaped myomeres with the co-occurring conodont Clydagnathus but instead of a complex oral apparatus it has only a single pair of conical elements, and structures resembling scales are associated with its myomeres. Moreover, the coarsely crystalline crown tissue typical for conodonts has not been identified in the Conopiscius elements, which show only a finely lamellar skeletal tissue. The gap between conodonts and Conopiscius may be filled by isolated elements of similar morphology and structure occurring in the Late Devonian. They reveal a very thin external layer developed mostly at the tooth tip and resembling conodont crown tissue. The pulp cavity is partially filled with layered or spherulitic phosphatic tissue of the kind known also in conodonts (basal filling tissue) and early vertebrates (lamellin). Conodont elements of similar morphology and representing uni-membrate oral apparatuses have not been previously reported from the Devonian or Carboniferous but occur near the Cambrian–Ordovician transition ( Proconodontus ) and in the Late Permian ( Caenodontus ). It is proposed that Conopiscius represents a mostly cryptic conodont lineage extending from the Early Ordovician to the Permian, instead of being directly related to the agnathans.     

华南贵州宾夕法尼亚亚纪牙形类Neognathodus动物群:演化及地层对比意义

以华南斜坡相的罗甸纳庆剖面为代表,我国石炭纪宾夕法尼亚亚纪早–中期地层建立起了基于多个属种的牙形类分带,并可与全球其他地区同期地层进行广泛对比。Neognathodus属是这一时期一类常见的浅水相牙形类分子,在北美、东欧等地的浅水相地层中被广泛用作地层划分对比标志。该属分子在我国北方地区浅水相地层中是重要的带化石分子,而在华南斜坡相剖面中占比非常低。结合现有的生物地层框架,本文厘清了华南贵州罗甸附近3条斜坡相剖面中Neognathodus属分子的延限,尝试利用牙形类P1分子齿台的对称特征将其演化过程归纳为五个阶段,并提出阶段4中对称分子(如:N. bothrops, N. colombiensis, N. nataliae等)的再次出现可作为全球莫斯科阶底界的辅助对比标志。     

Siphonodella leiosa (Conodonta), a new unornamented species from the Tournaisian (lower Carboniferous) of Puech de la Suque (Montagne Noire,France)

A new conodont species, Siphonodella leiosa, is described from the lower Carboniferous pelagic limestones of the Montagne Noire (France), deposited in North Gondwana on a outer platform environment. Specimens were obtained from one level dated to the Siphonodella jii conodont Zone. The major difference from other siphonodellid conodonts known in this area is that the elements of this new species have a practically entirely smooth and unornamented platform, apart from the development of one or two low rostral ridge-like nodes. Similar morphologies were generally observed in shallow marine deposits of the same time frame from China, Russia and East and Central European areas. The new discovery reinforces the idea that ornamentation of siphonodellids is not only related to bathymetry, but that temperature could play an important role in the diversification and radiation of unornamented species during the Siphonodella jii conodont Zone.     

广西桂林泥盆纪牙形刺组合序列与海平面变化

本文以桂林灵川岩山圩中,晚泥盆世界线剖面,桂林沙河能源疗养院背后信都组－唐家湾组剖面及桂林额头村Ｄ／Ｃ界线剖面的牙形刺资料为基础,结合前人在桂林地区所做的牙形刺生物地层工作,识别出该区中,晚泥盆世牙形刺化石的１６个组合序列,并以此为尺度结合层序地层格架,层序界面及层序中的微相叠加形式,讨论该区中,晚泥盆世高分辨的海平面变化。     

镇江地区上二叠统—下三叠统的牙形刺

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