几种红树植物的热值和灰分含量研究

本文主要研究我国东南沿海红树植物叶的灰分含量和热值含量的变化。在海南琼山沿海不同种红树植物之间,随叶灰分含量增加(7.11—9.8%)而干重热值减少(20.62—18.87kJ／g),但去灰分热值变化不大,在21.5kJ／g左右。同一种秋茄植物,在纬度较低(低于24˚N)的地区,叶灰分含量较低,干重热值较高;在纬度较高时(高于24˚N)则相反。秋茄幼树(1—7龄间)随年龄增长灰分含量下降,干重热值提高,而去灰分热值变化不大。热值季节变化中,夏秋较高,冬春较低。     

Nutrient modulation of intestinal gas dynamics in healthy humans: dependence on caloric content and meal consistency

The actions of nutrients on gut transit of liquids and solids have been extensively studied, but the effects of meal ingestion on intestinal gas flow are unexplored. We hypothesized that meals of varying caloric content and consistency modulate gas transit to different degrees. Nine healthy volunteers underwent jejunal perfusion of physiological gas mixtures at 12 ml.min(-1).3 h, with ingestion of nothing (control), water (240 ml), 240-kcal liquid meals, and 240-kcal solid meals at the end of the second hour in separate studies. Gas was quantified from an intrarectal catheter. After an initial lag phase, gas evacuation approached steady state by the end of the fasting period. Solid and liquid caloric meals increased total gas volumes evacuated from 5-40 min after ingestion vs. control studies (P < 0.05). These increases resulted from increased numbers of bolus gas evacuations (P < 0.05), whereas bolus volumes, pressures, and flow rates were similar for all test conditions. Solid and liquid caloric meals elicited similar effects on bolus gas dynamic parameters, whereas water did not affect these measures vs. control (NS, not significant). Both caloric meals and the noncaloric liquid meal increased continuous gas flow, which represented <2% of total gas expulsion. In conclusion, caloric meals promote bolus gas transit in healthy humans, whereas noncaloric liquids have no effect. Solids stimulate early postprandial gas dynamics to the same extent as liquid meals of similar caloric content. Thus modulatory effects of meals on intestinal gas transit depend on their caloric content but not their consistency.     

Rapid isolation of desired sequences from lone linker PCR amplified cDNA mixtures: Application to identification and recovery of expressed sequences in cloned genomic DNA

A simple and efficient method for the rapid isolation of specific sequences from PCR-amplified cDNA mixtures has been developed. cDNA mixtures obtained using lone linker PCR (Ko et al. 1990) appeared to be highly representative even though the starting material, 100 ng-2 g of total RNA, is much less than is required for making an ordinary cDNA library. With this method, cDNA mixtures were obtained from limited materials, including early mouse embryos and primordial germ cells. For selective enrichment of desired cDNAs, biotinylated probe was hybridized with the lone linker-linked cDNA in solution and the resulting probe-cDNA hybrid was captured by Streptavidin-coated magnetic beads. After appropriate washing, cDNA was released from the beads and subjected to amplification followed by cloning into a vector. Using genomic fragments isolated during chromosomal walking in the T/t complex of mouse Chromosome (Chr) 17, cDNAs encoding novel germ cell specific genes have been readily isolated by the above procedures. The method, termed random access retrieval of genetic information through PCR (RARGIP), will streamline the entire process from RNA to cDNA greatly. Its application potentials in various areas of molecular genetics will be discussed.     

我国植物热值研究综述

植物热值是指植物干物质完全燃烧后所释放出来的能量值,它反映了绿色植物在光合作用中固定太阳辐射能的能力,是植物本身的重要特征,也是衡量第一性生产力的重要指标。本文综述了目前国内有关植物热值研究的几个方面成果,包括植物热值在器官、个体、群落等水平上的变化规律和时间、空间动态以及物质成分、灰分含量、环境因子等因素对植物热值的影响。     

Determining the optimal size of small molecule mixtures for high throughput NMR screening

High-throughput screening (HTS) using NMR spectroscopy has become a common component of the drug discovery effort and is widely used throughout the pharmaceutical industry. NMR provides additional information about the nature of small molecule-protein interactions compared to traditional HTS methods. In order to achieve comparable efficiency, small molecules are often screened as mixtures in NMR-based assays. Nevertheless, an analysis of the efficiency of mixtures and a corresponding determination of the optimum mixture size (OMS) that minimizes the amount of material and instrumentation time required for an NMR screen has been lacking. A model for calculating OMS based on the application of the hypergeometric distribution function to determine the probability of a hit for various mixture sizes and hit rates is presented. An alternative method for the deconvolution of large screening mixtures is also discussed. These methods have been applied in a high-throughput NMR screening assay using a small, directed library.     

Renewable bio ionic liquids‐water mixtures‐mediated selective removal of lignin from rice straw: Visualization of changes in composition and cell wall structure

Pretreatment of rice straw by using renewable cholinium amino acids ionic liquids ([Ch][AA] ILs)‐water mixtures and the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the residues were conducted in the present work. Of the eight mixtures composed of ILs and water, most were found to be effective for rice straw pretreatment. After pretreatment with 50% ILs‐water mixtures, the enzymatic digestion of the lignocellulosic biomass was enhanced significantly, thus leading to satisfactory sugar yields of >80% for glucose and approximately 50% for xylose. To better understand the ILs pretreatment mechanism, confocal laser scanning microscopy combined with immunolabeling and transmission electron microscopy were used to visualize changes in the contents and distribution of two major components—lignin and xylan. The results coupled with changes in chemical structures (infrared spectra) of the substrates indicated occurrence of extensive delignification, especially in cell corner and compound middle lumen of cell walls, which made polysaccharides more accessible to enzymes. This pretreatment process is promising for large‐scale application because of the high sugar yields, easy handling, being environmentally benign and highly tolerant to moisture, and significantly reduced cost and energy consumption. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1895–1902. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

布迪椰子不同器官热值的季节变化研究

对布迪椰子的幼叶、成熟叶、叶柄和根在不同季节的干重热值、去灰分热值和灰分含量进行了研究,结果表明:干重热值四个季节的平均值为成熟叶(20.65kJg-1)>幼叶(19.84kJg-1)>根(19.55kJg-1)>叶柄(18.77kJg-1),秋季的干重热值明显高于其它三个季节的干重热值,冬季的干重热值最低,去灰分热值与干重热值的变化趋势基本相同。灰分含量四个季节的平均值为根(5.14%)>叶柄(4.33%)>幼叶(4.21%)>成熟叶(3.97%)。成熟叶的灰分含量一直维持在比较低的水平,而幼叶的在秋季明显下降,在冬季明显上升,幼叶灰分含量的季节变化趋势与成熟叶的相同,叶柄灰分含量在冬季明显低于根部。布迪椰子这种不同器官在不同季节的热值和灰分的变化规律显示其具有较强的耐寒适应性。     

Honey bee foraging profitability and round dance correlates

Summary The purpose is to examine the relationships between several aspects of the honey bee's round dance and the caloric costs and gains and net gains per time experienced by bees while foraging between two artificial flowers. The distance between the two flowers and the concentration of nectar rewards were varied. Nine bees were tested, each over several days. Of the three dance variables examined, the number of reversals in the dance per minute (RATE) most often gave the highest and consistently signed correlation coefficients when paired with the mean caloric reward received per flower visit (CALGAIN), the net caloric gain per unit time (NET), and the mean caloric cost to fly to and visit a flower (CALCOST). In general, RATE is positively correlated with CALGAIN (range of positive coefficients, 0.12 to 0.50) and NET (range, 0.15 to 0.40) and negatively correlated with CALCOST (range, –0.01 to –0.28). Additionally, the probability of dancing after foraging is generally positively associated with CALGAIN and negatively associated with CALCOST. The results suggest that caloric gains and costs may be integrated by the bee and output as a measure of profitability in the form of the round dance. This information may be communicated to potential recruits, although this is not demonstrated.     

The Sweetening of the World's Diet

Objective: Using data from many countries in the world combined with in‐depth U.S. dietary data, we explored trends in caloric sweetener intake, the role of urbanization and income changes in explaining these trends, and the contribution of specific foods to these changes. Research Methods and Procedures: Food disappearance data from 103 countries in 1962 and 127 in 2000 were coupled with urbanization and gross national income per capita data in pooled regression analysis to examine associations between these factors and caloric sweetener intake. Three nationally representative surveys from 1977 to 1978, 1989 to 1991, and 1994 to 1996 plus 1998 are used to examine caloric sweetener intake trends in the United States and the foods responsible for these changes. Results: Increased consumption of caloric sweetener is one element in the world's dietary changes, represented by a 74‐kcal/d increase between 1962 and 2000. Urbanization and income growth represent 82% of the change. U.S. data show an 83‐kcal/d increase of caloric sweetener consumed—a 22% increase in the proportion of energy from caloric sweetener. Of this increase, 80% comes from sugared beverages; restaurant and fast food sources are represented in greater proportions. Discussion: Caloric sweetener use has increased considerably around the world. Beverage intake seems to be a major contributor.     

Pramlintide treatment reduces 24-h caloric intake and meal sizes and improves control of eating in obese subjects: a 6-wk translational research study

Evidence from rodent studies indicates that the beta-cell-derived neurohormone amylin exerts multiple effects on eating behavior, including reductions in meal size, intake of highly palatable foods, and stress-induced sucrose consumption. To assess the effect of amylin agonism on human eating behavior we conducted a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter study investigating the effects of the amylin analog pramlintide on body weight, 24-h caloric intake, portion sizes, "fast food" intake, and perceived control of eating in 88 obese subjects. After a 2-day placebo lead-in, subjects self-administered pramlintide (180 microg) or placebo by subcutaneous injection 15 min before meals for 6 wk without concomitant lifestyle modifications. Compared with placebo, pramlintide treatment elicited significant mean reductions from baseline in body weight on day 44 (-2.1 +/- 0.3 vs. +0.1 +/- 0.4%, P < 0.001), 24-h caloric intake (-990 +/- 94 vs. -243 +/- 126 kcal on day 3, P < 0.0001; -680 +/- 86 vs. -191 +/- 161 kcal on day 43, P < 0.01), portion sizes, and caloric intake at a "fast food challenge" (-385 +/- 61 vs. -109 +/- 88 kcal on day 44, P < 0.05). Pramlintide treatment also improved perceived control of eating, as demonstrated by a 45% placebo-corrected reduction in binge eating scores (P < 0.01). The results of this translational research study confirm in humans various preclinical effects of amylin agonism, demonstrating that pramlintide-mediated weight loss in obese subjects is accompanied by sustained reductions in 24-h food intake, portion sizes, fast food intake, and binge eating tendencies.     

几种红树植物木材热值和灰分含量的研究

在夏季对海南东寨港红树林自然保护区一些红树植物木材的灰分含量和热值进行了测定,并研究了夏季不同纬度的秋茄 (Kandelia candel)木材热值的变化.结果表明,红树植物木材的灰分含量较低,在2.43%～5.17%之间;干重热值在17.23～19.21kJ·g^-1之间,去灰分热值在 17.70～20.10kJ·g^-1之间;嗜热窄布种无瓣海桑 (Sonneratia apetala)木材的干重热值和去灰分热值均是最低;在夏季秋茄木材的热值随纬度升高而下降.     

Beneficial Effects of Caloric Restriction on Chronic Kidney Disease in Rodent Models: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Background

Numerous studies have demonstrated the life-extending effect of caloric restriction. It is generally accepted that caloric restriction has health benefits, such as prolonging lifespan and delaying the onset and progression of CKD in various species, especially in rodent models. Although many studies have tested the efficacy of caloric restriction, no complete quantitative analysis of the potential beneficial effects of reducing caloric intake on the development and progression of CKD has been published.

Methods

All studies regarding the relationship between caloric restriction and chronic kidney diseases were searched in electronic databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index (SCI), OVID evidence-based medicine, Chinese Bio-medical Literature and Chinese science and technology periodicals (CNKI, VIP, and Wan Fang). The pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated by using fixed- or random-effects models.

Results

The data from 27 of all the studies mentioned above was used in the Meta analysis. Through the meta-analysis, we found that the parameter of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and urinary protein levels of the AL group was significant higher than that of the CR group, which are 4.11 mg/dl, 0.08mg/dl and 33.20mg/kg/24h, respectively. The incidence of the nephropathy in the caloric restriction (CR) group was significantly lower than that in the ad libitum—fed (AL) group. We further introduced the subgroup analysis and found that the effect of caloric restriction on the occurrence of kidney disease was only significant with prolonged intervention; the beneficial effects of CR on the 60%-caloric-restriction group were greater than on the less-than-60%-caloric-restriction group, and caloric restriction did not show obvious protective effects in genetically modified strains. Moreover, survival rate of the caloric restriction group is much higher than that of the ad libitum—fed (AL) group.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate for the first time that compared with the AL group, the caloric restriction indeed decreased urea nitrogen, creatinine, urine protein, incidence of kidney diseases and increased the survival rate on 700~800 days.     

Effect of Short-Term Caloric Restriction on H2O2 Production and Oxidative DNA Damage in Rat Liver Mitochondria and Location of the Free Radical Source

Oxygen free radicals (ROS) of mitochondrial origin seem to be involved in aging. Whereas in other tissues complexes I or III of the respiratory chain contain the ROS generators, in this study we find that rat liver mitochondria generate oxygen radicals at complexes I, II, and III. Short-term (6 weeks) caloric restriction significantly decreased H₂O₂ production in rat liver mitochondria. This decrease in ROS production was located at complex I because it occurred with complex I-linked substrates (pyruvate/malate), but did not reach statistical significance with the complex II-linked substrate succinate. The mechanism responsible for the lowered ROS production was not a decrease in oxygen consumption. Instead, the mitochondria of caloric-restricted animals released less ROS per unit electron flow. This was due to a decrease in the degree of reduction of the complex I generator. Furthermore, oxidative damage to mitochondrial and nuclear DNA was also decreased in the liver by short-term caloric restriction. The results agree with the idea that caloric restriction delays aging, at least in part, by decreasing the rate of mitochondrial ROS generation and thus the rate of attack to molecules, like DNA, highly relevant for the accumulation of age-dependent changes.     

滨海沙地木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)人工林细根养分与能量动态

2005年1月到2005年11月对福建省惠安县赤湖林场不同林龄木麻黄人工林细根养分和能量的季节动态进行了观测,结果表明:(1)6种元素的含量在不同林龄木麻黄细根中都具有明显的季节变化。各林龄细根的N含量一般在冬夏季节较高,且死细根的N浓度高于相同林龄的活细根,除12林龄活细根P浓度在7月份有最大值外,其他各林龄活、死细根在一年中呈波动性下降,K含量在冬季较高,而在其他季节变化幅度不大,除5林龄活细根和18林龄死细根在3月份和7月份有两个峰值外,其他林龄细根Ca含量随季节变化较小,Mg含量随季节变化总体呈下降趋势,而在11月份上升;各林龄C则呈波浪形变化;(2)随着林龄的增大,细根N、P、Mg含量的变化模式相似,都呈先增加,后降低,再增加的趋势,K和Ca含量变化趋势相似,但变动幅度存在差别,C则呈波浪形变化;(3)随着季节的变化,灰分、干重热值和去灰分热值呈"V"形变动,一年中都存在两个峰值,分别在3月份和7月份或9月份;(4)灰分、干重热值和去灰分热值随林龄的增大表现为波浪形增加。由此可见,不同森林类型的细根养分和能量动态具有季节和林龄的特殊性,在进行整个地区森林生态系统物质循环和能量流动研究时,应考虑不同森林类型的特性。     

Treatment of congenital hyperammonemias

A rapid recognition of congenital hyperammonemia, a clear diagnostic workup and institution of a combined treatment without delay, by restriction of nitrogen supply, adequate caloric supply, substitution of missing metabolites, and use of alternate routes of nitrogen excretion will help to control hyperammonemic crises and improve the prognosis. For long-term treatment the use of essential amino acid mixtures and perhaps of antiserotoninergic agents is needed.     

Implications of a statistical occurrence model for mixture toxicity estimation

This study provides a method for characterizing the effects of concentration variability and correlation among co-acting compounds on mixture toxicity, considering the implications of missing chemical data. The method is explored by developing a set of multiple occurrence scenarios for mixtures of related chemicals. The calculations are performed for hypothetical mixtures of a group of ten synthetic antibiotics that have been tested on marine bacterium to fit dose-response relationships for long-term bioluminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri. Mixture toxicities are computed and compared for the assumptions of independent joint action theory and concentration/dose addition theory. The study results show that higher variability in concentrations is associated with higher effective (average) mixture toxicity, in this application by as much as a factor of ten for mixtures with highly variable component concentrations. Moreover, omitting the most toxic compounds caused mixture toxicities to be underestimated by a factor of approximately two. We recommend a pre-assessment of the effect of different chemical occurrence patterns and variability on mixture toxicity to help prioritize needs for further co-occurrence data and toxicity studies.     

Antioxidant and lipid peroxidation responses in Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to mixtures of benzo(a)pyrene and copper

This study aimed to assess the antioxidant system potential and lipid peroxidative effects, in the gill and digestive gland of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to individual and binary mixtures of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and Cu for 7 days. Data demonstrated that in mussels exposed to BaP antioxidant enzymes (catalase--CAT, total glutathione peroxidase--tGPx, glutathione S-transferase--GST and glutathione reductase--GR) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) increased in the gill. On the contrary, in the digestive gland inhibitory antioxidant effects (superoxide dismutase-SOD, GR, metallothioneins-MT) and no changes in LPO levels were detected. Cu was also a potent oxidant agent since MT and LPO levels increased in mussel gill, despite no LPO effect in the digestive gland. For both single contaminants the organ specificity and distinct physiologic/metabolism roles were evident in terms of antioxidant capacity. Gill SOD inhibition, MT and GST unchanged was a result of "simple independent action" of exposure to BaP and Cu. "Interactions" in the binary mixtures, led to absence of changes in LPO effects. In the digestive gland, BaP and Cu interactions were also responsible for the GST and LPO enhancement (antagonistic effects). The current findings demonstrate the differences in antioxidant responses where the organ dependency highlights each contaminant particular mode of action. Generally, in the gill "non-interactive" effects occurred with the lowest Cu concentration while "interactions" exist for the mixture with the highest Cu concentrations. In the digestive gland, "interactions" and "no interaction" effects occurred in all the binary mixtures. Complex contaminant mixtures interact differently based on target tissue which may lead to an imbalance in the mussels health status.     

盐胁迫下红树植物秋茄(Kandelia candel)热值变化的研究

 研究了盐胁迫强度对培养170d的秋茄(Kandelia candel)幼苗根、茎、叶和胚轴热值及灰分含量的影响。结果表明盐胁迫强度对胚轴的热值及灰分含量的影响不明显,而根、茎和叶的热值及灰分含量明显受基质盐度影响。低盐条件下,根、茎和叶的热值随盐胁迫强度的提高而提高,而高盐胁迫时又随盐胁迫强度的提高而下降,与根、茎和叶的最高热值相对应的基质盐度分别为15‰、25‰和30‰。盐度15‰左右是秋茄幼苗最适生长区。热值可作为植物抗盐性的生理指标之一。