三倍体草鲂杂种及其双亲的细胞遗传学研究

用空气干燥法制片,Giemsa染色,检查草鱼、三角鲂及其杂交一代(简称草鲂杂种)的肾细胞染色体。双亲的二倍染色体均为48,草鲂杂种的染色体数目为72。草鱼染色体组型:20M+20SM+8ST;三角鲂染色体组型:18M+22SM+8ST,其亚中部着丝点染色体中有一对大型特征性标志染色体。根据比较双亲和草鲂杂种染色体组型特征,证实草鲂杂种是三倍体,组型为29M+31SM+12ST。其中草鱼提供了两份染色体,三角鲂提供了一份染色体。推测草鲂杂种染色体加倍原因是受精过程中卵子核内有丝分裂或第二极体的保留。       

草鱼雌核发育后代不同群体的微卫星遗传分析及指纹识别

以紫外线灭活的团头鲂精子激活草鱼卵子,冷休克抑制第二极体排出的方法诱导出长江水系优良F2代草鱼减数雌核发育子代。在后代中不仅存在雌核发育后代,还存在草鲂杂交后代,雌核发育后代的体型与草鱼一致,而草鲂杂交后代的体型介于草鱼与团头鲂之间。Partec CyFlow倍性分析仪测定结果显示:普通草鱼与雌核发育草鱼的相对DNA含量分别为23.01和22.72,二者的DNA含量接近;而高体型子代的相对DNA含量为25.38,介于草鱼与团头鲂（DNA含量28.21）之间,属于草鲂杂交后代。选取17个微卫星标记对草鱼群体、雌核发育草鱼群体和草鲂杂交后代的遗传多样性进行了检测,共检测出59个等位基因,其中43.18个有效等位基因。草鱼对照群体、草鲂杂交后代和雌核发育草鱼群体的平均等位基因依次为3.57、2.86和2.79,平均有效等位基因依次为2.93、2.37和1.96,平均期望杂合度在依次为0.6502、0.5573和0.3775,多态信息含量（PIC）平均值依次为0.5738、0.4649和0.3791。与草鱼对照群体相比,雌核发育草鱼群体的遗传多样性显著下降,表明通过减数雌核发育方法可获得纯合性较高的草鱼个体。构建了草鱼后代不同群体的DNA指纹模式图,筛选到不同群体的9个特异微卫星标记,为草鱼优良群体的选育提供了基础资料。     

雌核发育草鱼及亲本倍性研究

应用流式细胞术(now cytometry, FCM)和红细胞(核)体积测量法对雌核发育草鱼、普通草鱼、湘江野鲤染色体倍性进行比较研究,检测获得的子代雌核发育草鱼倍性情况.结果表明雌核发育草鱼与普通草鱼红细胞及细胞核大小无显著差异,且DNA含量一致,湘江野鲤红细胞和细胞核体积是雌核发育草鱼、普通草鱼的两倍,DNA含量是草鱼的两倍.证实人工雌核发育草鱼具有与普通草鱼相同的染色体倍性.     

提高草鲂杂交种夏花成活率的研究

以草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)为母本和以三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)为父本的杂交育种工作,我们已连续进行了六年的试验研究。前五年的试验,都是夏花阶段死亡大,成活率低(5—10%),这与国内其他研究单位报道的草团(Ctenopharyngodon idellus ♀×Megalobrama amdlycephala♂)杂交夏花成活率不高的情况很相类似。是什么原因导致草(♀)×三角鲂(♂)杂种一代夏花成活率不高?作者从卵子的成熟、精子的质量以及受精后胚胎发育的环境条件等多方面进行了综合考察。       

“太湖鲂鲌”及其亲本肌肉营养成分的分析与评价

为评价新型杂交鱼“太湖鲂鲌”(翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus♀×三角鲂Megalobrama terminalis♂)的肌肉营养价值, 采用生化测定法比较分析了“太湖鲂鲌”、翘嘴鲌和三角鲂的肌肉营养成分, 结果表明: (1)“太湖鲂鲌”肌肉水分含量显著低于翘嘴鲌和三角鲂(P<0.05), 而肌肉粗蛋白质含量较高(P<0.05)。(2)“太湖鲂鲌”的必需氨基酸(EAA)含量显著高于三角鲂(P<0.05); 3种鱼的第一限制性氨基酸均为含硫氨基酸(蛋氨酸+胱氨酸)。(3)“太湖鲂鲌”肌肉脂肪酸中的不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)含量显著高于翘嘴鲌和三角鲂(P<0.05)。(4)3种鱼肌肉矿物质元素铁、铜、锰、锌含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上所述, “太湖鲂鲌”肌肉营养继承并综合了双亲的优良性状, 是一种富含蛋白质、EAA和UFA的优良养殖品种, 具有推广价值。     

鲂属团头鲂、三角鲂及广东鲂种间遗传关系及种内遗传差异

采用形态判别、同工酶分析和RAPD分析相结合的方法,从3个层次研究分析了鲂属团头鲂、三角鲂和广东鲂的种间亲缘关系和种内遗传差异。结果表明：（1）3种鲂在形态可数性状上差异不显著,而可量性状与框架分析揭示团头鲂与三角鲂亲缘关系较近,它们同广东鲂差异较大;（2）团头鲂和三角鲂均具有MDH同工酶的s-Mdh-D位点,而广东鲂未见,引物S11扩增的结果在3种鲂间均显示种的特异性,这些同工酶谱带和DNA扩增带可作为3种鲂的种间分子标记;（3）3种鲂种间亲缘关系在三个研究层面上相互吻合：即广东鲂和头鲂、三角鲂差异较大,亲缘关系较远,而三角鲂和团头鲂之间差异小,亲缘关系较近;（4）同工酶和RAPD分析揭示,三角鲂种内遗传多样性显著地高于广东鲂和团头鲂。     

三角鲂×翘嘴鲌、团头鲂×翘嘴鲌两种杂交后代微卫星遗传结构分析

为了指导三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)、团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala) 与翘嘴鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis)的杂交育种工作, 利用筛选出的16对微卫星引物, 比较分析了团头鲂、三角鲂、翘嘴鲌、团头鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂、三角鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂后代群体的遗传结构; 结果显示, 平均等位基因数(N_a)分别为3.56、3.63、3.44、4.00和4.31, 平均观测杂合度(H_o)分别为0.3510、0.3757、0.3175、0.3818和0.4079, 平均期望杂合度(H_e)分别为0.6182、0.6290、0.5921、0.6490和0.6825, 平均多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.5354、0.5367、0.5258、0.5785和0.6067。杂交群体的平均多态信息含量均大于他们的亲本团头鲂、三角鲂和翘嘴鲌, 表明杂交亲群体的遗传多样性较高。聚类分析显示团头鲂与三角鲂首先聚类, 团头鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂与三角鲂♀×翘嘴鲌♂首先聚类, 然后这2大类聚为一支, 最后与翘嘴鲌聚类。其中团头鲂与翘嘴鲌遗传距离最远, 为0.5204, 团头鲂和三角鲂遗传距离最近, 为0.0853, 结合遗传相似度分析表明2种杂交子代均具有母本效应。基因型分析表明, 2种杂交后代的等位基因均来自于父母本。引物TTF3、TTF4、TTF10以及Mam25在5个群体中均可产生特异性条带, 可区分5个群体。研究结果对三角鲂×翘嘴鲌和团头鲂×翘嘴鲌的良种选育、种质资源保存以及种群鉴定具有重要意义。     

三角鲂（Megalobrama terminalis）精子与青鱼（Mylopharyngodon piceus）卵子的受精细胞学研究

以青鱼(Mylopharyngodon piccus)为母本和三角鲂(Megalobrama terminalis)为父本的杂交虽是不同亚科的远缘杂交,但有正常的受精细胞学程序和常规的细胞分裂(卵裂)方式。这些实验结果,为开展鱼类远缘杂交提供了受精生物学的理论基础;同时还证实鱼类远缘杂交的异种精子不仅有激活卵子的作用,而且参与了遗传物质的组成,使父本的性状能够在杂种后代表现出来。实践证明,鱼类遗传育种可以通过远缘杂交的途径获得杂种优势。青鲂杂种一代既具有母本青鱼的性状,也兼有父本三角鲂的特征,通过养殖试验已在渔业生产中取得成效(拟另文发表)。     

三角鲂和长春鳊肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

用常规方法测定、分析了三角鲂(Megalobrama tarminalis)和长春鳊(Parabramis pekinensis肌肉中营养成分组成与含量.结果显示,三角鲂肌肉蛋白质、脂肪含量分别为18.19％和3.06％,长春鳊肌肉蛋白质、脂肪含量分别为19.38％和2.89％.三角鲂和长春鳊肌肉中均检测出18种氨基酸,其中包括了8种人体必需氨基酸.三角鲂肌肉中氨基酸总量为76.27％,其中,8种人体必需氨基酸含量为32.17％,占氨基酸总量的42.18％;长春鳊肌肉中氨基酸总量为77.60％,其中,8种人体必需氨基酸含量为31.70％,占氨基酸总量的40.85％.必需氨基酸的构成比例基本符合FAO/WHO的标准.三角鲂肌肉中限制性氨基酸主要为甲硫氨酸加胱氨酸,必需氨基酸指数为63.55,4种呈味氨基酸为氨基酸总量的32.81％;长春鳊肌肉中限制性氨基酸主要为色氨酸,必需氨基酸指数为66.81,4种呈味氨基酸为氨基酸总量的33.80％.脂肪酸中二十碳五烯酸(EPA)与二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)含量均较高,三角鲂为7.96％,长春鳊为3.11％.矿物元素比值合理.以上分析表明,三角鲂和长春鳊均为营养价值、经济价值都较高的优质鱼类,相比而言,三角鲂肌肉脂肪、脂肪酸含量和质量更优,而长春鳊肌肉在蛋白质、氨基酸组成与含量方面更优.     

草鱼×赤眼鳟F1与其亲本遗传性状的比较研究

采用生物统计方法,对草鱼、赤眼鳟及其杂种一代（草♀×赤♂、草♂×赤♀）的１０ 个数量性状进行统计分析,结果显示草♂×赤♀杂种的性状表现了明显的趋父性遗传,而草♀×赤♂杂种则表现了明显的趋母性遗传．用杂种指数衡量,在所测量的７ 个性状中,有５ 个偏向草鱼,只有体长／体高和脊椎骨数２ 个性状偏向赤眼鳟．这表明草鱼与赤眼鳟的杂交后代（Ｆ１）数量性状遗传受草鱼遗传因子的影响较大．     

The tree, the network, and the species

To enrich the Hennigian internodal conception of species, a new formalization of the definition of the species concept is proposed. This rigorous definition allows for considerable unification of the various, and sometimes conflicting, techniques of species delimitation used in practice. First, the domain of such a definition is set out, namely, the set of all organisms on Earth, past, present, and future. Next, the focus is on the genealogical relationship among organisms, which provides the key to analysing the giant or global genealogical network (GGN) connecting all these organisms. This leads to the construction of an algorithm revealing the topological structure of the GGN, from families to lineages, ending up with a definition of species as equivalence classes of organisms corresponding to branches of the 'tree of life'. Such a theoretical definition of the species concept must be accompanied by various recognition criteria to be operational. These criteria are, for example, the ill-named 'biological species concepts', 'phylogenetic species concepts', etc., usually, but wrongly, presented as definitions of the species concept. Besides clarifying this disputed point, the definition in the present study displays the huge diversity of the scales (time-scale and population size) involved in actual species, thus explaining away the classical problems raised by previous attempts at defining the species concept (uniparental reproduction, temporal depth of species, and hybridization).  © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 89 , 509–521.     

Causality, randomness, intelligibility, and the epistemology of the cell

Because the basic unit of biology is the cell, biological knowledge is rooted in the epistemology of the cell, and because life is the salient characteristic of the cell, its epistemology must be centered on its livingness, not its constituent components. The organization and regulation of these components in the pursuit of life constitute the fundamental nature of the cell. Thus, regulation sits at the heart of biological knowledge of the cell and the extraordinary complexity of this regulation conditions the kind of knowledge that can be obtained, in particular, the representation and intelligibility of that knowledge. This paper is essentially split into two parts. The first part discusses the inadequacy of everyday intelligibility and intuition in science and the consequent need for scientific theories to be expressed mathematically without appeal to commonsense categories of understanding, such as causality. Having set the backdrop, the second part addresses biological knowledge. It briefly reviews modern scientific epistemology from a general perspective and then turns to the epistemology of the cell. In analogy with a multi-faceted factory, the cell utilizes a highly parallel distributed control system to maintain its organization and regulate its dynamical operation in the face of both internal and external changes. Hence, scientific knowledge is constituted by the mathematics of stochastic dynamical systems, which model the overall relational structure of the cell and how these structures evolve over time, stochasticity being a consequence of the need to ignore a large number of factors while modeling relatively few in an extremely complex environment.     

Health, justice, and the environment

In this article, we argue that the scope of bioethical debate concerning justice in health should expand beyond the topic of access to health care and cover such issues as occupational hazards, safe housing, air pollution, water quality, food and drug safety, pest control, public health, childhood nutrition, disaster preparedness, literacy, and many other environmental factors that can cause differences in health. Since society does not have sufficient resources to address all of these environmental factors at one time, it is important to set priorities for bioethical theorizing and policy formation. Two considerations should be used to set these priorities: (1) the impact of the environmental factor on health inequality, and (2) the practicality of addressing the factor.     

Estrogen, exercise, and the skeleton

Patterns of variation in bone size and shape provide crucial data for reconstructing hominin paleobiology, including ecogeographic adaptation, life history, and functional morphology. Measures of bone strength, including robusticity (diaphyseal thickness relative to length) and cross-sectional geometric properties such as moments of area, are particularly useful for inferring behavior because bone tissue adapts to its mechanical environment. Particularly during skeletal growth, exercise-induced strains can stimulate periosteal modeling so that, to some extent, bone thickness reflects individual behavior. Thus, patterns of skeletal robusticity have been used to identify gender-based activity differences, temporal shifts in mobility, and changing subsistence strategies. Although there is no doubt that mechanical loading leaves its mark on the skeleton, less is known about whether individuals differ in their skeletal responses to exercise. For example, the potential effects of hormones or growth factors on bone-strain interactions are largely unexplored. If the hormonal background can increase or decrease the effects of exercise on skeletal robusticity, then the same mechanical loads might cause different degrees of bone response in different individuals. Here I focus on the role of the hormone estrogen in modulating exercise-induced changes in human bone thickness.