酿酒酵母吸附重金属离子的研究进展

重金属污染成为当今最重要的环境问题之一。生物吸附法是处理大体积低浓度重金属废水的一种理想方法,近年来有关的研究报道不断增多,但尚未实现工业化应用。酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)不仅是具有实用潜力的生物吸附剂,也是研究重金属生物吸附机理的良好材料。结合自己的研究成果,总结了酿酒酵母作为生物吸附材料的优点、研究中的表现形式和吸附性能,重点讨论了酿酒酵母生物吸附机理,介绍了等温吸附平衡模型和动力学模型在酵母生物吸附中的应用情况。最后提出生物吸附进一步的研究方向。     

固定化地衣芽孢杆菌R08吸附Pd^2＋的研究

比较了四种固定菌体的方法。结果以聚乙烯醇一海藻酸钠包埋地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis)R08菌体,制成直径约2mm的颗粒,然后用磷酸缓冲液处理,5％戊二醛溶液交联,制得的固定化R08菌体(PIRB)对Pd^2 的吸附率最高。PIRB吸附Pd^2 的最适pH值为3．5。吸附作用是一种迅速的过程。在5℃—60℃范围内,吸附作用不受温度的影响。溶液中的PIRB含量和Pd^2 起始浓度影响吸附作用,在0．5gPIRB/L、200mg Pd^2 /L、pH3．5和30℃条件下,吸附60min,吸附量达94．7mg／g干重。吸附过程符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附等温式。Au^3 等离子抑制PIRB对Pd^2 的吸附。用1mol/L HCl洗脱PIRB所吸附的Pd^2 ,解吸率为83．6％。在填充床反应器中,在流速2mL/min、100mgPd^2 /L、2．5g PIRB(干重)、pH3．5和30℃条件下,反复吸附—解吸附,最初5批的饱和吸附量、吸附率和解吸率分别平均为44．3mgPd^2 /g干重、89．4％和82．5％。在与上述相同的条件下,PIRB对废钯催化剂处理液中的Pd^2 的吸附量为41．3mg／g,吸附率为88．6％。     

Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions with tobacco dust

A typical lignocellulosic agricultural residue, namely tobacco dust, was investigated for its heavy metal binding efficiency. The tobacco dust exhibited a strong capacity for heavy metals, such as Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II), with respective equilibrium loadings of 39.6, 36.0, 29.6, 25.1 and 24.5 mg of metal per g of sorbent. Moreover, the heavy metals loaded onto the biosorbent could be released easily with a dilute HCl solution. Zeta potential and surface acidity measurements showed that the tobacco dust was negatively charged over a wide pH range (pH > 2), with a strong surface acidity and a high OH⁻ adsorption capacity. Changes in the surface morphology of the tobacco dust as visualized by atomic force microscopy suggested that the sorption of heavy metal ions on the tobacco could be associated with changes in the surface properties of the dust particles. These surface changes appeared to have resulted from a loss of some of the structures on the surface of the particles, owing to leaching in the acid metal ion solution. However, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed no substantial change in the chemical structure of the tobacco dust subjected to biosorption. The heavy metal uptake by the tobacco dust may be interpreted as metal–H ion exchange or metal ion surface complexation adsorption or both.     

Biosorption of cobalt by Pseudomonas halodentrificans: influence of cell wall treatment by alkali and alkaline-earth metals and ion-exchange mechanisms

The influence of different cationic pretreatments of biomass (2000 meq cations/g biomass) on the biosorption of cobalt on Pseudomonas halodenitrificans was investigated. Li was the least inhibitory of Co2 biosorption (0.64 meq/g) and divalent ions were the most inhibitory (0.56 meq/g with Ca2, 0.46 meq/g with Mg2). Nevertheless, the binding between monovalent ions and biomass was too weak to study the role of ion-exchange in the mechanism of biosorption. A stoichiometric exchange occurred between Ca2 and 1 mM Co2 or less. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998     

Biosorption of heavy metals by Bacillus thuringiensis strain OSM29 originating from industrial effluent contaminated north Indian soil

The study was navigated to examine the metal biosorbing ability of bacterial strain OSM29 recovered from rhizosphere of cauliflower grown in soil irrigated consistently with industrial effluents. The metal tolerant bacterial strain OSM29 was identified as Bacillus thuringiensis following 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. In the presence of the varying concentrations (25–150 mgl⁻¹) of heavy metals, such as cadmium, chromium, copper, lead and nickel, the B. thuringiensis strain OSM29 showed an obvious metal removing potential. The effect of certain physico-chemical factors such as pH, initial metal concentration, and contact time on biosorption was also assessed. The optimum pH for nickel and chromium removal was 7, while for cadmium, copper and lead, it was 6. The optimal contact time was 30 min. for each metal at 32 ± 2 °C by strain OSM29. The biosorption capacity of the strain OSM29 for the metallic ions was highest for Ni (94%) which was followed by Cu (91.8%), while the lowest sorption by bacterial biomass was recorded for Cd (87%) at 25 mgl⁻¹ initial metal ion concentration. The regression coefficients obtained for heavy metals from the Freundlich and Langmuir models were significant. The surface chemical functional groups of B. thuringiensis biomass identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) were amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl groups, which may be involved in the biosorption of heavy metals. The biosorption ability of B. thuringiensis OSM29 varied with metals and was pH and metal concentration dependent. The biosorption of each metal was fairly rapid which could be an advantage for large scale treatment of contaminated sites.     

Biosorption of copper by yeasts

Summary The ability to accumulate copper from aqueous solutions was determined with different yeast species. Yeast cells did not show any significant differences in process kinetics. The uptake was very fast and was influenced by environmental factors. The metal-accumulating capacity differed among the tested strains. The yeastsCandida tropicalis andPichia guilliermondii were chosen for extensive research. Cells of the stationary growth phase were able to adsorb a high amount of copper. The uptake capacity decreased with increasing biomass concentration. Copper adsorption obeyed the Freundlich isotherm. Optimal pH range was between 5 and 7. The biomass could be used repeatedly for biosorption after desorption by mineral acids.     

霉菌吸附重金属离子的研究进展

介绍了目前国内外采用霉菌吸附分离废水中重金属离子的研究情况,总结了不同霉菌的吸附能力,讨论了霉菌吸附重金属离子的影响因素、机理以及固定化技术,最后展望了霉菌吸附重金属的发展趋势.     

Biosorption of heavy metals by the exopolysaccharide produced by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paenibacillus jamilae</Emphasis>

The biosorption of several toxic heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Co, Ni, Zn and Cu) by the exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Paenibacillus jamilae, a potential biosorbent for metal remediation and recovery was studied. Firstly, the biochemical composition of this bacterial polymer was determined. Glucose was the most abundant neutral sugar, followed by galactose, rhamnose, fucose and mannose. The polymer presented a high content of uronic acids (28.29%), which may serve as binding sites for divalent cations. The presence of carboxylic groups was also detected by infrared spectroscopy. The EPS presented an interesting affinity for Pb in comparison with the other five metals. Lead biosorption (303.03 mg g⁻¹) was tenfold higher (in terms of mg of metal adsorbed per gram of EPS) than the biosorption of the rest of metals. Biosorption kinetics, the effect of pH and the effect of competitive biosorption were determined. Finally, we found that the EPS was able to precipitate Fe(III), but the EPS-metal precipitate did not form with Fe(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II).     

酿酒酵母220菌株对铅的生物吸附研究*

在含铅培养基中培养酿酒酵母220,发现该菌对铅有一定的抗性。将培养好的酿酒酵母220接入含铅培养基中并对该菌吸附铅的能力进行研究,结果表明,在30℃时,该菌对6mg/L的含铅溶液有最大的吸附率,吸附率为96．6％,吸附平衡时间为25～30min,吸附的动力学方程为q=26．318C／(1 0．437C),乙酸对吸附后的酿酒酵母220有良好的解吸作用,葡萄糖和KH2PO4可以提高酿酒酵母220对铅的吸附率。     

Biosorption of Heavy Metals from Wastewater by Biosolids

In a study where the removal of heavy metals from wastewater is the primary aim, the biosorption of heavy metals onto biosolids prepared as Pseudomonas aeruginosa immobilized onto granular activated carbon was investigated in batch and column systems. In the batch system, adsorption equilibriums of heavy metals were reached between 20 and 50 min, and the optimal dosage of biosolids was 0.3 g/L. The biosorption efficiencies were 84, 80, 79, 59 and 42 % for Cr(VI), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions, respectively. The rate constants of biosorption and pore diffusion of heavy metals were 0.013–0.089 min^–1 and 0.026–0.690 min^–0.5. In the column systems, the biosorption efficiencies for all heavy metals increased up to 81–100 %. The affinity of biosorption for various metal ions towards biosolids was decreased in the order: Cr = Ni > Cu > Zn > Cd.     

Biosorption of cadmium and chromium in duckweed Wolffia globosa

The biosorption of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) by using dried Wolffia globosa biomass were investigated using batch technique. The effects of concentration and pH solution on the adsorption isotherm were measured by determining the adsorption isotherm at initial metal concentrations from 10 to 400 mg/L and pH 4 to 7 for Cd, and pH 1.5 to 6 for Cr. The adsorption equilibria were found to follow Langmuir models. The maximum adsorption capacity (Xm) at pH 7 in W. globosa-Cd system was estimated to be 80.7 mg/g, while the maximum removal achieved at pH 4, pH 5, and pH 6 were 35.1, 48.8, and 65.4 mg/g, respectively. The Xm at pH 1.5 in W. globosa--Cr system was estimated to be 73.5 mg/g, while the maximum removal achieved at pH 3, pH 5, and pH 6 were 47.4, 33.1, and 12.9 mg/g, respectively. The effects of contact times on Cd and Cr sorption indicated that they were absorbed rapidly and more efficiently at lower concentrations.     

Coordination chemistry of 2,2-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)propionic acid

The coordination chemistry of the diphosphine ligands 2,2-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)propionic acid, 1, and 2,2-bis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)propionate, 2, with copper(I), silver(I), gold(I), palladium(II) and platinum(II) is described. Structure determinations show that the carboxylic acid group in 1 can hydrogen bond to solvent molecules, to anions or to the carboxylic acid group of a neighboring complex, as in the complexes [MCl₂(1)] · 2DMSO (M = Pd or Pt), [Pt(1)₂](OTf)₂ or [Pd(NCMe)₂(1)](OTf)₂, respectively. The tridentate diphosphine-carboxylate ligand 2 forms oligomeric or polymeric complexes, such as [{Ag(2)}_n], [{PdCl(2)}_n] or [{PtMe(2)}_n].     

小球藻对U(VI)的生物吸附特性

试验研究了小球藻吸附U(VI)的过程, 探讨了吸附机理、吸附热力学和动力学。考查了pH值、时间、U(VI)的起始浓度和温度等对吸附的影响。研究表明, pH值对小球藻的吸附效果影响较大, 小球藻吸附U(VI)的最佳pH值为6, 最大吸附量为2.7 mg/g, 吸附在5 min内基本达到平衡。小球藻对U(VI)的吸附量与其浓度的正相关; 温度在20℃~30℃时, 对铀的吸附影响不大。实验结果还表明, 吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程, 其相关系数达0.99, 该吸附为多种反应同时作用的复杂过程。U(VI)在小球藻上的吸附行为可以很好地用Langmuir等温方程来描述。     

小球藻对U(VI)的生物吸附特性

试验研究了小球藻吸附U(VI)的过程,探讨了吸附机理、吸附热力学和动力学.考查了pH值、时间、U(VI)的起始浓度和温度等对吸附的影响.研究表明,pH值对小球藻的吸附效果影响较大,小球藻吸附U(VI)的最佳pH值为6,最大吸附量为2.7mg/g,吸附在5min内基本达到平衡.小球藻对U(VI)的吸附量与其浓度的正相关;温度在20℃-30℃时,对铀的吸附影响不大.实验结果还表明,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,其相关系数达0.99,该吸附为多种反应同时作用的复杂过程.U(VI)在小球藻上的吸附行为可以很好地用Langmuir等温方程来描述.     

Removal of Heavy Metals from the Environment by Biosorption

The pollution of the environment with toxic metals is a result of many human activities, such as mining and metallurgy, and the effects of these metals on the ecosystems are of large economic and public‐healthsignificance. This paper presents the features and advantages of the unconventional removal method of heavy metals – biosorption – as a part of bioremediation. Bioremediation consists of a group of applications, which involvethe detoxification of hazardous substances instead of transferring them from one medium to another, by means of microbes and plants. This process is characterized as less disruptive and can be often carried out on site, eliminating the need to transport the toxic materials to treatment sites. The biosorption (sorption of metallic ions from solutions by live or dried biomass) offers an alternative to the remediation of industrial effluents as well as the recovery of metals contained in other media. Biosorbents are prepared from naturally abundant and/or waste biomass. Due to the high uptake capacity and very cost‐effective source of the raw material, biosorption is a progression towards a perspective method. The mechanism by which microorganisms take up metals is relatively unclear, but it has been demonstrated that both living and non‐living biomass may be utilized in biosorptive processes, as they often exhibit a marked tolerance towards metals and other adverse conditions. One of their major advantages is the treatment of large volumes of effluents with low concentrations of pollutants. Models developed were presented to determine both the number of adsorption sites required to bind each metal ion and the rate of adsorption, using a batch reactor mass balance and the Langmuir theory of adsorption to surfaces or continuous dynamic systems. Two main categories of bioreactors used in bioremediation – suspended growth and fixed film bioreactors – are discussed. Reactors with varying configurations to meet the different requirements for biosorption are analyzed considering two major groups of reactors – batch reactors and continuous reactors. Biosorption is treated as an emerging technology effective in removing even very low levels of heavy metal.     

Biosorption Processes for Natural and Waste Water Treatment – Part II: Experimental Studies and Theoretical Model of a Biosorption Fixed Bed

A model has been developed for fixed‐bed biosorption performance, i.e. combined action of adsorption of organic water contaminants and their biological destruction in a column. The model contains an adsorption isotherm of the Freundlich type, adsorption kinetics by an overall film mass transfer (Glueckauf equation), maximum bacterial growth,and biological aerobic destruction (Monod model) of the organics by exoenzymes. Bacteria can not penetrate into the pores of the adsorbent. The model was tested using the system aqueous solution of aniline/Pseudomonas putida/Polysorb 40/100. Breakthrough curves in shorter columns have been measured and a velocity‐dependent steady‐state exit concentration was achieved. These curves could be simulated with sufficient accuracy on the basis of isotherm data, mass transfer coefficients and values of biological growth and destruction activity estimated from independent measurements.     

Biosorption behavior of heavy metals in bioleaching process of MSWI fly ash by Aspergillus niger

In this study, it was considered that the biosorption of heavy metals by biomass might occur during the bioleaching of fly ash. This work is focused on the biosorption behavior of Al, Fe, Pb and Zn by Aspergillus niger during the bioleaching process. The fungal biomass was contacted with heavy metals solution which extracted from fly ash by using gluconic acid as leaching agent. The equilibrium time for biosorption was about 120 min. The biosorption experiment data at initial pH 6.5 was used to fit the biosorption kinetics and isotherm models. The results indicated that the biosorption of Al, Fe and Zn by A. niger biomass were well described by the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was more suitable for that of Pb. The Langmuir isotherm model could well describe the biosorption of Fe, Pb and Zn while the Freundlich model could well describe the biosorption of Al. Furthermore, the biosorption of metal ions decreased evidently in the presence of fly ash as compared to that in the absence of fly ash. This research showed that although the biomass sorption occurred during the bioleaching process, it did not inhibit the removal of Al, Fe, Pb and Zn evidently from fly ash.     

Mechanism of Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Mucor rouxii

Fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Mucor rouxii are capable of removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The role various functional groups play in the cell wall of M. rouxii in metal biosorption of lead, cadmium, nickel and zinc was investigated in this paper. The biomass was chemically treated to modify the functional carboxyl, amino and phosphate groups. These modifications were examined by means of infrared spectroscopy. It was found that an esterification of the carboxyl groups and phosphate and a methylation of the amine groups significantly decreased the biosorption of the heavy metals studied. Thus, the carboxylate, amine and phosphate groups were recognized as important in the biosorption of metal ions by M. rouxii biomass. The role the lipids fraction play was not significant. The study showed that Na, K, Ca and Mg ions were released from the biomass after biosorption of Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn, indicating that ion exchange was a key mechanism in the biosorption of metal ions by M. rouxii biomass.     

Palladium and gold removal and recovery from precious metal solutions and electronic scrap leachates by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

Biomass of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans was used to recover Au(III) as Au(0) from test solutions and from waste electronic scrap leachate. Au(0) was precipitated extracellularly by a different mechanism from the biodeposition of Pd(0). The presence of Cu²⁺ (∼2000 mg/l) in the leachate inhibited the hydrogenase-mediated removal of Pd(II) but pre-palladisation of the cells in the absence of added Cu²⁺ facilitated removal of Pd(II) from the leachate and more than 95% of the Pd(II) was removed autocatalytically from a test solution supplemented with Cu(II) and Pd(II). Metal recovery was demonstrated in a gas-lift electrobioreactor with electrochemically generated hydrogen, followed by precipitation of recovered metal under gravity. A 3-stage bioseparation process for the recovery of Au(III), Pd(II) and Cu(II) is proposed.Victoria S. Baxter-Plant – Deceased