Sexual dimorphism in canine length of woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides,E. Geoffroy 1806)

We measured canine teeth from 28 woolly spider monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides) to assess sexual dimorphism and population differences. The specimens are from the Brazilian states of Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, and São Paulo. We found strong sexual dimorphism in canine length for individuals belonging to populations south of 22°00 latitude but no sexual dimorphism in canine length from individuals of populations north of 21°00 latitude. Canine length did not vary among females of northern and southern populations. However, southern males had significantly longer canines than northern males. This geographical difference in canine morphology, together with the presence or absence of thumbs and published accounts of differences in genetics and social structure between northern and southern populations, suggests thatBrachyteles arachnoides may be composed of at least two subspecies, which appear to be separated by the rivers Grande and Paraiba do Sul and the Serra da Mantiqueira.     

Genetic diversity in the rare orchid Gymnadenia odoratissima and a comparison with the more common congener, G. conopsea

Patterns and levels of genetic diversity mayhave significant influence on the long termpersistence of local populations and revealingsuch information is important in protectingrare species. In this study we investigated thegenetic pattern in five microsatellite lociwithin five Swedish populations of the rareorchid species Gymnadenia odoratissima. Thegeographic distribution of G. odoratissima isrestricted to Europe and in Scandinavia it isonly found in three provinces in southernSweden; Östergötland,Västergötland and on the island ofGotland.Compared with the more widespread congener G.conopsea our results indicate lower levels ofgenetic variation within and higher degrees ofgenetic differentiation among populations ofG. odoratissima (H_EL = 0.6–0.8 in G. conopseaand 0.3–0.7 in G. odoratissima; F_ST over allpopulations = 0.06 in G. conopsea and 0.19 inG. odoratissima). Also, we found a cleardistinction among mainland and islandpopulations of G. odoratissima wherepopulations on the island of Gotland seem toexhibit higher levels of gene flow andintragenetic variation, probably as a result ofa larger number of existing populations.Future conservation of this species shouldfocus on facilitation on colonisation events,especially on the mainland, and preservation ofthe genetically more variable Gotlandpopulations.     

云杉矮槲寄生遗传多样性及其群体遗传结构分析

该研究采用CTAB法提取云杉矮槲寄生(Arceuthobium sichuanense)的基因组DNA,利用ITS1片段的序列信息对中国9个不同地理群体的62份云杉矮槲寄生样本的遗传多样性及群体遗传结构进行分析。结果表明:(1)62条ITS1序列共定义16个单倍型(H1~H16),表现出较低的遗传多样性水平(h=0.678 5,π=0.005 9),而群体间的遗传多样性水平则表现出较大差异(h=0~1.000 0,π=0~0.009 4);AMOVA分析显示云杉矮槲寄生群体内的遗传变异占到51.37%,群体间为48.63%。(2)Network单倍型网络分析表明,单倍型H1和H12较为古老,且所有群体对2种单倍型无共享现象;单倍型H1是广布单倍型,存在于青海和甘肃的6个群体中,单倍型H12仅在四川的2个群体中有分布。(3)基于最大似然法(ML)构建的群体聚类和中介邻接法构建的单倍型网络图均显示,四川的3个群体为独立类群,区别于青海、甘肃群体,且甘肃和青海的群体之间没有明显分化。该研究首次报道了云杉矮槲寄生遗传多样性和遗传结构,为进一步研究其进化及后续的病害防控提供了一定的参考。     

红棕杜鹃不同海拔种群的表型多样性研究

为了揭示高山杜鹃群体在不同海拔梯度上的表型变异程度和变异规律,以云南轿子山国家级自然保护区天然分布的5个海拔梯度红棕杜鹃种群为研究对象,通过对其12个性状的测量,分析不同海拔梯度下红棕杜鹃种群的表型多样性。结果表明:(1)调查的12个性状中5个存在显著差异,占总表型性状的41.67%;各性状变异系数(CV)的大小分布在8.51%~34.32%之间;相对极差(R′)分布在38.04%~100%之间,低海拔种群(P1和P2)的表型性状变异丰富、极端变异高,而中、高海拔种群(P3、P4、P5)的表型性状变异和极端变异程度较低。(2)Shannon-Weaver多样性指数分析表明,轿子山红棕杜鹃不同海拔种群存在丰富的表型多样性,5个海拔种群的平均表型多样性指数为2.453 4,12个表型性状的平均多样性指数为4.076 3。(3)相关性分析表明,花序宽和花柄长与海拔呈显著负相关,其它性状与海拔相关性并不显著。(4)聚类分析表明,红棕杜鹃不同海拔种群可以聚为明显的2支。研究认为,轿子山自然保护区红棕杜鹃不同海拔种群的环境异质性是影响其表型变异的主要因素。     

Dissimilar patterns of genetic variation in two insular endemic plants sharing species characteristics,distribution, habitat,and ecological history

Camssonia guadalupensis ssp. clementina (Onagraceae) and Cryptantha traskiae (Boraginaceae) share many species characteristics that affect levels and pattern of genetic variation. In addition, they have a similar distribution, are found in the same habitat, and share ecological history by virtue of co-occurring at nearly all of the locations at which they are found. All populations of the two taxa on San Clemente Island were surveyed for genotypes at 16 allozyme loci, revealing generally low levels of genetic variation. However, Cam. g. clementina has more genetic variation than Cryp. traskiae at the taxon level (P = 37.5 versus 18.8, A = 1.69 versus 1.31, and H_E = 0.088 versus 0.003) and significantly more alleles and higher heterozygosity within populations (A = 1.09 versus 1.03, A_E = 1.02 versus 1.00; H_O = 0.013 versus 0.001 and H_E = 0.017 versus 0.003). Some populations of each taxon are monomorphic at all loci. Much greater differentiation among populations occurs in Cam. g. clementina (G_ST = 0.810) than in Cryp. traskiae (G_ST = 0.042). Locations of the more variable populations of each taxon do not coincide, and the pattern of genetic similarity of localities differs in the two taxa. Striking population genetic differences exist between these taxa despite shared species characteristics, distribution, habitat, and recent history.     

Genetic Structure of Blastocerus dichotomus Populations in the Paraná River Basin (Brazil) Based on Protein Variability

The population structure of 147 marsh deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) from three areas in the Paraná River basin, Brazil, was studied by observing protein polymorphism at 17 loci. Six loci were polymorphic and 11 monomorphic. The proportion of polymorphic loci (P) was 35.29% and the average heterozygosity (H) was 6.31%. Wright's F_ST indicated that only 4.9% of the total variation in allelic frequencies was due to genetic differences between the three groups. The high value of F_IS (0.246) indicated inbreeding in the marsh deer. Genetic distance values (D = 0.014–0.051) showed little divergence between the three areas. We suggest that probable mechanisms accounting for the genetic structure are female phylopatry and polygyny and also that inbreeding has resulted from decreasing areas of wetland leading to isolation, overhunting, and diseases transmitted by cattle.     

北沙柳群体遗传多样性和遗传结构分析

以内蒙古北沙柳(Salix psammophila)国家种质资源库内9个群体(P1~P9)288个无性系为实验材料,利用TP-M13-SSR技术,选取22对具有多态性EST-SSR北沙柳引物,采用毛细管电泳对PCR产物进行检测,分析北沙柳遗传多样性、分化程度和群体遗传结构,为北沙柳种质资源库遗传管理、无性系鉴定、品种选育、遗传改良和构建指纹图谱提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)22对EST-SSR引物共检测到222个等位基因,各位点平均等位基因数(A)为10,四倍体基因型丰富度(G)和特异基因型(G1)总和分别为1 460和802个,平均特异基因型比率(P1)和种质鉴别率(P2)分别为45.86%和13.21%。(2)9个群体平均等位基因数(A)为7.475,基因型丰富度(G)为15.586,观察杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)分别为0.577和0.638。以期望杂合度He为标准,北沙柳群体遗传多样性水平最低的是P1和P9。(3)北沙柳群体遗传分化系数仅为0.02,AMOVA分子变异分析显示,北沙柳群体大部分遗传变异来自群体内(97%),群体间变异仅为3%。(4)三维主成分、聚类和Structure群体遗传结构分析显示,9个群体被划分为2个组,Mantel检验表明北沙柳遗传距离与地理距离极显著相关(r=0.684 P0.001)。研究表明,北沙柳种质资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,这是其具有耐旱、耐寒、耐高温、耐沙埋和抗风蚀等适应性较强的分子基础;北沙柳的遗传变异集中在群体内;分布区群体呈现由中心向边缘群体扩张分化的趋势。     

四川西部濒危植物桃儿七遗传多样性的RAPD分析

桃儿七是一种具有重要药用价值的珍稀濒危植物。采用RAPD分子标记技术,对在四川西部地区的桃儿七7个自然种群的遗传多样性水平和遗传结构进行了分析。用12个RAPD引物对7个种群共140个样品进行了扩增,共得到111条清晰带,其中32条具有多态性,在物种水平上多态位点百分率(PPB)为28.83%,在种群内的多态位点百分率变动幅度为4.50%至16.22%。同其它一些濒危植物相比,桃儿七种群具有较低的遗传多样性(He=0.0622,Ho=0.0987)。7个自然种群间出现了很强的遗传分化,分化指数接近70%。种群间的基因流低(Nm=0.2240)。造成上述结果的可能原因是与桃儿七的繁育方式和有限的基因流等因素有关。应将遗传多样性相对较高的松潘县牟尼沟种群作为原位保护的核心种群进行保护,尽量保护所有现有种群。     

濒危植物长柄扁桃的遗传变异格局研究

该研究基于ITS1-ITS4序列对濒危植物长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata)自然分布区内的8个居群,105个个体的遗传多样性及遗传结构进行了分析,以明确长柄扁桃的地理分布及其遗传多样性特征。结果表明:(1)ITS1-ITS4序列长度583bp,变异位点13个,共定义了8个单倍型;居群间总的遗传多样性(hT)为0.727,居群内平均遗传多样性(hS)为0.564,各居群单倍型多样性、核酸多样性的变化范围分别为0.182~0.636、0.000 6~0.006 3。(2)AMOVA分析表明,33.65%的遗传变异来自居群间,而66.35%的遗传变异来自居群内;居群间平均基因流(Nm)为0.986,居群间遗传分化系数NSTGST(GST=0.225,NST=0.362,P0.05),表明长柄扁桃居群间存在不十分显著的遗传分化,但谱系地理结构显著;中性检验和错配分布曲线表明,居群自然分布区内的长柄扁桃没有经历明显的近期扩张。(3)单倍型网络和最大似然树都表明:内蒙古和陕西的长柄扁桃居群分别聚为2个明显的分支。     

Deciphering the evolutionary biology of freshwater fish using multiple approaches – insights for the biological conservation of the Vairone (Leuciscus souffia souffia)

The organisation of genetic variability is ofprimary importance in designing conservationstrategies. In this context, the conservationunits are often defined using the concept ofEvolutionary Significant Units (ESUs) whatcould appear as a useful guide but are veryrarely used. Another difficulty arises whenspecies hybridise as it is the case in cyprinidfishes for which the debate joins discussionson the species definitions. For example, thevairone, Leuciscus souffia (Teleostei:Cyprinidae) is a protected species (IUCN, Bernconvention, Habitat directive) but currentlegislation does not take into account itsambiguous taxonomic status, neither its geneticvariability nor its ecological preferences. Inthis paper, we examine the genetic structureand phylogeography of the subspecies Leuciscus souffia souffia in its range(France) with a combination of morphology,allozymes and mitochondrial DNA sequences usinganalyses mainly based on AMOVA and nested cladeanalysis. We then decipher the evolutionarybiology of this fish as the combined analysisof morphology, nuclear and mitochondrialmarkers displays decoupling betweenmorphological homogeneity and moderate geneticdifferentiation, suggesting that ManagementUnits (following Moritz' definition) should bedesigned. We conclude by proposing directionsboth for the protection of endangeredpopulations and for the conservation ofevolutionary potential based on theevolutionary dynamics found for the examinedpopulations in the light of the most-often useddefinitions of ESUs.     

Genetic differentiation and diversity of Acacia koa populations in the Hawaiian Islands

Acacia koa A. Gray (koa) is a leguminous tree endemic to the Hawaiian Islands and can be divided into morphologically distinguishable groups of A. koaia Hillebrand, A. koa and populations that are intermediate between these extremes. The objectives of this investigation were to distinguish among divergent groups of koa at molecular levels, and to determine genetic diversity within and among the groups. Phylogenetic analyses using the ITS/5.8S rDNA and trnK intron sequences did not separate the representative koa types into distinct clusters. An unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis, based on allele profiles of 12 microsatellite loci for 215 individual koa samples, separated the population into three distinct clusters consistent with their morphology, A. koaia, A. koa and intermediate forms. There was an average of 8.8 alleles per polymorphic locus (AP) among all koa and koaia individuals. The intermediate populations had the highest genetic diversity (H′ = 1.599), AP (7.9) and total number of unique alleles (21), whereas A. koaia and A. koa showed similar levels of genetic diversity (H′ = 0.965 and 0.943, respectively). No correlation was observed between geographic distance and genetic distance as determined by a Mantel test (r = 0.027, P = 0.91). The data presented here support previous recommendations that morphological variation within koa should be recognized at the subspecific level rather than as distinct species.     

新疆地区番茄潜叶蛾遗传多样性的ISSR分析

[目的]番茄潜叶蛾已成为世界性番茄的重要害虫,对番茄产业的发展造成了严重的威胁,研究其遗传多样性有利于揭示不同地理种群的遗传变异结构。[方法]采用ISSR分子标记技术分析了20个地理种群番茄潜叶蛾的遗传多样性和遗传结构特征。[结果]15条引物扩增出137条ISSR条带,其中多态性条带占96.35%,所有个体显示了各自独特的ISSR图谱。ISSR的标记遗传多样性结果表明,20个番茄潜叶蛾地理种群遗传距离大小范围为0.0065~0.1623,遗传一致度范围为0.8502~0.9935。种群变异来源分析表明,25.36%的遗传变异来自种群间,74.64%的变异来源于种群内部。UPGMA系统发育分析结果表明,各地理种群的聚类与地理位置无较强的关联性。[结论]番茄潜叶蛾尚处在入侵早期阶段,且具备频繁入侵和多点的特征。防控上要注意加强检疫,阻绝多点入侵来源。     

华东地区两种植被带内天女花的遗传结构

天女花是一种名贵的珍稀观赏树种,现已被列为国家Ⅲ级保护植物,其自然分布区的植被类型可大致分为温带落叶阔叶林带(长江以北)和暖温带常绿阔叶林带(长江以南)。华东地区是天女花分布比较集中的区域之一,也是两种植被带的分界区。论文采用微卫星标记对华东地区两种植被带内的8个天女花自然种群的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了分析。结果表明:华东地区天女花种群遗传多样性与近缘种相比较低(N_A=3.83、H_O=0.25、H_E=0.40);大别山(落叶阔叶林带)种群的遗传多样性(均值为H_O=0.18和H_E=0.28)明显低于皖南种群(常绿阔叶林带)的(均值为H_O=0.33和H_E=0.51),并且两者已发生了明显的遗传分化;两种植被带内的种群特征(如种群大小、胸径或丛枝数)差异不显著,种群内年幼亚群体的遗传多样与年老亚群体相比没有发生显著的变化。因此,推测大别山天女花种群经历的种群历史较短(较皖南种群)是导致其遗传多样性较低的主要原因,建议两种植被带内的天女花种群应视为不同的进化单元进行保护,当前仍应以就地保护为主。     

基于单基因和联合基因的新疆黑条小车蝗种群遗传多样性分析

黑条小车蝗〔Oedaleus decorus decorus （Germar）〕是新疆温性荒漠草原最为重要的蝗害之一,目前关于新疆该蝗种群的遗传多样性和亲缘关系尚不明确。测定了新疆黑条小车蝗14个地理种群194条序列的线粒体COI和ND5基因,通过单基因和联合基因分析比较新疆该蝗的遗传多样性和遗传分化情况,并基于可信度高的联合基因探讨新疆该蝗种群可能的扩散路径。黑条小车蝗14个地理种群的COI和ND5联合基因均表现出高遗传多样性（Hd为0.904 8~1.000 0,Pi为0.010 0~0.341 5）,且各种群间遗传分化较大,基因交流不充分（Fst为0.385 1,Nm为0.40）。种群间的遗传差异来源于种群内部（80.03%）,并且地理距离可能不是影响种群间遗传距离的主要因素。综合遗传多样性分析,单倍型网络图和系统发育树结果显示联合基因较于单基因可信度更高。新疆黑条小车蝗遗传分化较高的种群可能主要由地形地貌所致,遗传分化较低的种群可能受西北季风影响;新疆黑条小车蝗种群的早期建立种可能来源于伊犁地区,一支经天山山脉扩散至博乐、乌市及哈密地区,另一支由塔城地区经准噶尔盆地扩散至富蕴县。     

基于SSR标记分析15个凡纳滨对虾家系遗传多样性和遗传结构

为明确凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei) F1代核心群体的遗传多样性和遗传结构,本研究利用15对多态性较高的微卫星引物对15个凡纳滨对虾全同胞家系进行简单重复序列(simple sequence repeat, SSR)分子标记和遗传多样性分析。结果显示,在选择的15个SSRs位点中,共检测出112个等位基因(number of alleles, N_a),60.453个有效等位基因(number of effective alleles, N_e),多态性信息含量(polymorphism information content, PIC)均值为0.648。15个F1代核心选育家系的平均N_e为1.925–2.626,平均观测杂合度(observed heterozygosity, H_o)为0.425–0.783,平均期望杂合度(expected heterozygosity, H_e)为0.403–0.572。聚类分析表明,15个家系主要分为3个类群,遗传距离在0.252–0.574之间。各家系间遗传分化系数(fixation index, F_st)为0.112–0.278,表明群体间存在较大的遗传分化。本研究证明15个凡纳滨对虾家系的遗传多样性适中,为后续耐受高水平豆粕饲料的凡纳滨对虾家系选育工作提供了遗传学证据。     

珍稀濒危植物太行菊遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术对太行山特有濒危物种太行菊11个自然居群的遗传多样性进行研究。用10个引物对11个居群的122个样品进行扩增,共得到150个扩增位点,其中多态性位点149个,多态位点百分率(PPL)为99.33%。POPGENE分析显示,太行菊具有较高的遗传多样性(H=0.2149,I=0.3455)。沁阳市大西天居群的遗传多样性水平最高(H=0.1910,I=0.2969),山西陵川县大双村居群的遗传多样性水平最低(H=0.1356,I=0.2155)。Nei’s遗传多样性分析表明,11个自然居群间出现了较高的遗传分化(基因分化系数Gst=0.2566,基因流Nm=1.4488)。生境的的片段化和基因流障碍可能是导致太行菊居群间遗传分化显著的主要原因。通过对太行菊居群遗传多样性和遗传结构的分析,该文提出了一些保护策略。     

AFLP marker analysis revealing genetic structure of the tree Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan (Leguminosae-Mimosoideae) in the southern Brazilian Tropical Rainforest

Parapiptadenia rigida is a tropical early secondary succession tree characteristic of the Tropical Atlantic Rainforest. This species is of great ecological importance in the recovery of degraded areas. In this study we investigated the variability and population genetic structure of eight populations of P. rigida. Five AFLP primer combinations were used in a sample of 159 individuals representing these eight populations, rendering a total of 126 polymorphic fragments. The averages of percentage of polymorphic loci, gene diversity, and Shannon index were 60.45%, 0.217, and 0.322, respectively. A significant correlation between the population genetic variability and the population sizes was observed. The genetic variability within populations (72.20%) was higher than between these (22.80%). No perfect correlation was observed between geographic and genetic distances, which might be explained by differences in deforestation intensities that occurred in these areas. A dendrogram constructed by the UPGMA method revealed the formation of two clusters, these also confirmed by Bayesian analysis for the number of K cluster. These results show that it is necessary to develop urgent management strategies for the conservation of certain populations of P. rigida, while other populations still preserve reasonably high levels of genetic variability.