Chemical constituents from the calyces of Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii

One new monoterpenoid glycoside (1), together with seven known compounds, including two alkaloids (2–3), three phenylpropanoids (4–6), and two nucleosides (7–8) were isolated from the calyces of Physalis alkekengi var. franchetii. Their structures were elucidated by a combination of detailed spectroscopic analyses, chemical methods, and comparison with reported data. These eight compounds were isolated for the first time from the genus Physalis. The chemotaxonomic significance of these compounds was summarized.     

锦灯笼宿萼提取物体外抗菌作用研究

采用纸片扩散法对锦灯笼宿萼提取物进行体外抗菌试验研究,以了解其抗菌谱。结果表明该提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌、甲型链球菌、乙型链球菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌均有抑制作用,而对绿脓杆菌、大肠杆菌、表皮葡萄球菌、腐生葡萄球菌以及白色念珠菌均无抑制作用,表明锦灯笼宿萼提取物中存在有效抗菌成分,其中以甲链、乙链、金葡菌高度敏感,锦灯笼宿萼精制提取物最低抑制浓度为25~50 g/L。     

锦灯笼果不同部位氨基酸的测定与分析

用日立L-8800型氨基酸自动分析仪测定了锦灯笼不同部位中的氨基酸含量,结果表明18种氨基酸总量及药效氨基酸总量都以果皮中最高,其次是果肉和果汁。说明锦灯笼的不同部位在营养学和医学上都有很高的研究价值。     

Cytotoxic withanolides from Physalis angulata L

Four new withanolides, physagulins L-O (1-4), were isolated from the MeOH extract of the aerial parts of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae), together with seven known withanolides, compounds 5-11. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques, including 1H-, 13C-NMR (DEPT), and 2D-NMR (HMBC, HMQC, 1H,1H-COSY, NOESY) experiments, as well as by HR-MS. All eleven compounds were tested for their antiproliferative activities towards human colorectal-carcinoma (HCT-116) and human non-small-cell lung-cancer (NCI-H460) cells. Compound 5 exhibited the highest anticancer activity against the HCT-116 cell line, with an IC50 value of 1.64+/-0.06 microM. Compound 9 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity towards the NCI-H460 cell line, with an IC50 value of 0.43+/-0.02 microM.     

Chromatographic analysis of carotenol fatty acid esters in Physalis alkekengi and Hippophae rhamnoides

The carotenol fatty acid esters of two potentially valuable sources of plant carotenoids, sepals of Physalis alkekengi (Chinese lantern) and fruits of Hippophae rhamnoides (sea buckthorn), were separated by column chromatography and identified by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. A chemical and an enzymatic hydrolysis were employed to identify the parent carotenoids and to remove the lipid components. Zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin esters represented the main fraction in P. alkekengi sepals and an important one in H. rhamnoides fruits. Beta-Cryptoxanthin palmitate and zeaxanthin dipalmitate were identified as major compounds in both plants. In P. alkekengi, the carotenoids were mainly (> 90%) esterified with palmitic acid, and a high proportion (> 80%) of saturated medium chain fatty acids was found (by GC-MS) in the total lipid extract. Although the total lipid extract of H. rhamnoides contained significant amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic and palmitoleic acids, the xanthophylls were mainly esterified with saturated fatty acids. The oleoresins of both species represent potential sources of carotenoid esters and can be used as food additives, cosmetic ingredients or nutraceuticals.     

酸浆的化学成分及药理作用研究进展

酸浆为茄科多年生草本植物,资源丰富,应用广泛。迄今已从酸浆中分离鉴定出159种化合物,可分为类固醇类、黄酮类、苯丙素类、含氮化合物等。借助现代药理学研究手段,酸浆广泛的药理活性被陆续发现,其可发挥抗炎、抗菌、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等功效,同时在抗糖尿病、抗衰老、抗肥胖以及调节肠道菌群平衡等方面也发挥着重要的作用。本文主要对酸浆化学成分及药理作用的研究进展进行综述,以期为酸浆的合理开发和综合应用提供科学依据。     

Two new megastigmane glycosides, physanosides A and B, from Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii, and their effect on NO release in macrophages

Two new megastigmane glycosides, physanosides A and B (1 and 2, resp.), were isolated from Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii, together with four known compounds (6S,9R)-roseoside (3), (6S,9S)-roseoside (4), (6R,9S)-3-oxo-alpha-ionol beta-D-glucopyranoside (5), and citroside A (6). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical evidence, in-depth NMR spectroscopic analysis, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and CD spectroscopy, and their inhibitory effect on NO production was also examined. Compounds 2 and 3 exhibited strong inhibition on lipopolysaccharide-induced NO release by macrophages with IC(50) values of 9.93 and 7.31 microM, respectively.     

Osmotic priming effects on emergence of Physalis angulata and the influence of abiotic stresses on physalin content

Physalis angulata is a medicinal plant with valuable pharmacological activities. The physiology of stress in this plant can play an important role in the induction or maximization of the production of physalin F, B, D and G, bioactive secondary metabolites described as immunosuppressive, anti-malarial and anti-leishmanial agents. P. angulata was cultivated from seeds which had been previously primed in PEG 6000 solution and non-primed seeds. After 45 days, the plants were exposed to water restriction and saline stress in the field for 13 days. Seedling emergence and growth after stress treatment were assessed. Seco-steroids were quantified in leaves and stems by HPLC/PDA. The emergence rate was 14% higher in primed seeds. The types of irrigation proved to have a significant influence on the number of leaves and fruits, plant height and stem diameter, irrespective of whether the seeds were primed or not. The biomass of the fruits, stems and roots was also decreased by water restriction and saline stress. Physalin content in ethanol extracts increased in leaves, mainly after saline stress and from primed seeds. Despite the biomass reduction caused by the treatments, stress application led to an increase in the production of bioactive metabolites.     

Research on the Chemical Constituents against Alzheimer's Disease of the Fruits of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino

Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino (PA) is a natural plant which is utilised as a traditional herbal medicine. It has properties that make it effective against inflammation and free radical damage. In the present study, the major constituents of four extraction parts of the fruits of PA (PAF) were investigated by combining ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS). The mice model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) combined with D-galactose (D-gal) was established to comprehend the mechanism behind PAF's anti-AD activity from both behavioural and pathological perspectives. The results showed that four extraction parts of PAF (PAFE) had favorable anti-AD effects and the ethyl acetate (EA) group showed the best activity. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS analysis identified Physalin B, Nobiletin and Caffeic acid as the main anti-AD active constituents in EA extract. This study reveals that PAF can reduce neuroinflammatory damage by inhibiting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway, which is the theoretical basis for clinical development and utilization of PAF in AD therapy.     

Systems pharmacology reveals the mechanism of activity of Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii against lipopolysaccharide‐induced acute lung injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an important cause of mortality of patients with sepsis, shock, trauma, pneumonia, multiple transfusions and pancreatitis. Physalis alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino (PAF) has been extensively used in Chinese folk medicine because of a good therapeutic effect in respiratory diseases. Here, an integrated approach combining network pharmacology, proton nuclear magnetic resonance‐based metabolomics, histopathological analysis and biochemical assays was used to elucidate the mechanism of PAF against ALI induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a mouse model. We found that the compounds present in PAF interact with 32 targets to effectively improve the damage in the lung undergoing ALI. We predicted the putative signalling pathway involved by using the network pharmacology and then used the orthogonal signal correction partial least‐squares discriminant analysis to analyse the disturbances in the serum metabolome in mouse. We also used ELISA, RT‐qPCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry and TUNEL assay to confirm the potential signalling pathways involved. We found that PAF reduced the release of cytokines, such as TNF‐α, and the accumulation of oxidation products; decreased the levels of NF‐κB, p‐p38, ERK, JNK, p53, caspase‐3 and COX‐2; and enhanced the translocation of Nrf2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Collectively, PAF significantly reduced oxidative stress injury and inflammation, at the same time correcting the energy metabolism imbalance caused by ALI, increasing the amount of antioxidant‐related metabolites and reducing the apoptosis of lung cells. These observations suggest that PAF may be an effective candidate preparation alleviating ALI.     

Structural characterization and in vitro inhibitory activities in P-selectin-mediated leukocyte adhesion of polysaccharide fractions isolated from the roots of Physalis alkekengi

Selectin-mediated leukocyte initial attachment and rolling over vessel endothelial surface are crucial steps for inflammatory responses. As P-selectin is a promising target for anti-inflammation therapeutic strategy, recent works have focused on searching for more potent and non-toxic P-selectin antagonists among various natural carbohydrate products. Here, we isolated three water-soluble polysaccharide fractions (PPS-1, PPS-2 and PPS-3) from the roots of Physalis alkekengi by DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S-200 chromatography. Their physicochemical and structural characterizations were determined by chemical methods, GC (gas chromatography), HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography), FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometry), partial acid hydrolysis, methylation and GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) analyses. The inhibitory capacity of the polysaccharide fractions in P-selectin-mediated leukocyte adhesion was evaluated by flow cytometric, static adhesion and laminar flow assays. Results showed that different polysaccharide fractions possess distinct physicochemical and structural properties, including carbohydrate, protein and uronic acid contents, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and glycosidic linkage type. Among the polysaccharide fractions, PPS-2 could effectively block the interaction between P-selectin and its native ligand.     

Studies on antimicrobial activity, in vitro, of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae) fraction and physalin B bringing out the importance of assay determination

Complex physalin metabolites present in the capsules of the fruit of Physalis angulata L. have been isolated and submitted to a series of assays of antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 6538P, Neisseria gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226, Escherichia coli ATCC 8739; E. coli ATCC 25922, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 applying different methodologies such as: bioautography, dilution broth, dilution agar, and agar diffusion techniques. A mixture of physalins (pool) containing physalins B, D, F, G inhibit S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus ATCC 25923, S. aureus ATCC 6538P, and N. gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 at a concentration of 200 mg/microl, using agar dilution assays. The mixture was inactive against P. aeruginosa ATCC27853, E. coli ATCC 8739; E. coli ATCC 25922, C. albicans ATCC 10231 when applying bioautography assays. Physalin B (200 microg/ml) by the agar diffusion assay inhibited S. aureus ATCC 6538P by +/- 85%; and may be considered responsible for the antimicrobial activity.     

毛酸浆的组织培养

1植物名称 毛酸浆（PhysalispubescensL．）。 2材料类别种子长成的无菌苗的子叶。     

Regeneration of plants from mesophyll protoplasts of ground-cherry (Physalis minimal L.)

High yields of protoplasts were obtained by enzymatic digestion of leaf tissue derived from exenic shoot cultures of Physalis minima L. Isolated protoplasts underwent sustained mitotic divisions and produced calli. Shoot and root morphogenesis were achieved from these calli. The regenerated plants were established in soil.     

小酸浆(Physalis minima L.)茎尖的玻璃化法超低温保存

用玻璃化法超低温保存小酸浆茎尖的结果表明,1 cm的小酸浆茎段放在改良MS培养基上室温预培养3 d后.切取2mm长的茎尖放在0℃条件下用100%PVS2溶液中处理70min.快速投入液氮保存,1 d后取出.于40℃恒温水浴中化冻2～3min后用含1.2mol·L-1蔗糖的改良MS培养液洗涤30min,接种于再生培养基上暗培养7d再转接至正常光照35μmol·m-2·s-1条件下,成活率可达36.0%,再生植株生长正常.     

In vitro antimycobacterial activities of Physalis angulata L.

The HIV-tuberculosis co-infection has caused an impact on tuberculosis epidemiology all over the world and the efficacies of the therapeutic schemes traditionally prescribed in the treatment of tuberculosis, such as isoniazid, rifampicin and pyrazinamide, have decreased due to the appearance of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains (MDR). This work is part of research on natural antimicrobial agents from plant extracts through bioassay-guided fractionation, by in vitro determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the microdilution method with Alamar blue oxidation-reduction dye. Crude CHCl3 Physalis angulata extracts and physalin-containing fractions displayed antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium malmoense and Mycobacterium intracellulare.