小麦返白系返白阶段叶片蛋白质变化与叶绿素含量的关系

小麦返白系春天现出白色心叶,白叶中有脱辅基蛋白存在,但含量很低。白叶复绿时色素条带中ＣＰⅡ出现先于ＣＰＩ,叶绿素含量的增加与色素蛋白的出现呈正相关,同时影响蛋白含量,但２１、２５ｋＤ蛋白即使在全白叶中也较高水平,白叶中ＲｕｂｉｓｃｏＬＳ含量极低,而ＳＳ仅略有降低,复绿初期蛋白质合成速率随叶绿素含量增而显著提高,ＬＳ也迅速增加。     

低温锻炼对水稻幼苗叶片中Rubisco的影响

低温锻炼能提高水稻幼苗的抗冷力,低温锻炼虽不能明显提高Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性,却提高了冷却条件下Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ的稳定性和增强了胁迫后正常生长条件下其活性的恢复能力。分别用火箭免疫电泳分析Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ蛋白和ＳＤ－ＳＰＡＧＥ分析大,小亚基量表明：低温锻炼未提高Ｒｕｂｎｉｓｃｏ蛋白的合成能力,但增加了大,小亚基的合成量。     

小麦返白系返白阶段叶片蛋白质变化与叶绿素含量的关系

小麦返白系春天出现白色心叶。白叶中有脱辅基蛋白存在,但含量很低。白叶复绿时色素条带中ＣＰⅡ出现先于ＣＰＩ;叶绿素含量的增加与色素蛋白的出现呈正相关,同时影响蛋白含量,但２１、２５ｋＤ蛋白即使在全白叶中也有较高水平。白叶中ＲｕｂｉｓｃｏＬＳ含量极低,而ＳＳ仅略有降低。复绿初期蛋白质合成速率随叶绿素含量增加而显等提高,ＬＳ也迅速增加。     

野生大豆rbcS基因的克隆及结构分析

核酮糖１,５二磷酸羧化酶（Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ,Ｅ．Ｃ．４．１．１．３９）是光合碳代谢中的关键酶,也是植物中研究最为广泛深入的一种酶。高等植物的Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ大、小亚基分别由叶绿体和核基因组编码。迄今已有几十种光合生物的Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ大、小亚基的基因（ｒｂｃＬ、ｒｂｃＳ）结构得到阐明［１］。在高等植物中ｒｂｃＳ基因由多基因家族编码,结构较为复杂,但它同时又是一种相对保守的基因,且同一物种内各ｒｂｃＳ基因成员是协同进化的,因此ｒｂｃＳ基因适合于植物分子进化及系统分类的研究［２］。我国是栽培大豆（Ｇｌｙｃ…     

茶叶片阶段性返白过程中色素蛋白复合体的变化

用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ盘状电泳从温敏型阶段性返白的安吉白茶完全复绿叶中分离出２条叶绿素ａ蛋白复合物（ＣＰⅠ）、２条叶绿素ａ／ｂ捕光蛋白复合物（ＣＰⅡ：ＬＨＣＰ１、ＬＨＣＰ２）和１条游离色素带,而全白期叶片中则未发现ＣＰⅠ和ＣＰⅡ,但有很少量ＣＰⅡ的脱辅基蛋白和游离色素。此类叶片开始得绿时,ＣＰⅠ、ＬＨＣＰ１和ＬＨＣＰ２同时出现,但寡聚形式（ＣＰⅠａ）的恢复稍迟些,各种色素蛋白复合体的含量均随绿逐步上升     

小麦突变体返白系生长后期某些生理变化

返白过程之后,返白系随着叶色的复绿,植株的代谢机能开始恢复,叶绿素含量上升,光合作用增强,叶片内可溶性糖含量上升,呼吸速率高于其祖先矮变１号;复绿初期返白系气孔阻力高于矮变１号,蒸腾速率则低于矮变１号。复绿后,以上各项指标都逐渐变化,达到矮变１号的水平。之后,返白系的蒸滕速率高于矮变１号,气孔阻力低于矮变１号,叶绿素含量及光合速率均高于矮变１号,返白系和矮变１号的呼吸速率均高于矮变１号,叶绿素含量     

蚯蚓体内一种纤溶酶原激活剂(e-PA)对BAEE的降解

以苯甲酰－Ｌ－精氨酸乙酯（ｂｅｎｚｏｙｌ－Ｌ－ａｒｇｉｎｉｎｅｅｔｈｙｌｅｓｔｅｒ,ＢＡＥＥ）为底物,研究了蚯蚓体内纤溶酶原激活剂（ｐｌａｓｍｉｎｏｇｅｎａｃｔｉｖａｔｏｒｆｒｏｍＥｉｓｅｎｉａｆｅｔｉｄａ,ｅ－ＰＡ）的酶学性质．酶促反应的最适ｐＨ为８．４,ｅ－ＰＡ降解ＢＡＥＥ的Ｋｍ为１．２４±０．１６×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｋｃａｔ为１３．８０±４．０２ｓ－１．测定了构成ｅ－ＰＡ的大,小亚基分别降解ＢＡＥＥ的Ｋｍ和Ｋｃａｔ．结果表明,大亚基的Ｋｍ与全酶的Ｋｍ相差不多,但比小亚基小约１０倍,即对底物的亲和力比小亚基强约一个数量级．大小亚基的Ｋｃａｔ比较接近,分别是全酶的１／６和１／３．研究了８种抑制剂对ｅ－ＰＡ降解ＢＡＥＥ活性的影响,其中ｐｅｐｓｔａｔｉｎ和Ｅ－６４（一种巯基抑制剂）对酶促反应有激活作用,ＴＰＣＫ,ＴＬ－ＣＫ,ＰＭＳＦ,ｃｈｙｍｏｓｔａｔｉｎ和ｌｅｕｐｅｐｔｉｎ对其有不同程度的抑制作用,ＥＤＴＡ对ｅ－ＰＡ的活性没有影响．对ｅ－ＰＡ的ＢＡＥＥ活性和ｅ－ＰＡ的纤溶活性之间作了比较．     

Rubisco副合基因的构建及其在E.coli中的表达

将编码番茄核酮糖－１,５－二磷酸羧化酶／加氧酶小亚基转运肽的一段ＤＮＡ序列与菠菜Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ大亚基的编码区连接,构建了一个Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ融合基因。限制性内切酶图谱和ＤＮＡ序列分析证明副合部位的核苷酸序列符合构建前的三联密码子框架。将Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ融合基因转入Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ,用ＩＰＴＧ进行诱导表达。利用蛋白质印迹技术检测到诱导产物的存在。     

水稻Rubisco小亚基前体cDNA的克隆及其产物向豌豆叶绿体的运输

用ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ方法克隆了完整的水稻Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ小亚基前体ｃＤＮＡ基因,经耦联的体外转录和翻译系统合成了带同位素标记的小亚基前体蛋白,然后与新制备的豌豆完整叶绿体共保温,进行蛋白质的跨膜运输研究显示：异源的水稻Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ小亚基前体能穿膜运输入豌豆叶绿体。     

小麦突变体返白系生长后期某些生理变化

返白过程之后,返白系随着叶色的复绿,植株的代谢机能开始恢复,叶绿素含量上升,光合作用增强,叶片内可溶性糖含量上升,呼吸速率高于其祖先矮变１号;复绿初期返白系气孔阻力高于矮交１号,蒸腾速率则低于矮变１号。复绿后,以上各项指标都逐渐变化,达到矮变１号的水平。之后,返白系的蒸腾速率高于矮变１号,气孔阻力低于矮变１号,叶绿素含量及光合速率均高于矮变１号,近白系和矮变互号的呼吸速率在５月９～２５日间有上升趋势,但近白系呼吸速率较高。在生长后期,返白系的根系有向土壤深层分布的趋势。分析认为返白系在生长后期有一个补偿性生长阶段,通过改善植株水分状况,提高同化能力,降低消耗来保证生长和结实的需要。     

Degradation of the Large Subunit of Ribulose-1, 5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase in Wheat Leaves

The degradation of the large subunit (LSU) of ribulose- 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yangmai 158) leaves was investigated. A 50 kDa fragment, a portion of the LSU of Rubisco, was detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with antibody against tobacco Rubisco in crude enzyme extract of young wheat leaves. The appearance of the 50 kDa fragment was most obvious at 30-35 ℃ and pH 5.5. The LSU and its 50 kDa fragment both existed when the crude enzyme extract was incubated for 60 min. The amount of LSU decreased with incubation time from 0 to 3 h in crude enzyme extract. However, the 50 kDa fragment could not be found any pH from 4.5 to 8.5 in chloroplast lysates of young wheat leaves. In addition,through treatment with various inhibitors, reactions were inhibited by cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64 or leupeptin.     

小麦Rubisco 活化酶基因的克隆和表达特性

Rubisco活化酶是广泛存在于光合生物中调节Rubisco活性的酶, 我们利用PCR技术, 从小麦(Triticum aestivum)叶片cDNA文库中克隆得到Rubisco活化酶基因cDNA片段, 该片段长度为850 bp, 编码201个氨基酸。Northern blot表明, 小麦叶片在暗诱导衰老的条件下, 叶片中活化酶基因表达水平逐渐下降; 同时, 小麦叶片的光合特性、叶绿素含量和Rubisco活性呈现下降趋势。这些结果表明, 衰老时小麦叶片Rubisco活化酶基因表达水平下降与光合速率下降密切相关。     

Heat stress effects on ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase,Rubisco binding protein and Rubisco activase in wheat leaves

Changes in chlorophyll content, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) binding protein (RBP), Rubisco activase (RA), Rubisco large (LS) and small (SS) subunits, and electrolyte leakage were investigated in wheat leaf segments during heat stress (HS) for 1 h and for 24 h at 40 °C in darkness or in light, as well as after recovery from heat stress (HSR) for 24 h at 25 °C in light. The 24-h HS treatment in darkness decreased irreversibly photosynthetic pigments, soluble proteins, RBP, RA, Rubisco LS and SS. An increase in RA and RBP protein contents was observed under 24-h HS and HSR in light. This increase was in accordance with their role as chaperones and the function of RBP as a heat shock protein.This work was partially supported by Swiss National Science Foundation (Project 31-55289.98).     

小麦Rubisco活化酶基因的克隆和表达特性

Rubisco活化酶是广泛存在于光合生物中调节Rubisco活性的酶,我们利用PCR技术,从小麦(Triticum aestivum)叶片cDNA文库中克隆得到Rubisco活化酶基因cDNA片段,该片段长度为850 bp,编码201个氨基酸.Northern blot表明,小麦叶片在暗诱导衰老的条件下,叶片中活化酶基因表达水平逐渐下降;同时,小麦叶片的光合特性、叶绿素含量和Rubisco活性呈现下降趋势.这些结果表明,衰老时小麦叶片Rubisco活化酶基因表达水平下降与光合速率下降密切相关.     

Degradation of the Large Subunit of Ribulose-1, 5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase／Oxygenase in Wheat Leaves

The degradation of the large subunit (LSU) of ribulose- 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; EC 4.1.1.39) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Yangmai 158) leaves was investigated. A 50 kDa fragment, a portion of the LSU of Rubisco, was detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting with antibody against tobacco Rubisco in crude enzyme extract of young wheat leaves. The appearance of the 50 kDa fragment was most obvious at 30-35 ℃ and pH 5.5. The LSU and its 50 kDa fragment both existed when the crude enzyme extract was incubated for 60 min. The amount of LSU decreased with incubation time from 0 to 3 h in crude enzyme extract. However, the 50 kDa fragment could not be found any pH from 4.5 to 8.5 in chloroplast lysates of young wheat leaves. In addition,through treatment with various inhibitors, reactions were inhibited by cysteine proteinase inhibitor E-64 or leupeptin.     

水稻温敏失绿突变体的Rubisco活化酶活性、蛋白质与氨基酸组分的变化

在水稻温敏失绿突变性状表达过程中,对其Rubsico 含量、Rubsico 活化酶活性,全叶蛋白及游离氨基酸组分变化进行测定。结果表明:突变体的Rubisco 结构和含量与野生型一样,保持相对稳定;而其Rubisco 活化酶活性则随一个分子量为56.2kD(PI=4.5)的特异蛋白质的存在与消失发生明显改变。当突变性状表达时,分子量为56.2kD(PT=4.5)的特异蛋白消失,其Rubisco 活化酶活性下降;当叶片失绿区域复绿时,56.2kD(PI=4.5)特异蛋白出现,则Rubisco 活化酶活性上升。这一密切地相关关系表明,突变体的Rubisco 活化酶活性变化在光合作用过程中,除与自身结构和含量有关外,还与叶片中这一特异蛋白的存在密切相关,它可能是Rubisco 活化酶活性的调节蛋白。这种调节具体表现在氨基酸代谢上,是对上游氨基酸的阻遏调控,从而使叶绿体的结构物质合成受阻,最终导致类囊体膜的退化。     

Relationship of photosynthetic acclimation to changes of Rubisco activity in field-grown winter wheat and barley during growth in elevated carbon dioxide

The responses of photosynthesis, Rubisco activity, Rubisco protein, leaf carbohydrates and total soluble protein to three carbon dioxide treatments were studied in winter wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)] and barley [Hordeum vulgare (L.)]. Barley and wheat plants were grown in small field plots during 1995 and 1996 in clear, acrylic chambers (1.2–2.4 m²) and were provided with continuous carbon dioxide fertilization at concentrations of 350, 525 and 700 mol mol^–1. Photosynthetic rates of barley penultimate leaves and wheat flag leaves measured at growth carbon dioxide concentrations decreased with leaf age in all three CO₂ treatments during 1995 and 1996. Photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO₂ was observed on seven of eight measurement dates for barley and ten of eleven measurement dates for wheat over both years. Initial Rubisco activity, total soluble protein and Rubisco protein in barley penultimate leaves and wheat flag leaves also decreased with leaf age. Total Rubisco activity was not used because of enzyme degradation. There was a significant CO₂ treatment effect on initial Rubisco activity, total soluble protein and Rubisco protein for wheat in 1995 and 1996 and for barley in 1995. Responses of barley penultimate leaf Rubisco activity and leaf protein concentrations to elevated carbon dioxide were nonsignificant in 1996. A significant CO₂ treatment effect also was detected when means of Rubisco activity, soluble protein and Rubisco protein for wheat flag leaves were combined over harvests and years. These three flag leaf parameters were not significantly different in the 350 and 525 mol mol^–1 CO₂ treatments but were decreased during growth in 700 mol mol^–1 CO₂ relative to the other two CO₂ treatments. Ratios of photosynthesis at 700 and 350 mol mol^–1 were compared to ratios of Rubisco activity at 700 and 350 mol mol^–1 using wheat flag leaf data from 1995 and 1996. Regression analysis of these data were linear [y = 0.586 + 1.103t x (r² = 0.432)] and were significant at P 0.05. This result indicated that photosynthetic acclimation was positively correlated with changes of initial Rubisco activity in wheat flag leaves in response to CO₂ enrichment. Effects of elevated CO₂ on wheat leaf proteins during 1995 and 1996 and on barley during 1995 were consistent with an acceleration of senescence.     

不同光强下焕镛木和观光木的光合参数变化

 生长在全日光强下的焕镛木(Woonyoungia septentrionalis)和观光木(Tsoongiodendron lotungensis)幼树叶片的最大光合速率、表观量子产率和光能转换效率均较生长在40%和20%日光强的高。当生长光强从全日光强降低至40%日光强时,焕镛木的表观量子产率和光能转换效率分别降低13.1%和6.3%,而观光木则相应分别降低23.8%和33.4%。生长光强降低至40%日光强时,焕镛木的Rubisco最大羧化速率(Vcmax)未见变化;而最大电子传递速率（Jmax）则降低14.1%,表明Jmax对光强降低的响应较Vcmax敏感。当生长光强从全日光强降低到40%和20%日光强时,观光木的Vcmax分别降低7.7%和31.7%,而Jmax则分别降低9.7%和42%。光强从全日光强降低至40%日光强,焕镛木叶氮在Rubisco和捕光叶绿素蛋白复合体中的分配系数没有明显改变,而叶氮在生物力能学组分中的分配系数降低则较为明显（20.4%）,表明生长光强降低对叶氮在光合电子传递链组分分配的影响较在Rubisco的大。结果表明,焕镛木表现阳生树种特性,在迁地保育中宜选择向阳小生境种植,而观光木较耐荫,可种植在较遮荫的环境。     

Linked Rubisco subunits can assemble into functional oligomers without impeding catalytic performance

Although transgenic manipulation in higher plants of the catalytic large subunit (L) of the photosynthetic CO2-fixing enzyme ribulose 1,5-bisphospahte carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is now possible, the manipulation of its cognate small subunit (S) is frustrated by the nuclear location of its multiple gene copies. To examine whether L and S can be engineered simultaneously by fusing them together, the subunits from Synechococcus PCC6301 Rubisco were tethered together by different linker sequences, producing variant fusion peptides. In Escherichia coli the variant PCC6301 LS fusions assembled into catalytically functional octameric ([LS]8) and hexadecameric ([[LS]8]2) quaternary structures that excluded the integration of co-expressed unfused S. Assembly of the LS fusions into Rubisco complexes was impaired 50-90% relative to the assembly of unlinked L and S into L8S8 enzyme. Assembly in E. coli was not emulated using tobacco SL fusions that accumulated entirely as insoluble protein. Catalytic measurements showed the CO2/O2 specificity, carboxylation rate, and Michaelis constants for CO2 and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate for the cyanobacterial Rubisco complexes comprising fusions where the S was linked to the N terminus of L closely matched those of the wild-type L8S8 enzyme. In contrast, the substrate affinities and carboxylation rate of the Rubisco complexes comprising fusions where L was fused to the N terminus of S or a six-histidine tag was appended to the C terminus of L were compromised. Overall this work provides a framework for implementing an alternative strategy for exploring simultaneous engineering of modified, or foreign, Rubisco L and S subunits in higher plant plastids.