Genetic structure of age classes in Camellia japonica (Theaceae)

Camellia japonica L. (Theaceae), an insect- and bird-pollinated, broad-leaved evergreen tree, is widely distributed in Japan and the southern Korean peninsula. The species has a relatively even age distribution within populations, which may influence the spatial genetic structure of different age classes relative to species with typical L-shaped age distributions. To determine whether the internal spatial genetic structure found in seedlings and young individuals carries over into adults, we used allozyme loci, F-statistics, spatial autocorrelation statistics (Moran's I), and coancestry measures to examine changes in genetic structure among seven age classes in a population (60-m x 100-m area) in southern Korea. In seedlings, weak but significant positive values of Moran's I-statistics and coancestry measures were found for distances less than 14 m, which is consistent with a mechanism of limited seed dispersal combined with overlapping seed shadows. This spatial structure, however, dissipates in older age classes, and in adults genetic variation has an essentially random spatial distribution. Morisita's index of dispersion of individuals in each age class showed that seedlings and juveniles are more highly clustered than are older individuals. These results suggest that self-thinning changes the spatial relationships of individuals, and thus genotypes. A multilocus estimate of FST (0.008) shows a small but statistically significant difference in allele frequencies among age classes. In summary, intrapopulation genetic structure within and among age classes of C. japonica was significant but weak. Despite presumably limited seed dispersal, weak spatial genetic structure in juveniles suggests overlapping seed shadows followed by self-thinning during recruitment. The present study also demonstrates that studies of spatial genetic structure focusing on limited numbers of generations may not be sufficient to reveal the entire picture of genetic structure in populations with overlapping generations.     

日本林蛙胃肠道内分泌细胞的免疫组织化学

应用7种胃肠激素抗血清对日本林蛙胃肠道内分泌细胞的形态和分布进行了免疫组织化学研究。5-羟色胺(5-HT)免疫活性(-IR)细胞分布于胃肠道各段,其在胃肠道中的分布密度为：十二指肠、空肠处最高,胃中各段居中,回肠和直肠处最低。生长抑素(sS)-IR细胞分布于胃贲门至空肠的胃肠道段,其分布密度自前向后呈递减趋势。胃泌素(Gas)-IR细胞在十二指肠和空肠处有少量分布。高血糖素(Glu)-IR细胞仅见胃体部位较少分布。P_物质(SP)-IR细胞在回肠和直肠中有分布。胃肠道各段均未检出胰多肽(PP)-IR细胞和胰岛素(Ins)-IR细胞。与其它动物相比较,对日本林蛙胃肠道内分泌细胞的分布型进行了讨论。     

烟田龟纹瓢虫的空间分布型及抽样技术

对8块烟田的龟纹飘虫空间分布调查和分析结果表明,该虫空间分布符合负二项分布,均属聚集分布,聚集的原因主要是由环境因素所致,抽样方式以棋盘式抽样代表性最强。     

银杏大蚕蛾卵空间分布与环境关系的研究

银杏大蚕蛾DictyoplocajaponicaMoore在重庆市城口县 1年发生 1代 ,以卵越冬。卵分布与树龄、树干的关系为 :卵主要分布于 2 0～ 30年盛果期的核桃果树上 ,2 0年生以下及 30年以上的果树则分布较少 ;树干 1m以下的粗皮裂缝内分布的卵占总卵量的 72 5 % ;卵在林间的分布呈低密度、高聚集块状 ,为该虫的预测预报和生产防治提供科学依据。     

日本长白蚧的生物学特性及其防治

日本长白蚧Lopholeucas pisjaponica(Cockerell)是浙江衢州橘区的主要害虫之一,受害橘树树势衰退,甚至整株枯死。该蚧在衢州地区1年发生2～3代,以2,3龄若虫越冬为主,第1代若虫孵化相对较为整齐。防治时要注重春季清园工作以及加强对第1代若虫的防治。     

关苍术的研究进展

关苍术是菊科植物关苍术 (AtractylodesjaponicaKoidzexKitam)的干燥根茎主产于东北 ,在长白山地区有大量分布。在日本和韩国 ,关苍术的汉方制剂很受欢迎。为合理利用长白山广阔的野生资源 ,本文对关苍术的化学成分及药理作用作简要综述     

中国分布北界的山茶(Camellia japonica)种群大小结构和空间格局分析

 青岛沿海地区是山茶在中国分布的最北界。长门岩岛是该地区山茶的主要分布地。岛上的山茶集中分布在海拔20～80m的范围内,植株的胸径为2～45cm,高度0.4～4.5m。由生命表可以看出,属于小个体级与大个体级的数目较少,大多数个体处于中级水平。从大小金字塔看,它属于Bodenheimer所述的下降型种群。存活曲线图表明,小个体级的死亡率较高。应用泊松分布、负二项分布和奈曼分布3种理论分布模型,进行了分布格局的研究,结果表明,该种群的实际频数符合负二项分布,由此判定种群的分布格局为聚集分布。通过对种群的聚集强度指数的计算,求得各参数分别为二项参数(K)0.6291,扩散系数(C)17.7372,丛生指标(I)16.7372,Cassie指标(1/K)1.5896,聚块性指标为(m*/m)2.5896,均表明为强聚集分布。     

金银花花蕾中的新三萜皂甙

从金银花 (LonicerajaponicaThunb .)花蕾中分离得六个化合物 (A—F) ,据化学降解和波谱数据 ,推定了它们的化学结构 ,其中F为一新化合物 ,命名为新常春皂甙F ,其化学结构为 :3-氧 - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖基 (1→ 4 ) - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖基 (1→ 3) -α -L -鼠李吡喃糖基 (1→ 2 )α -L -阿拉伯吡喃糖基 -常春皂甙元 - 2 8-氧 - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖基 (1→ 6 ) -β -D -葡萄吡喃糖基酯 (F)。其它五个化合物的结构分别为 :常春皂甙元 - 3-氧 -α -L -鼠李吡喃糖基 (1→ 2 ) -α -L -阿拉伯吡喃糖甙 (A) ,3-氧 -α -L -鼠李吡喃糖基 (1→ 2 ) -α-L -阿拉伯吡喃糖基 -常春皂甙元 - 2 8-氧 - β -D -吡喃木糖基 (1→ 6 ) - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖基酯 (B) ,3-氧 -α -L -鼠李吡喃糖基 (1→ 2 ) -α -L -阿拉伯吡喃糖基 -常春皂甙元 -2 8-氧 - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖基 (1→ 6 ) - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖基酯 (C) ,3-氧 -α -L -鼠李吡喃糖基 (1→ 2 ) -α -L -阿拉伯吡喃糖基 -常春皂甙元 - 2 8-氧 -α -L -鼠李吡喃糖基 (1→2 ) [β -D -吡喃木糖基 (1→ 6 ) ]- β -D -葡萄吡喃糖基酯 (D) ,3-氧 - β -D -葡萄吡喃糖基 (1→ 3) -α -L -鼠李吡喃糖基 (1→ 2 )α -L -阿拉伯吡喃糖基 -常春皂甙元 - 2 8-氧 - β-D -葡萄吡     

资源植物紫金牛研究进展

本文对资源植物紫金牛的分布、化学成分、药用价值及其他方面价值的近期研究成果及其开发前景作了综述     

Genetic structure of Camellia japonica L. in an old-growth evergreen forest, Tsushima, Japan

The spatial genetic structure of Camellia japonica was investigated, using microsatellite markers, in a 4-ha permanent plot within an old-growth forest. Spatial distribution of individuals was also assessed to obtain an insight into spatial relationships between individuals and alleles. Morisita's index of dispersion showed that 518 C. japonica individuals in the plot were clumped, and Moran's I spatial autocorrelation coefficient revealed weak genetic structure, indicating a low level of allele clustering. Average I correlograms showed that there was stronger genetic structure over short-distance classes. The clumped distribution of individuals and the positive autocorrelation over short-distance classes may result from the limited seed dispersal and microsite heterogeneity of the stand, while the genetic structure may be weakened by overlapping seed shadow and extensive pollen flow, mediated by animal vectors, and the high outcrossing rate found in C. japonica.     

水筛的花器官发生

利用扫描电镜首次对水筛[Blxa japonica(Miq.)Maxim.ex Asch.et Guerk.]花器官的发生进行了观察。结果显示：萼片原基以轮关方式向心发生;花瓣原基轮状近同时发生,与萼片基基交替排列;雄蕊原基以对萼的形式轮关发生,与花瓣原基轮状近同时发生,与萼片原基交替排列;雄蕊原基以对萼的形式轮状发生,与花瓣原基交替排列;花柱原基在整个花的发育过程中发生较晚,以对瓣的形式轮状发生,与雄蕊原基交替排列。与同科其它属的花比较,水筛的花为两性,辐射对称,胚珠多数,体现了较原始的特征。花各部数目均为3,进化程度居于中间水平。该属花各部轮状发生,子房下位,心皮合生,体现了本科在泽泻亚纲中花部结构进化的特征。     

野鸦椿资源及其利用

野鸦椿主要分布在我国长江以南地区,它的花、根、果实都可药用,作为观赏植物,更具有利用价值,值得进一步开发利用.     

不同地域银杏大蚕蛾的遗传多样性

银杏大蚕蛾Dictyoploca japonica Moore是一种重要的林业害虫,近年来在我国局部地区暴发且有逐步蔓延的趋势。利用ISSR技术对10个不同地域的银杏大蚕蛾的基因组DNA进行遗传多样性分析。结果表明:所采用的35个随机引物中,有20个引物扩增出清晰且重复性好的条带,扩增总片断数为299条,其中有250个位点具有多态性,多态性位点比率为83·61%,不同地域银杏大蚕蛾间的遗传距离(D)在0·2315~0·4147之间。根据D值,由UPGMA聚类分析软件绘制了分子进化树,发现不同地域银杏大蚕蛾已发生种群分化。     

Chemical constituents of Chimaphila japonica Miq

A phytochemical study of the whole plants of Chimaphila japonica Miq. led to the isolation of 23 compounds, including ten triterpenoids (1–10), six flavonoids (11–16), two sterols (17 and 18), two quinonoids (19 and 20), one saccharide derivative (21), one phenolic glycoside (22), and one megastigmane glycoside (23). The structures of these isolated compounds were identified using NMR spectroscopy (¹H and ¹³C) by comparison with previously reported data. All compounds, except 19 and 22, were reported from C. japonica for the first time. Among them, 16 compounds (1–4, 6–9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, and 23) were reported from genus Chimaphila for the first time, while compounds 12, 16, and 23 were isolated from the Ericaceae family for the first time. The chemotaxonomic significance of the isolates was also discussed.     

日本三角涡虫摄食行为的影响因素

研究了光强度、温度变化、食物种类、饥饿程度以及破坏耳突对日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)涡虫摄食行为的影响。弱光和低温最利于涡虫摄食;4种人工饲料中,涡虫偏爱食熟的鸡蛋蛋黄;在一定范围内,饥饿时间长短与摄食强度呈正相关;破坏耳突后涡虫的摄食能力基本消失,“脑”对涡虫摄食是否有作用尚待进一步研究。     

虎杖的组织培养与快速繁殖

以虎杖茎段、叶柄、叶片为外植体探讨了愈伤组织诱导、分化和植株再生的条件,筛选出茎段生长培养基为1/2MS+BA1.0mg·L-1+KT0.5mg·L-1+NAA0.2mg·L-1,茎段、叶柄和叶片外植体愈伤组织诱导培养基为MS+BA1.0～2.0mg·L-1+KT0.2～0.5mg·L-1+NAA0.2～0.5mg·L-1或MS+BA2.0～3.0mg·L-1+KT0.2～0.5mg·L-1+2,4-D0.5mg·L-1;丛生芽诱导培养基为MS+BA2.0mg·L-1+KT0.5mg·L-1+IBA0.2mg·L-1+LH1000;不定根及根状茎诱导培养基为1/2MS+IBA0.2mg·L-1.     

大孢虫花生物学特性及驯化栽培

对采自辽宁省仙人洞国家级自然保护区野生大孢虫花(Isaria japonica Yasuda)的生物学特性和驯化栽培进行探究。试验结果表明:PDA培养基上适宜碳、氮源分别是蔗糖和谷氨酸,适宜p H为6;在3种供试培养料中只能在配方一(2%葡萄糖,0.1%硫酸镁,0.2%磷酸二氢钾,1.4%琼脂,96%蒸馏水,p H自然,0.3%蛋白胨)中形成子实体。     

虎仗原生质体分离纯化及电融合初步研究

以野生虎杖根状茎芽为外植体诱导虎杖愈伤组织,选取生长状况良好的愈伤组织作为原生质体分离材料,通过L16(44)正交试验对虎杖原生质体分离条件进行优化.结果表明:1.4%纤维素酶R-10,0.1%果胶酶,17%甘露醇的酶液,酶解时间7h,虎杖原生质体分离效果最好.在80r/min振荡分离后虎杖原生质体得率为46.2%.以800r/min的离心速度纯化,纯化的原生质体得率为43.8%,其中原生质体的成活率为75%.通过对虎杖原生质体进行融合,原生质体的融合率为20.2%.