The phototoxicity of phenothiazinium derivatives against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Phenothiazinium dyes, and derivatives, were tested for toxicity to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The dyes were generally lipophilic (log P>1) and showed inherent dark toxicity (minimum lethal concentrations: 3.1-1000 microM). Dye illumination (total light dose of 3.15 J cm(-1) over 30 min) led to up to eight-fold reductions in minimum lethal concentrations. Most of the illuminated dyes showed significant relative singlet oxygen yields (phi'delta: 0.18-1.35) suggesting a type II mechanism of generating a phototoxic response. Although generally up to six-fold more effective against S. aureus, the dyes tested efficiently killed E. coli and may be of particular use in combating Gram-negative pathogens.     

乳酸杆菌细胞裂解物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用

目的探讨乳杆菌DM8909裂解物在体内外对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用。方法通过对乳杆菌超声波破碎制成裂解物,分别用乳杆菌裂解物原液、裂解物稀释液、发酵上清液、乳杆菌活菌制剂进行体内、体外实验,观察乳杆菌各成分对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用。结果德氏乳酸杆菌裂解物对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌的抑制作用与乳杆菌活菌制剂的抑制作用相近。结论德氏乳酸杆菌裂解物在体内外对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌均有较强的抑制作用。     

C-terminus of TRAP in Staphylococcus can enhance the activity of lysozyme and lysostaphin

In Staphylococcus aureus , the target of RNAIII activating protein (TRAP) is a membrane-associated protein whose C-terminus can be used as a vaccine to provide protection against staphylococcal infection. Here, we show for the first time by surface plasmon resonance and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that TRAP can specifically bind lysozyme and lysostaphin through its C-terminus (amino acids 155–167) and enhance lysozomal activities in vitro . It was also found that the traP mutant strain is more resistant to lysostaphin than wild-type. Our previous data showed that the C-terminus of TRAP might be extracellular. So our results suggested that the C-terminus of TRAP could act as the specific targeting protein of the lysozyme/lysostaphin on the S. aureus cell wall and the biological significance of the interaction might be to facilitate lysozyme/lysostaphin-mediated cell lysis.     

聚乙二醇小檗碱液对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生长的抑制作用

目的 明确聚乙二醇小檗碱液在琼脂培养基表面的抑菌特点,及其对大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的标准菌株、抗生素敏感菌株与多重耐药菌株生长的抑制作用,研究评价药物在皮肤黏膜表面的抑菌作用的合理实验方法.方法 以大肠埃希菌和金黄色葡萄球菌(标准菌株、抗生素敏感菌株和多重耐药菌株)为研究对象,用常量肉汤稀释法测定聚乙二醇小檗碱液的最低抑菌浓度(Minimum Inhibitory Concentration,MIC);用平皿琼脂培养法和试管肉汤培养法测定不同浓度聚乙二醇小檗碱液的抑菌作用.结果 在不同浓度的聚乙二醇小檗碱液的作用下,在琼脂培养基表面上或肉汤培养基中细菌的生长受到明显抑制,抑制作用与小檗碱浓度正相关,且对抗生素敏感菌株和多重耐药菌株的抑制作用差异无统计学意义;聚乙二醇小檗碱液在平皿琼脂表面和试管肉汤中对大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌抑制100％菌株的浓度分别为1 500和375 mg/L、1 500和375 mg/L.聚乙二醇小檗碱液在琼脂培养基表面的抑菌作用明显低于在肉汤培养基中的抑制作用,在琼脂培养基表面的抑菌浓度是肉汤培养基中的抑菌浓度的4倍.并且金黄色葡萄球菌与大肠埃希菌之间差异无统计学意义.聚乙二醇小檗碱液必须达到肉汤培养基中4倍以上浓度时,才能获得抑制100％细菌在琼脂培养基表面生长的效果.结论 高浓度的聚乙二醇小檗碱液可以抑制皮肤黏膜表面的细菌,包括抗生素耐药菌株的生长;皮肤黏膜表面应用聚乙二醇小檗碱液的适宜浓度为1 500 mg/L.琼脂培养基法适用于评价药物在皮肤黏膜表面的抑菌作用.     

用壳聚糖替代Sepharse 4B固定相关配体纯化酶的研究

采用壳聚糖固定酶作用的特定底物（菌体细胞）,并用戊二醛交联制备成酶的亲和吸附剂。采用该吸附剂纯化溶葡球菌的研究表明,经一步纯化可提高纯度4倍,酶活性回收大于70％。SDS－PAGE的电泳结果显示,产品基本上达到了标准酶的纯度。同时表明该吸附剂没有非特异性吸附。由载体壳聚糖替代Sepharose 4B制备的吸附剂具有简单、快速、较高收得率和操作安全等优点,适用于特定酶或基因工程产品的分离纯化。     

A new gel tube method for the direct detection, identification and susceptibility testing of bacteria in clinical samples

We recently developed a simple new method which is designed to separate and concentrate bacteria from a sample by centrifugation in a gel system. Bacterial enzyme activity is then detected inside the gel without further manipulation using a colorimetric or fluorogenic substrate. The method provides a rapid, direct means of detecting bacteria in clinical samples, dispensing with the 24-h period normally required to isolate colonies on agar. Various applications of the method are described below, e.g. screening of negative urine samples, identification of Escherichia coli in urine samples, identification of Staphylococcus aureus in blood culture broths and detection of oxacillin-resistant S. aureus in blood culture broths. The advantages of the gel system and other applications are discussed.     

DOPA Production with Enterobacter cloacae NB 320 by Transamination Reaction

Taxonomical investigation was performed on the bacterium, strain NB 320 isolated from soil, and it was identified as Enterobacter cloacae. This bacterium produced the enzyme which catalyzed the transamination reaction between 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl pyruvate and an amino acid to form l-Dopa.

The optimum culture conditions for the enzyme production were studied along with the characteristics of the enzyme. The enzyme of the strain was different in some properties from that of Alcaligenes faecalis IAM 1015 which had been already studied. The former utilized glutamate as an amino donor best among the amino acids tested for transamination and was induced by the addition of glutamine and asparagine. Intact cells of the strain did not catalyze the reaction unless they were treated with sonication or with a detergent.     

不同浓度酒精对两种常见细菌生物膜的影响

目的 探讨不同浓度的酒精对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌生物膜形成的抑制作用.方法 配制不同浓度的酒精(1.25％、2.5％、5％和10％),作用于培养24 h形成成熟生物膜的金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌,利用FDA/PI荧光染料染色,在激光共聚焦显微镜扫描生物膜并分析活菌与死菌比例.结果 不同浓度的酒精对两种细菌生物膜的形成均有一定破坏作用,5％、10％浓度酒精对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜破坏最大,活菌与死菌比例为0.142 ±0.007、0.006±0.001;10％浓度酒精对大肠埃希菌生物膜破坏最大,活菌与死菌比例为5.751±1.779.结论 较低浓度的酒精可抑制金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌生物膜的形成,且10％浓度的酒精效果最好.     

不同类型铜合金板的杀菌特性

【目的】微生物对可接触表面的污染给公共卫生带来了极大的威胁。利用具有杀菌特性的铜及铜合金代替不锈钢等制品,可以降低消毒剂的使用和细菌的传播。【方法】通过分析3株金黄色葡萄球菌和2株大肠杆菌在铜及铜合金平板上的存活时间,对不同类型铜合金的杀菌特性进行了探索。【结果】铜合金平板的杀菌能力与其铜含量成正比;铜合金对同属细菌的杀菌能力相近,对不同属细菌则有一定差异;铜合金的杀菌效率与细菌对Cu2+抗性没有直接联系;铜合金杀菌的效率与细菌的细胞壁结构可能有很大关联。【结论】铜及铜合金是较好的杀菌材料。     

沙门菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的多重PCR检测

根据沙门菌invA基因、大肠杆菌phoA基因和金黄色葡萄球菌nuc基因序列,设计3对特异性引物进行多重PCR并对反应条件进行优化。结果表明3对引物能特异地扩增出284bp、622bp、484bp的目的条带;最佳反应条件为沙门菌、大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌的引物浓度分别为40nmol／L、40nmol／L、80nmol／L,Mg^2＋浓度2．4mmol／L,dNTP浓度2001μmol／L,Taq DNA聚合酶1.5u,退火温度55．0℃-57．4℃之间;在此条件下多重PCR同时检测DNA的敏感性分别是10．2pg、10．2pg、102．0pg,检测时间4h。建立的多重PCR是一种敏感、特异、准确、快速的方法,为同时检测食品中沙门菌、大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌奠定了基础。     

Persister cells and tolerance to antimicrobials

Bacterial populations produce persister cells that neither grow nor die in the presence of microbicidal antibiotics. Persisters are largely responsible for high levels of biofilm tolerance to antimicrobials, but virtually nothing was known about their biology. Tolerance of Escherichia coli to ampicillin and ofloxacin was tested at different growth stages to gain insight into the nature of persisters. The number of persisters did not change in lag or early exponential phase, and increased dramatically in mid-exponential phase. Similar dynamics were observed with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ofloxacin) and Staphylococcus aureus (ciprofloxacin and penicillin). This shows that production of persisters depends on growth stage. Maintaining a culture of E. coli at early exponential phase by reinoculation eliminated persisters. This suggests that persisters are not at a particular stage in the cell cycle, neither are they defective cells nor cells created in response to antibiotics. Our data indicate that persisters are specialized survivor cells.     

重组溶葡萄球菌酶的PEG定点修饰

为获得高抗菌活性聚乙二醇(PEG)定点修饰的溶葡萄球菌酶(Lysn),根据该酶的高级结构,在它的催化域和结合域上优选8个位点(Q9、N13、N40、T172、N174、G197、V240和T244),将其分别突变成半胱氨酸,纯化后的溶葡萄球菌酶突变体经DTT处理后与20 kDa的单甲氧基聚乙二醇马来酰亚胺(m PEG-MAL)进行定点修饰反应,RP-HPLC分析显示PEG修饰率大于70%,修饰产物经MacroCap SP阳离子交换层析纯化后,PEG化溶葡萄球菌酶的纯度大于95%。比浊法和最小抑菌浓度(MIC)实验表明20K-PEG-Lysn V240C和20K-PEG-Lysn T244C的抗菌活性维持在原来的50%左右。研究结果为溶葡萄球菌酶全身给药治疗金黄色葡萄球菌感染奠定基础。     

Nucleotide sequence of the ethidium efflux gene from Escherichia coli

The nucleotide sequence of the gene specifying the ethidium efflux system of Escherichia coli has been determined. The translated open reading frame has identified a membrane-bound polypeptide of 110 amino acids (11,960 Da) which shares 42% identity with a staphylococcal protein specifying resistance to ethidium.     

黑大蒜提取物联合抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌和肠埃希菌的体外抗菌作用研究

评价黑大蒜提取物分别与头孢唑林或庆大霉素联合应用,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的体外抗菌效应。采用液体稀释法分别测定黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。采用棋盘法设计,微量肉汤稀释法测定黑大蒜提取物联合头孢唑林或庆大霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的MIC,并计算部分抑菌浓度（FIC指数）。测定黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的时间-杀菌曲线。黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为256μg/mL,黑大蒜提取物对大肠埃希菌的MIC为256μg/mL。时间-杀菌曲线结果显示黑大蒜提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抑菌作用呈现较强的浓度依赖性。黑大蒜提取物联合头孢唑林后对金黄色葡萄球菌的FIC指数为0.75;黑大蒜提取物联合庆大霉素后对大肠埃希菌的FIC指数为0.5。黑大蒜提取物与头孢唑林或庆大霉素联合用药,可明显降低抗生素对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的MIC,表现为相加和协同效应。