新疆马鹿塔里木亚种的现状与保护

新疆马鹿塔里木亚种高度适应荒漠生境, 自20 世纪50 年代以来, 由于自然和人为因素的影响, 种群数量急剧下降。栖息地退缩和片段化不仅导致种群遗传多样性的丧失, 而且也因遗传漂变和近亲繁殖, 不断地加剧了该亚种的濒危程度。为有效的保护该物种, 特提出可行的保护措施建议。     

用粪便形态特征初步研究新疆塔里木马鹿种群年龄和性别

塔里木马鹿分布在干旱地区,是唯一的适应干旱荒漠环境的特殊马鹿亚种之一.目前,塔里木马鹿种群面临着栖息地退缩和片段化的双重影响,这不仅导致了种群数量的锐减,而且也因物种遗传漂变和近亲繁殖的不断增加,进一步加剧其濒危程度.为了有效地保护该物种,全面了解种群结构是至关重要.对塔里木马鹿粪便的长度、宽度、长度/宽度比例和体积等参数进行了测量,并采用判别分析方法划分种群年龄.结果表明,塔里木马鹿粪便形态在不同性别之间有差异,一般雌性的粪便大于雄性(P<0.05).同时根据粪便形态对种群年龄划分为成年雄性、成年雌性和幼体等3个年龄组.     

塔里木马鹿(Cervus elaphus yarkandensis)遗传结构及遗传多样性分析

目的:塔里木马鹿(Cervus elaphus yarkandensis)为马鹿的新疆特有亚种,自20世纪50年代以来,由于自然和人为因素影响,种群数量急剧下降,现已隔离成3个孤立的小种群,即沙雅种群、尉犁种群和且末种群.为了更好地保护这一濒危野生动物.方法:基于塔里木马鹿线粒体控制区部分序列对3个种群的控制区结构和遗传多样性进行了研究.结果:在34个序列比对中得到342bp的片段,含变异位点12个,占分析序列长度的3.51%,由此定义了6个单倍型.显示出3个种群总的核苷酸多样性较低(0.01351±0.00063),单倍型多样性较高(0.693±0.051);就单个种群而言,且末种群的遗传多样性最低,而沙雅种群最高.从Tajima's D和Fu and Li's D值的估算结果来看,塔里木马鹿尉犁和沙雅种群相对于中性进化的歧异度并没有明显的偏离(P>0.1),且末种群则出现了明显的偏离(分别为P<0.05和P<0.02),这预示着3个塔里木马鹿种群间可能存在一定的平衡选择.分子变异分析表明,沙雅和尉犁种群间基因流Nm大于4,说明这2个塔里木马鹿种群间存在着非常丰富的基因流,且末种群分别与沙雅、尉犁种群间基因流Nm均小于1,而且末种群分别与沙雅和尉犁种群产生了明显的遗传分化(Fst分别为0.409;0.718,P值均小于0.001),以及3个塔里木马鹿种群单倍型间的序列差异为0.012.结论:以上数据都显示了3个塔里木马鹿种群的单倍型间已经出现了明显分化.结合系统发生关系分析,应将沙雅种群和尉犁种群联合建立管理单元进行重点保护.     

马鹿阿拉善亚种遗传多样性和群体结构

马鹿阿拉善亚种（Cervus elaphus alashanicus）又称阿拉善马鹿,目前仅分布于贺兰山地区,是我国马鹿亚种分布范围最狭窄的一个隔离种群。为了解阿拉善马鹿的种群遗传多样性及遗传变异情况,以对该种群的保护提供科学参考,对在贺兰山采集的93个野生个体新鲜粪便样本的线粒体控制区部分序列（991 bp）进行扩增和分析,共检测到68个变异位点,定义16种单倍型,平均单倍型多样性为0.405,平均核苷酸多样性为0.00232,说明种群遗传多样性水平较低。中性检验和错配分布分析表明阿拉善马鹿曾出现过种群扩张,贝叶斯天际线分析（BSP）显示扩张时间约在末次冰盛期（0.028—0.010 Ma）。FST检验表明阿拉善马鹿种群内存在显著遗传分化,系统发育树和单倍型网络图分析表明群体间没有明显的系统地理格局。本研究表明阿拉善马鹿目前种群遗传多样性较低,建议加大对该亚种的关注和保护力度。       

大鸨的现状和研究动态

大鸨(Otistarda)是栖息于广阔草原的重要濒危鸟类,属国家Ⅰ级保护动物。本文根据近年国内外对该物种的研究结果,对其亚种分布、种群数量、生态生物学、种群遗传结构及组织形态学观察等方面作了综述。通过对其生存现状、受胁原因、研究动态的论述,为该物种的保护和管理提供科学的依据。     

中国新疆马鹿亚种头骨形态的地理变化

新疆马鹿（Cervus elaphus）有3个亚种（塔里木亚种C．e．yarkandensis、天山亚种C．e．songarieus和阿勒泰亚种C．e．sibirieus）。本文报道新疆马鹿3个亚种头骨形态学特征描述和14项形态学指标测定。被测定的指标主要有颅全长（GLC）、颜面长（FL）、鼻骨全长（GLN）、前头长（MFL）、眼窝长（OFW）、基底全长（CBL）、口盖最大幅（GPB）、前臼齿间距离（Pm—P）、眼间最小幅（ZB）、筋突起高（CH）、关筋突起高（LH）、牙齿间隙裂高（DH）、前下颚骨高（HMP2）、后下颚骨高（HMM,）,采用主成分分析并在这3个亚种之间进行了比较。结果表明：1）阿勒泰亚种的头骨长度和高度值比塔里木亚种大,宽度值比塔里木亚种小;2）天山亚种的头骨大小一般处在塔里木亚种和阿勒泰亚种的中间,但三者之间没有显著性差异;3）阿勒泰亚种和天山亚种的头骨形态测量数据比较接近,塔里木亚种的头骨形态比较特殊（塔里木亚种的头骨短而宽,明显区别于其他两亚种的特征）。在新疆导致马鹿3个亚种头骨形态差异的主要因素有栖息地环境和气候因素的差异。阿勒泰亚种和天山亚种栖息在大陆性气候寒冷区的针叶林中,冬天气候比较寒冷;塔里木亚种栖息在大陆性气候温热区的塔里木河流域胡杨林中,气候干旱炎热。因此,阿勒泰和天山亚种在适应寒冷的气候并适应生软食物的食性过程中头骨变成长细,而塔里木亚种长期适应干旱炎热并适应生硬食物的食性使头骨变的短而宽。     

塔里木胡杨林保护区塔里木马鹿生境动态及其影响因素分析

采用GIS技术,结合实地考察数据和历史数据,通过对信息加工与处理,对1973-2003年间塔里木胡杨林自然保护区马鹿塔里木亚种(Cervus elaphus yarkandensis)分布区的生境动态情况进行了研究,同时对影响塔里木马鹿栖息地变化的主要因素进行了分析。结果表明,自1973-2003年在塔里木胡杨林自然保护区中各种生境类型的变化比较显著,其中(1)水资源严重缺乏,水量剧烈减少,水域面积大幅缩小(2)沙漠面积和低盖度植被面积略有减少,高盖度植被面积减少强烈,保护区内耕地面积快速增加,荒漠化趋势明显,总体上马鹿塔里木亚种分布区的各种生境类型处于变化状态,栖息地环境趋向恶化。     

气候变化导致青藏高原马鹿种群适应性分布退缩：以类乌齐马鹿国家级自然保护区为例

近50年青藏高原的气候变化速率是全球平均值的2倍,对高原有蹄类的种群分布和多样性维持带来严重影响。本研究以西藏类乌齐马鹿国家级自然保护区的马鹿种群为例,通过2013年和2021年对马鹿和牦牛种群数量、分布的调查,并整合了物种分布模型和种群动态模型,评估了当前和未来气候变化及人类活动(放牧、道路、居民点等)对马鹿种群适应性分布的影响。研究表明,马鹿种群在2013—2021年由890头增加到1 400头,根据种群增长模型预计在2050年马鹿种群数量将达到1 735头,但其适宜栖息地在2050年代下降43.4%,2070年代下降5.1%,表明马鹿种群增长与适宜栖息地缩小之间的冲突将不利于马鹿种群的可持续发展。同时,当前马鹿与牦牛栖息地重合率为19%,2050年代为60%,2070年代为37%,且牦牛与马鹿存在食物竞争,这在一定程度上减少了马鹿原有的适宜栖息地。为保护马鹿,建议减少牦牛的饲养量1 000～1 500头。本研究将种群增长模型、种间竞争关系与物种分布模型整合,把气候变化对物种的影响延伸到种群层面,对其他物种的保护具有借鉴意义。     

大兴安岭南段马鹿生境适宜性分析与生态廊道构建

构建生态廊道在缓解生境破碎化对生物多样性的影响、维持濒危物种的遗传多样性、维护自然生态系统结构完整与功能稳定方面具有重要作用。以内蒙古大兴安岭南段分布的马鹿(Cervus elaphus)种群为研究对象,利用MaxEnt模型对其生境适宜性进行分析,并利用最小累积阻力模型构建潜在生态扩散廊道,探讨大兴安岭南段区域隔离马鹿种群的栖息地连通方案。结果显示,马鹿栖息地呈破碎化状态,种群有明显的隔离分布趋势,现有适宜栖息地具有海拔较低(800—1200 m)、坡度较缓(<15°)、靠近水源、植被类型多为靠近山林的灌丛或草地等特点。所构建12条生态廊道具有经过河流浅水节段、远离村落等特点,便于落实栖息地生态恢复管理措施。研究从区域尺度综合分析了大兴安岭南段马鹿栖息地现状及连通性,有助于优化适宜栖息地格局,促进马鹿扩散和栖息地连通,为该物种隔离种群及其栖息地保护规划提供现实指导和基础资料。     

海南坡鹿的起源、进化及保护

坡鹿是世界濒危物种,三个亚种分布在东南亚大陆,仅海南坡鹿种群分布在中国海南岛.2003年,国际社会的专家和学者提出了将海南坡鹿引入泰国亚种原分布区,重建已经绝灭野生种群的建议.在此种情况下,明确海南坡鹿的起源、与其它亚种间的系统发生关系、以及遗传多样性水平对有效保护坡鹿具有重要意义.本研究以线粒体DNA D-loop区490 bp基因片段为分子标记,比较分析了海南坡鹿、泰国亚种和缅甸亚种共35个样本的序列差异.我们所测的样本中,总共发现4种单倍型.所有21个海南坡鹿样品共享1种单倍型.利用最大似然法(ML)、最大简约法(MP)、邻接法(NJ)和贝叶斯法(Bayesian)构建的系统进化树表明海南坡鹿种群与泰国亚种的关系较近.但是,二者也发生一定程度的遗传分化.海南坡鹿与泰国亚种的遗传距离均值为0.026.我们推测海南坡鹿可能是在更新世冰期(69万年前)通过陆桥由东南亚大陆迁入中国海南岛.我们的结论说明海南坡鹿的遗传多样性很低,并且已独立进化很长时间.因此,我们不支持将海南坡鹿引入泰国亚种的原分布区,重建已经绝灭的野生种群的设想和建议.我们建议将海南坡鹿与泰国亚种分别作为两个独立的进化显著单元(ESUs)进行管理.     

圈养条件下新疆马鹿两个亚种的肠道菌群比较分析

肠道菌群组成复杂，与宿主肠道内环境动态平衡和健康息息相关。马鹿是鹿科动物中分布最广的种类，亚种分化众多，但现有马鹿肠道菌群研究较少。为丰富马鹿肠道菌群数据，以马鹿的两个亚种为阶元，运用高通量16S rRNA基因测序技术检测了7头雄性天山马鹿和7头雄性塔里木马鹿的肠道微生物，对其核心菌群、结构组成、多样性及肠道微生物的差异进行分析，旨在了解不同马鹿亚种肠道微生物组成差异，为两亚种间肠道菌群的差异提供参考。研究结果表明，塔里木马鹿菌群多样性及丰度低于天山马鹿。厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）及拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）为两组马鹿的优势菌门。此外，天山马鹿肠道中分解蛋白质、脂质的拟杆菌门和变形菌门相对丰度高于塔里木马鹿，而分解植物纤维的双歧杆菌（Bifidobacterium）、瘤胃球菌科UCG 014（Ruminococcaceae UCG 014）的相对丰度低于塔里木马鹿。本研究对天山马鹿及塔里木马鹿肠道菌群组成进行初步了解，可根据研究结果调整其饲料配比，为马鹿饲养管理的改善提供参考。     

Phylogeography and conservation genetics of Eld's deer (Cervus eldi)

Eld's deer (Cervus eldi) is a highly endangered cervid, distributed historically throughout much of South Asia and Indochina. We analysed variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region for representatives of all three Eld's deer subspecies to gain a better understanding of the genetic population structure and evolutionary history of this species. A phylogeny of mtDNA haplotypes indicates that the critically endangered and ecologically divergent C. eldi eldi is related more closely to C. e. thamin than to C. e. siamensis, a result that is consistent with biogeographic considerations. The results also suggest a strong degree of phylogeographic structure both between subspecies and among populations within subspecies, suggesting that dispersal of individuals between populations has been very limited historically. Haplotype diversity was relatively high for two of the three subspecies (thamin and siamensis), indicating that recent population declines have not yet substantially eroded genetic diversity. In contrast, we found no haplotype variation within C. eldi eldi or the Hainan Island population of C. eldi siamensis, two populations which are known to have suffered severe population bottlenecks. We also compared levels of haplotype and nucleotide diversity in an unmanaged captive population, a managed captive population and a relatively healthy wild population. Diversity indices were higher in the latter two, suggesting the efficacy of well-designed breeding programmes for maintaining genetic diversity in captivity. Based on significant genetic differentiation among Eld's deer subspecies, we recommend the continued management of this species in three distinct evolutionarily significant units (ESUs). Where possible, it may be advisable to translocate individuals between isolated populations within a subspecies to maintain levels of genetic variation in remaining Eld's deer populations.     

Pragmatic Perspective on Conservation Genetics and Demographic History of the Last Surviving Population of Kashmir Red Deer (Cervus elaphus hanglu) in India

The hangul (Cervus elaphus hanglu) is of great conservation concern because it represents the easternmost and only hope for an Asiatic survivor of the red deer species in the Indian subcontinent. Despite the rigorous conservation efforts of the Department of Wildlife Protection in Jammu & Kashmir, the hangul population has experienced a severe decline in numbers and range contraction in the past few decades. The hangul population once abundant in the past has largely become confined to the Dachigam landscape, with a recent population estimate of 218 individuals. We investigated the genetic variability and demographic history of the hangul population and found that it has shown a relatively low diversity estimates when compared to other red deer populations of the world. Neutrality tests, which are used to evaluate demographic effects, did not support population expansion, and the multimodal pattern of mismatch distribution indicated that the hangul population is under demographic equilibrium. Furthermore, the hangul population did not exhibit any signature of bottleneck footprints in the past, and Coalescent Bayesian Skyline plot analysis revealed that the population had not experienced any dramatic changes in the effective population size over the last several thousand years. We observed a strong evidence of sub-structuring in the population, wherein the majority of individuals were assigned to different clusters in Bayesian cluster analysis. Population viability analysis demonstrated insignificant changes in the mean population size, with a positive growth rate projected for the next hundred years. We discuss the phylogenetic status of hangul for the first time among the other red deer subspecies of the world and strongly recommend to upgrade hangul conservation status under IUCN that should be discrete from the other red deer subspecies of the world to draw more conservation attention from national and international bodies.     

Mitochondrial and Nuclear DNA Based Genetic Assessment Indicated Distinct Variation and Low Genetic Exchange Among the Three Subspecies of Swamp Deer (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Rucervus</Emphasis> <Emphasis Type="Italic">duvaucelii</Emphasis>)

The swamp deer (Rucervus duvaucelii) occurs, primarily, in the wet grasslands of the Himalayan foothills as well as the dry grasslands of central India. Three subspecies have been identified, namely R. duvaucelii duvaucelii, R. duvaucelii branderi and R. duvaucelii ranjitsinhi. Degradation of grassland habitats led to a drastic decline in the total swamp deer population in the early 19th century. Even though the species has recently shown signs of recovery, it is still vulnerable to the small-population paradigm. Effective management plans need to be put in place to increase the population through scientific intervention. The current genetic variation within the three subspecies of R. duvaucelii is unclear, and this is hindering effective conservation planning. We examined the genetic variability, population structure and demography of the three subspecies of swamp deer using the mtDNA control region and microsatellite analysis. Despite the spatial isolation of the populations, we found a high level of variation and weak divergence among the subspecies. The genetic differentiation (F _ST ) between the subspecies and the mismatch distribution of haplotypes indicated recent colonization by these subspecies. Population bottleneck analysis indicated that the existing subspecies and their populations are at demographic equilibrium and are stable. The study highlights the need for effective conservation management intervention to maintain the population size and genetic diversity. It also indicates that all the subspecies need to be managed as separate conservation units.