Endometrial hyperplasia with berrylike squamous metaplasia and pilomatrixomalike shadow cells. Report of an intriguing cytohistologic case

BACKGROUND: The usefulness of endometrial cytology as a diagnostic method in asymptomatic women, especially in postmenopause, in the interpretation of composite pictures characterized by borderline features between atypical hyperplasia and well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, especially if associated metaplastic features are present, is somewhat controversial. CASE: An asymptomatic, 50-year-old, postmenopausal woman underwent a Pap smear and endometrial cytology for routine screening, disclosing three-dimensional, sometimes pseudopapillary groupings of hyperplastic endometrial glandular cells with focal atypia in direct continuity with large, squamoid cells of the keratinizing type and shadow cells. Histologic examination of endometrial tissue was advised, and two subsequent endometrial biopsies and hysteroscopic ablation were performed. The borderline character of the lesion (complex atypical hyperplasia vs. well-differentiated adenocarcinoma) with concomitant squamous metaplasia and pilomatrixomalike shadow cells prevented diagnostic agreement between several pathologists. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic cytology with direct endometrial sampling represents a valuable diagnostic screening tool for the differential diagnosis between normal and pathologic endometrium, a mucosal picture that deserves a subsequent (histologic) diagnostic procedure. In a few cases, as in the one presented above, even histologic examination, especially of so-called borderline lesions, reveals squamous or other types of metaplasia that can lead to interobserver discrepancies.     

Value of histiocyte detection in Pap smears for predicting endometrial pathology. An institutional experience

OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical implications of the finding of histiocytes in Pap smears in 1 patient population. STUDY DESIGN: The medical records and Pap smears which the presence of histiocytes was mentioned in the diagnosis between August 1996 and August 2001 were reviewed in conjunction with follow-up surgical findings. The positive predictive value (PPV) for significant endometrial pathology for the isolated finding of histiocytes on Pap smear was determined. RESULTS: Of the 238,225 women screened over a 60-month period, 325 were reported to have histiocytes in their Pap smears. Of them, 238 (73.2%) had subsequent endometrial sampling, hysterectomy or both, and follow-up Pap smears. Two hundred seven smears (87%) failed to disclose endometrial pathology. Thirty-one cases (13%) resulted in significant histopathologic findings, including 12 uterine malignancies, 8 endocervical polyps, 7 endometrial polyps, 2 submucosal leiomyomata, 1 simple hyperplasia without atypia and 1 case of tamoxifen-related changes. Upon review of the clinical records, 58% (18/31) of those patients had other significant clinical and/or cytologic findings. Five of the 18 patients (27.8%) had associated postmenopausal bleeding, 11 had additional abnormal Pap smear findings (atypical glandular cells, 6/18, or 33.3%; endometrial cells, 5/18, or 27.8%), and another 2 had both postmenopausal bleeding and atypical glandular cells (2/18, or 11.1%). The PPV for significant uterine pathology for women with the isolated finding of histiocytes on a Pap smear was 5.5% and 60% with additional clinical and/or Pap smear findings. The PPV for endometrial cancer was 1.3% in women with the isolated finding of histiocytes on a Pap smear but 20% for women with histiocytes and additional clinical/or Pap smear findings. CONCLUSION: Based on the findings of this study and recently published data, we conclude that the isolated finding of increased histiocytes in the absence of postmenopausal bleeding, endometrial cells or atypical glandular cells on a Pap smear is a poor indicator of uterine disease.     

DNA image cytometry in the differential diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To test the value of DNA image cytometry in the differential diagnosis of hyperplastic endometrial lesions and endometrial carcinoma on a series of 153 cases of simple hyperplasia (n = 71), complex hyperplasia (n = 28), complex atypical hyperplasia (n = 11) and endometrial adenocarcinoma (n = 43). STUDY DESIGN: Monolayer smears were prepared from three 50-micron-thick sections by a cell separation technique and were stained according to Feulgen. The DNA content of 250 epithelial cells, chosen randomly, was determined using a TV image analysis system (CM-1, Hund, Wetzlar, Germany). The DNA content of 30 lymphocytes served as an internal standard for the normal diploid value in every case. Different DNA cytometric parameters and the mean nuclear area were calculated. RESULTS: Cases of adenocarcinoma and complex atypical hyperplasia (n = 54) were defined as clinically "positive" as these patients are normally treated by hysterectomy. The remaining cases of simple and complex hyperplasia (n = 99) were interpreted as clinically "negative" as conservative therapy is usually preferred. Requesting a specificity of > 90%, high sensitivity rates were calculated for ploidy imbalance (94%), mean ploidy (91%), diploid deviation quotient (91%), DNA stemline ploidy (87%) and 2c deviation index (85%), based on suitable thresholds. Entropy (76%), 5c exceeding events (63%), mean nuclear area (48%) and 9c exceeding events (6%) revealed lower sensitivity values. 5c Exceeding events (P = .0117) and mean nuclear area (P = .0392) were helpful in differentiating between atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma as the data distribution was significantly different with the U test. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that DNA single cell cytometry is a highly relevant tool in the differential diagnosis of endometrial lesions and could be used as a complementary diagnostic method, especially in histomorphologically difficult cases.     

Is there any potential link among caspase-8, p-p38 MAPK and bcl-2 in clear cell renal cell carcinomas? A comparative immunohistochemical analysis with clinical connotations

Background

Management of endometrial precancerous lesions has been of much debate due to inconsistencies in their classification, natural history and histologic diagnosis. Endometrial hyperplasia constitutes a wide range of histomorphologic features associated with high intra and interobserver diagnostic variability. Although traditional microscopic diagnosis is by far the most applicable method and the gold standard for histomorphologic diagnosis, digitized image analysis has been used as a powerful adjunct to maximize the histologic data retrieval and to add some detailed objective criteria for correct diagnosis in difficult cases.

Methods

A series of 100 endometrial curettage specimens with diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia or well differentiated adenocarcinoma were blindly reviewed by 5 pathologists; their intra and interobserver reproducibility determined and further compared to the objective morphometric data i.e. D-score and volume percent of stroma (VPS).

Results

The results were assessed using the weighted kappa statistics. Mean intraobserver kappa value was 0.8690 (99.44% agreement). Mean interobserver kappa values by diagnostic category were: simple hyperplasia without atypia: 0.7441; complex hyperplasia without atypia: 0.3379; atypical hyperplasia: 0.3473, and well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma: 0.6428; with a kappa value of 0.5372 for all cases combined. Interobserver agreement was in substantial rate for simple hyperplasia (SH) and well differentiated adenocarcinoma (WDA) but was in fair limit for complex hyperplasia (CH) and atypical hyperplasia (AH). Intraobserver agreement was almost perfect. The specimens were divided in two groups according to the computerized morphometric analysis: Endometrial Hyperplasia (EH) ( D Score ≥ 1 or VPS ≥ 55%) and Endometrial Intraepithelial Neoplasia (EIN) (D-Score < 1 or VPS < 55%). Morphometric findings were closely compatible with routine WHO classification made by one expert pathologist; however; diagnosis of (CH) and (AH) made by other pathologists were not concordant with morphometric data.

Conclusion

It may be necessary to make some revisions in WHO classification for endometrial hyperplasia and precancerous lesions.     

Fractal dimension in endometrial carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To mathematically assess in a pilot study, endometrial glandular margin irregularity in simple hyperplasia, complex atypical hyperplasia and well-differentiated endometrial carcinoma with the help of box counting of fractal dimension and to discriminate these lesions on the basis of box counting of fractal dimension of the gland. STUDY DESIGN: Ten cases each of endometrial simple hyperplasia (without atypia), complex hyperplasia with atypia and endometrial carcinoma (well-differentiated, endometrioid) were assessed in the study. Five fields at 20 x magnification from each case were randomly selected, and the glands were outlined with the help of a pointer. Using the box counting method, the fractal dimension of each case was measured. RESULTS: Mean fractal dimension in simple hyperplasia, complex atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma was, 0.899 +/- 0.13, 0.932 +/- 0.042 and 0.939 +/- 0.02, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that the fractal dimension of glands of simple hyperplasia were significantly different from that of complex atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma (P = .041 and .013, respectively, ANOVA). However, there was no significant difference in fractal dimension between glands of complex hyperplasia and of endometrial carcinoma (P = .659, ANOVA). CONCLUSION: This study provides mathematical (objective) assessment of the measurement of glandular margin irregularities in simple hyperplasia, complex atypical hyperplasia and endometrial carcinoma. Fractal dimension of gland margin may have diagnostic potential in the future.     

Increasing diagnostic accuracy with a cell block preparation from thin-layer endometrial cytology: a feasibility study

OBJECTIVE: To investigate (1) the feasibility of preparing cell blocks by inverted filter sedimentation (IFS-CB) from endometrial samplings processed by the ThinPrep (TP) technique (Cytyc Corp., Boxborough, Massachusetts, U.S.A.), and (2) the possibility of increasing the diagnostic accuracy of TP endometrial cytology by examining the tissue architecture as an adjunctive method of detecting endometrial lesions. STUDY DESIGN: Three hundred one endometrial samplings were obtained, using the Endogyn endometrial device (Biogyn S. n.c., Italy), from perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. The endometrial samplings were collected in a vial with liquid fixative for the TP processing. One TP slide was prepared from each case. If adequate material remained in the vial after the TP slide preparation, it was processed for IFS-CB preparation. RESULTS: IFS-CB preparation was processed in 263 cases (87%) with adequate material. Diagnoses on IFS-CB preparations obtained by endometrial sampling matched those of the hysterectomy specimens. The addition of IFS-CB histology to the cytologic diagnosis by TP increased the diagnostic accuracy of endometrial cytology to 96.3% and 100% for benign/atrophic endometrium and adenocarcinoma, respectively (p = 0.39 and 0.46). In hyperplasia without atypia and hyperplasia with atypia, the diagnostic accuracy increased significantly, to 96% and 95.3%, respectively (p = 0.037 and < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study illustrates the merit of linking TP cytology with direct endometrial sampling, including small tissue fragments and material adequate for IFS-CB preparation. TP cytology provides an accurate cytologic diagnosis and the possibility of IFS-CB preparation, which could be a valuable diagnostic adjunct to TP cytology.     

Cytological criteria of endometrial lesions with emphasis on stromal and epithelial cell clusters: result of 8 years of experience with intrauterine sampling

Objective:  There are a number of unresolved issues in endometrial cytology. They include the significance of nuclear atypia for the diagnosis of grade1 adenocarcinoma (G1AC) and atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH), cytological criteria of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia, and recognition of stromal cell cluster (SC) and its distinction from epithelial cell cluster (EC).
Methods:  We examined nuclear atypia, SC and EC in typical cases of five categories: normal endometrium (NEM), simple endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (SEH), complex endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (CEH), G1AC and grade2 adenocarcinoma (G2AC). We classified EC into four types: simple EC (SPEC), large regular EC (LREC), large irregular EC (LIEC) and small irregular EC (SIEC). Based on the results, we developed criteria of endometrial cytology and have evaluated 13 639 cases over 8 years.
Results:  Nuclear atypia was significantly more frequent in G2AC than in any of the other four categories ( P  <   0.001). SC was significantly more frequent in NEM and SEH than in the other three categories ( P  <   0.001). G1AC and G2AC showed significantly higher frequency of LIEC than the other three categories ( P  <   0.001). CEH exhibited significantly higher frequency of LREC than the four categories ( P  <   0.001). The sensitivity and the specificity was 88.8% and 99.0% respectively.
Conclusions:  We could diagnose G1AC, G2AC and CEH with high accuracy using the established criteria mainly based on SC and EC. We think that the criteria may facilitate an effective screening and an objective interpretation of endometrial samples.     

The premalignant disease of the endometrium: endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia

The WHO 1994 classification for endometrial hyperplasias is based on the morphologic features of the lesions. This system characterizes the nuclear cytologic morphology as typical or atypical and describes the glandular architectural pattern as simple or complex. The main problem of this classification is the poor reproducibility. Although the predictive value of the atypical category is high, there are many typical hyperplasia cases with cancer progression. Modern molecular data related to endometrial tumorigenesis and precise computerized morphometric analysis have identified the lesion that may be considered as a precursor of endometrioid adenocarcinoma. By definition, this endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia (EIN) is a clonal proliferation of architecturally and cytologically altered endometrial glands which are prone to malignant transformation to endometrioid (type I) endometrial adenocarcinoma. The morphometric basis of EIN diagnosis is the D-score (DS), which is a logical combination of three morphometric features that represent the glandular complexity, glandular volume and cytological alterations. PTEN inactivation and K-ras mutation are the earliest genetic changes that can be revealed in these lesions. Hyperplasia cases that do not fit into the EIN categories are considered as benign or hormonal endometrial hyperplasia. This is the theoretical basis of a new classification system in premalignant endometrial diseases. Retrospective clinical data proved the high predictive value of the EIN scheme, so the decision on therapy can be more established. The reproducibility is excellent with application of precise definitions and PTEN immunohistochemistry. In the "Blue book" published in 2003 the WHO introduces the new morphometric- and molecular-based EIN system, and recommends it as an alternative classification method.     

Evaluation of pregnancy-related cells in endometrial cytology

OBJECTIVE: To determine the significance of pregnancy-related cells in endometrial smears. STUDY DESIGN: Pregnancy-related cells in 4429 endometrial smear samples were retrospectively analyzed and evaluated for clinicopathologic and cytomorphologic features. RESULTS: Of the 4429 endometrial smears taken for cancer screening, pregnancy-related cells were detected in 12 cases (0.3%). They were estimated cytologically as negative or suspicious and confirmed as cases ofspontaneous abortion (8 cases), placental site nodule (3 cases), and partial hydatidiform mole (1 case). Decidual cells were observed in all cases, and some of these showed atypia. Trophoblasts were observed in 5 (41.7%) of the 12 cases. Syncytiotrophoblasts were observed in 1 case (8.3%) and nonsyncytiotrophoblasts in 5 (41.7%) of the 12 cases. Pregnancy-related cells were observed in an endometrial smear in 7 cases; other cases were missed during cytologic examination and were retrospectively identified. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy-related cells are likely to be missed because they are difficult to identify or are surrounded by a cluster of endometrial cells. The decidual cell is a key cell for the cytologic diagnosis of pregnancy-related cells. Determining the existence of pregnancy-related cells in endometrial smears is important for the further assessment of patients and the differential diagnosis of several endometrial lesions.     

Fine needle aspiration of breast lesions in women aged 30 and under

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of 1,598 breast masses were performed between 1983 and 1989, and of them, 48 were from women aged 30 and under for whom a cytologic diagnosis was made by FNA and histologic follow-up was available. In 37 (77%) of the cases, both the cytologic and histologic diagnoses were benign. Fibroadenoma (20/37) and fibrocystic changes (14/37) were the most common benign lesions aspirated. Eight (17%) FNAs showed cytologic atypia. Four of these atypical lesions proved to be benign (two fibroadenomas, two fibrocystic changes). Epithelial proliferation in fibroadenomas and fibrocystic changes and cellular stroma in a fibroadenoma mimicking phylloides tumor were the causes of atypia in these biopsies. Four of the eight atypical lesions were shown to be carcinoma at biopsy (three infiltrating duct, one atypical medullary). Low cellularity, epithelial cohesiveness mimicking a fibroadenoma and background lactational changes in a pregnant patient were the causes of the atypical, rather than unequivocally malignant, diagnoses in these cases. In three patients (6%), a diagnosis of carcinoma was made by FNA and confirmed histologically (all were infiltrating duct carcinoma). Although most breast masses in women aged 30 and under are benign, cytologic atypia in a breast fine needle aspirate in this age group warrants a surgical biopsy. Clinical follow-up alone may be appropriate for young women with clinically nonsuspicious breast masses without cytologic atypia.     

人滋养细胞表面抗原（Trop-2）在病变子宫内膜中表达的研究

摘要 目的：探讨人滋养细胞表面抗原（trophoblast cell-surface antigens2,Trop-2）在病变子宫内膜中的表达及其临床相关性。方法：采用免疫组化法检测100例正常子宫内膜或病变子宫内膜组织中Trop-2蛋白的表达,其中单纯增生子宫内膜患者26例,复杂或不典型增生子宫内膜患者34例,子宫内膜腺癌患者20例,对照组为20例增生期子宫内膜患者。结果：免疫组织化学法研究结果显示,Trop-2蛋白在正常增生子宫内膜和单纯性增生子宫内膜中几乎不表达,在复杂或不典型增生子宫内膜组织中以及子宫内膜腺癌呈阳性表达。主要分布在细胞膜上,阳性率分别为35.29 %和65.00 %,经过对比子宫内膜癌组的阳性表达率显著高于复杂型或伴不典型增生子宫内膜组的阳性表达率（P<0.05）,且复杂型或伴不典型增生子宫内膜组的阳性表达率显著高于单纯性增生子宫内膜组（P<0.05）,其表达水平随内膜病变程度的加重而升高,呈正相关关系（P＜0.05）。结论：Trop-2蛋白在子宫内膜病变中的表达与其严重程度一致,可反映子宫内膜病变的发生发展,或可作为判断其严重程度的指标。     

A comparative morphometric and cytophotometric study of intraductal hyperplasia and intraductal carcinoma of the breast

The Feulgen DNA content and the nuclear measurements of four groups of intraductal proliferations of the breast (hyperplasia, atypical hyperplasia, well-differentiated carcinoma without cytologic atypia and intraductal carcinoma with cytologic atypia) were compared. Intraductal carcinoma with atypia was the only group distinct from the others on the basis of DNA content, nuclear area and perimeter. Although the other groups were separable from intraductal carcinoma with atypia, they could not be reliably distinguished from each other by any combination of measurements. At best, 69% of well-differentiated intraductal carcinomas could be distinguished from atypical hyperplasias using a combination of DNA content and nuclear perimeter measurements. Thus, the difficult distinction of atypical hyperplasia from well-differentiated intraductal carcinoma by light microscopy was not aided by DNA analysis or by nuclear measurements.     

Clinical and cytologic features of papillary neoplasms of the breast

OBJECTIVE: To compare the cytologic features benign and malignant papillary breast lesions. STUDY DESIGN: We reviewed the clinical and cytologic features in 29 cases of intraductal papilloma and 26 cases of atypical papilloma or papillary carcinoma that had been diagnosed by histologic examination. The diameter of the mass was examined as a clinical feature. The cytologic features evaluated were as follows: bloody background, row of tall columnar cells, naked bipolar nuclei, hemosiderin-laden macrophages, myoepithelial cells, single scattered atypical cells, cellularity, nuclear atypia, nuclear grade, apocrine metaplasia, eosinophilic cytoplasmic granules, papillary clusters, small papillae, cell balls and large sheets. RESULTS: Of the features evaluated, the diameter of the mass, naked bipolar nuclei and cell balls differed significantly between benign and atypical or malignant papillary neoplasms. The average diameter of a benign papillary neoplasm was 1.8 cm, and that of an atypical or malignant papillary neoplasm was 2.2 cm (p = 0.042). Naked bipolar nuclei were found in 27 cases of benign papillary neoplasm (93.1%) versus 19 cases of atypical or malignant papillary neoplasm (73.1%) (p = 0.050). Cell balls were found in 14 (48.3%) and 21 (80.8%) cases, respectively (p = 0.012). All 6 cases in which cell balls were present and naked bipolar nuclei were absent proved to be atypical or malignant papillary neoplasms. Of 17 cases in which cell balls were absent and naked bipolar nuclei present, 13 (76.5%) were benign papillary neoplasms. CONCLUSION: Most cytologic features overlapped in benign and atypical or malignant papillary neoplasms. Although they were not pathognomonic, naked bipolar nuclei and cell balls were cytologic features that differed significantly between benign and atypical or malignant papillary neoplasms. When papillary neoplasms of the breast are suspected in a cytologic smear, the combination of clinical examination, mammography and cytologic features should be considered to make the correct diagnosis.     

Gynecomastia: cytologic features and diagnostic pitfalls in fine needle aspirates.

OBJECTIVE: To illustrate some of the uncommon cytologic findings of gynecomastia, such as apocrine metaplasia, cellular atypia and foamy macrophages, that can be misinterpreted as evidence of malignancy. STUDY DESIGN: The clinical data and fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic material from 100 men with the diagnosis of gynecomastia were retrospectively reviewed. The excisional biopsy slides were available for 16 cases. For comparison, FNA smears from five men with breast lesions other than gynecomastia were studied. RESULTS: The patients ranged in age from 23 to 91 years. Cytologic findings were as follows: cohesive sheets of cells containing 20-1,000 cells (98%); scattered, single, bipolar cells (78%); spindle cells (68%); ductal epithelial atypia (26%); apocrine metaplasia (8%); and foamy histiocytes (12%). In nine cases the atypia was marked, and in two of them the possibility of malignancy could not be ruled out. Surgical follow-up on 16 patients, including the cases with marked atypia, showed gynecomastia. In one case, gynecomastia was associated with intraductal papilloma. No correlation between the underlying etiology and atypical cytologic features of gynecomastia was identified. CONCLUSION: Apocrine metaplasia and epithelial atypia are common findings in gynecomastia. Attention to the cell patterns, the presence of sheets of ductal cells and absence of atypical single cells will point to the correct diagnosis.     

Significance of AGUS Pap smears in pregnant and postpartum women

OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical significance of atypical glandular cells of undertermined significance (AGUS) in pregnant and postpartum women. STUDY DESIGN: We evaluated 35 women who were pregnant (30) or within three months postpartum (5) and had a cytologic diagnosis of AGUS. Twenty-seven (77%) patients had follow-up: 17 (63%) patients underwent colposcopic examination and biopsy, and 10 (37%) had repeat Pap smears. Eight patients were lost to follow-up. RESULTS: Five (29.4%) patients had a squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), including three high grade and two low grade, on subsequent biopsy. The remaining (70.6%) patients had benign pathology, which included 5 chronic cervicitis, 4 endocervical and/or endometrial polyps, 2 Arias-Stella reaction and 1 microglandular hyperplasia. Among the patients with repeat Pap smears, two had persistent AGUS/atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, the remaining cases were within normal limits. CONCLUSION: Pregnancy-related changes may present with glandular atypia. In addition, about one-third of pregnant and postpartum women with a diagnosis of AGUS had SIL on subsequent biopsy; that rate is similar to that in nonpregnant women. Therefore, pregnant women with a cytologic diagnosis of AGUS should be followed closely.     

Glandular and squamous atypia and intraepithelial lesions in atrophic cervicovaginal smears. One institution's experience

OBJECTIVE: To review the cytologic features and follow-up histologic findings in atrophic cervicovaginal smears with the diagnoses of glandular or squamous atypia or intraepithelial lesion. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 228 cases were included in the study. The selection criteria included: age > 48 years and a diagnosis of either atypical glandular cells (AGC) (51 cases), cellular changes suggestive of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection (S/O HPV, 97 cases), low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) (60 cases) or high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) (20 cases). Follow-up biopsy information was available for 103 cases (45%). RESULTS: From the AGC group, 35 (69%) cases had tissue studies; 14 (40%) cases showed glandular lesions; 5 (14%) showed squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) and atypical cells. Follow-up information was available for 32 (33%) cases classified as S/O HPV; significant lesions (glandular/squamous) were found in 11 (34%). In the LSIL category, 22 (37%) cases had follow-up; 16 (73%) showed SIL. In the HSIL category, 14 cases (70%) underwent biopsy, and all showed SIL (four LSIL and nine HSIL) or squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSION: Even though atrophy-related epithelial changes often pose diagnostic difficulties in the interpretation of postmenopausal smears, application of reproducible and established cytologic criteria in diagnosing SIL and/or glandular lesions can improve diagnostic accuracy and result in selection of patients for follow-up tissue studies.     

Prostate basal cell lesions can be negative for basal cell keratins: a diagnostic pitfall

BACKGROUND: Prostate basal cell lesions can have architectural and cytologic atypia that mimic prostate adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical stains for basal cell markers are most helpful in the differential diagnosis. All of the published studies show basal cell lesions are positive for basal cell keratins, whereas adenocarcinoma is negative for both. We reported two cases of prostate basal cell lesions with negative basal cell keratin expression by immunohistochemistry. STUDY DESIGN: We reported the histologic and immunohistochemical profiles of two cases of basal cell lesions of the prostate. RESULTS: Histologically, both cases were highly suspicious for prostate adenocarcinoma with infiltrative growth pattern and significant nuclear atypia. The atypical glands in both cases were negative for basal cell keratins. However, both lesions were positive for another basal cell marker, p63, confirming that they were basal cells in origin, rather than prostate adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSION: Prostate basal cell lesions can occasionally be negative for basal cell keratins by immunohistochemistry and therefore may be misdiagnosed as prostate adenocarcinoma. We recommend using both p63 and basal cell keratins simultaneously in the workup of atypical prostate lesions to avoid such a misdiagnosis.     

Pathophysiology and management of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma.

Endometrial cancer is currently the commonest pelvic malignancy affecting American women, most of whom share the same pathophysiologic basis, that is, unopposed estrogenic stimulation. The initial result of hyperestrogenism is the development of endometrial hyperplasia, which is reversible in most cases by appropriate hormonal therapy. Persistent stimulation eventually leads to atypical hyperplasia with nuclear atypia and invasive carcinoma. Because there is no cost-effective screening method for the detection of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma, it is essential to survey the high-risk population with appropriate diagnostic techniques. After diagnosis, therapy should be individualized based on pathologic findings (cell type and histologic grade) and extent of disease (International Federation of Gynaecologists and Obstetricians stage, depth of myometrial invasion, and pelvic and para-aortic lymph node status). Recent studies suggest that sex hormone receptors and nuclear DNA ploidy patterns provide useful prognostic information independent of histologic grade.     

Diagnostic accuracy of liquid‐based endometrial cytology in the evaluation of endometrial pathology in postmenopausal women

C. Remondi, F. Sesti, E. Bonanno, A. Pietropolli and E. Piccione
Diagnostic accuracy of liquid‐based endometrial cytology cytology in the evaluation of endometrial pathology in postmenopausal women Objective: The aim of this study was to compare liquid‐based endometrial cytology with hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy regarding its diagnostic accuracy in a series of postmenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) or asymptomatic women with thickened endometrium assessed by transvaginal ultrasound as a screening procedure. Methods: Inclusion criteria were: menopausal status; the presence of AUB and/or thickened endometrium assessed by ultrasound (cut‐off 4 mm); a normal Papanicolaou (Pap) smear; and no adnexal pathology at ultrasound. Exclusion criteria were: previous endometrial pathology; and previous operative hysteroscopy. Of 768 postmenopausal women referred to our general gynaecology clinics, 121 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were recruited to the trial. Twenty‐one refused to participate. Cytological sampling was carried out by brushing the uterine cavity using the Endoflower device with no cervical dilation and the vial was processed using a ThinPrep® 2000 automated slide processor. The slides were stained using a Pap method. Results: In 98 cases with histological biopsies, endometrial cytology detected five cases of endometrial carcinoma, 10 of atypical hyperplasia and 47 of non‐atypical hyperplasia; 36 cases were negative. In two cases cytology was inadequate because of uterine cervical stenosis. Taking atypical hyperplasia or worse as a positive test and outcome, the diagnostic accuracy of the endometrial cytology was 93.5%, with a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 95%, a positive predictive value of 73% and a negative predictive value of 99%. All the carcinomas were detected by cytology. Only 42% of women with a positive diagnosis were symptomatic. The cytological sampling was well tolerated by all patients. No complication was registered. Conclusions: Liquid‐based endometrial cytology can be considered an useful diagnostic method in the detection of endometrial pathology as a first‐line approach, particularly if associated with transvaginal ultrasound.     

Criteria for the cytologic assessment of hyperplasias in endometrial samples obtained by the Endopap Endometrial Sampler

The Endopap Endometrial Sampler was used in 1,465 women, either just before endometrial biopsy or curettage (in 760 symptomatic patients) or as an office procedure (in 705 women). The samples were inadequate for interpretation in only 8.7% of the cases. Although all malignant lesions were identified by this screening technique, about one-fourth were initially classified cytologically as hyperplasia. Endometrial hyperplasias presented the greatest difficulties in interpretation, with only slightly over half of the proven cases correctly assessed on the endometrial sample. In an attempt to improve the accuracy of the cytologic diagnosis of hyperplasias, ten morphologic features were examined retrospectively in 207 cases. Five of the criteria were shown to provide an increased probability of correctly diagnosing endometrial hyperplasias on the cytologic sample: (1) the overlapping of cells in the glandular clusters or sheets, (2) the presence of nucleoli, (3) anisokaryosis, (4) granularity of chromatin and (5) the presence of sheets of stromal cells. The more of these criteria observed in a given case, the better was the chance of cytologically identifying a hyperplasia in the Endopap sample.