城市生活垃圾的微生物处理技术

城市生活垃圾量的日益增多严重威胁着城市的环境及人们的健康,垃圾处理成为现代社会面临的重要问题之一,因此城市生活垃圾处理技术对于城市的可持续发展起着非常重要的作用。微生物在自然界中种类繁多,在城市生活垃圾生物处理应用中占有重要地位。本文对微生物在城市生活垃圾的卫生填埋技术、生物反应器填埋技术、好氧堆肥技术、发酵降解技术及生物干燥器技术中的应用进行了综述,并对城市生活垃圾的综合处理提出建议,以期为城市生活垃圾的微生物处理技术的应用提供参考。     

城市生活垃圾代谢的研究进展

城市代谢是导致城市发展、能量生产和废物排放的社会、经济和技术过程的总和。生活垃圾管理系统是一类典型的、具备社会、经济、自然要素的复杂系统,它不仅同管理体制、技术水平和居民素质有关,也贯穿生产、消费、流通、还原过程,更和水体、土壤、大气、生物、矿产等自然环境紧密联系。综述了近年来基于城市生态系统代谢思路,在生活垃圾碳、重金属、营养元素和能量的城市代谢等方面的研究进展,分析了未来该领域研究需重点关注的方向。生活垃圾在城市生态系统中的能量流动、物质循环、代谢效率等方面的研究,可为生活垃圾管理系统的评价、规划、工程、管理研究提供科学基础。     

药用植物细胞生物反应器技术的研究进展

利用植物细胞生物反应器技术生产植物有用代谢产物,近些年来取得了很大发展,但植物细胞悬浮培养的工业化应用仍受到来自生物及工程技术上的限制。针对植物细胞生物反应器技术的特点及其研究进展,提出在综合考虑生物学和工艺学两方面的基础上,选育药用植物稳定高产的优良细胞系是提高植物细胞生物反应器技术可行性的关键。     

封闭式光生物反应器研究进展

国际上80～90年代,封闭式光生物反应器是微藻生物技术的重要研究热点,也是微藻生物技术产业化的关键技术之一。本文较全面地介绍了用于微藻大规模培养的封闭式光生物反应器研究现状。将封闭式光生物反应器分为柱式、管式、板式和光导纤维反应器等类型。工业放大前景的管式和板式光生物反应器采取了典型个案分析的方法,列表比较了典型反应器的主要技术参数,并对它们的技术发展趋势进行了归纳总结。     

城市生物多样性分布格局研究进展

城市生物多样性分布格局由自然生态环境和城市化过程所决定;其动态和机理与自然生态系统迥然不同.城市生物多样性为城市生态系统提供了诸多生态系统功能和服务,对改善城市环境、维持城市可持续发展有着重要的意义和作用.城市化过程深刻改变了城市的生物多样性分布格局,导致了诸如本地物种多样性降低、外来物种多样性增加、物种同质化等一系列问题.近年来,城市生物多样性受到学界高度关注,大量研究结果既回答了一些关键性问题,又提出了诸多新的论题和挑战.分析了当前城市生物多样性分布格局研究的若干热点问题,总结了影响城市生物多样性格局的主要因素,探讨了城市生物多样性格局研究方法的关键问题,指出了未来城市生物多样性研究的发展方向,特别强调了城市生物多样性的生态系统功能研究在未来城市生物多样性研究中的重要地位.     

城市生活垃圾综合管理决策研究进展

城市生活垃圾综合管理主要是指选择合适的方案、政策手段等来实现特定的管理目标。选择适宜的研究方法是开展城市生活垃圾管理科学决策的重要基础和保障。综述了近年来该领域常用的相关研究方法和研究进展,总结分析了以统计分析、多准则决策分析、全生命周期分析、费用效益分析等为代表的传统数学模型方法和以系统动力学、基于Agent的建模等为代表的复杂系统模拟方法两大类方法的适用场景、优缺点和研究进展,分析了未来该领域研究的趋势和需重点关注的方向。研究发现：传统的数学模型方法被广泛应用于生活垃圾管理决策领域,成为支撑决策的重要研究工具,但这类方法通常大多以单一主体为研究对象,难以解释各种因素对其它主体及整个生活垃圾管理系统的作用,且大多为静态的或对某个或某几个时间点进行分析,容易忽略系统性和系统中各主体间的非线性关系、行为的交互作用及随时空的动态变化等。未来研究需充分关注城市生活垃圾管理系统的复杂性和系统不同主体间的行为交互作用,加强系统模拟模型开发,开展系统性政策评估分析等,为城市生活垃圾精细化管理决策提供科学支撑。     

有机污染土壤生物修复的生物反应器技术研究进展

人类广泛的工农业生产活动常常导致土壤污染。常见的土壤污染有重金属污染和有机污染。近年来 ,世界各国开始重视污染土壤的治理。处理方式主要包括热处理 (焚烧法 )、物理及物理化学处理(洗涤 )和生物处理 (生物修复技术 )。其中生物修复技术被认为最有生命力[1,7] 。目前 ,国外采用的土壤生物修复技术有原位处理、场上处理和生物反应器。生物反应器技术能够有效地发挥生物法的特长 ,是污染土壤生物修复技术中最有效的处理工艺 ,但该技术尚处于实验室研究阶段 ,未广泛应用于现场处理。本文就国外使用生物反应器治理有机污染土壤的研究进展…     

核移植技术生产乳腺生物反应器的研究进展

乳腺生物反应器的研制带来了转基因制药业的兴起。但十几年来,显微注射技术一直是生产乳腺生物反应器的唯一实用手段,由于它本身固有的缺点,使得乳腺生物反应器未能有长足的进步。基因打靶与核移植相结合很可能成为生产乳腺生物反应器更有效的途径,它在外源基因定点整合,消除位点效应、降低生产成本、节省时间方面具有明显的优势。     

UASBF反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

研究了上流式厌氧复合床反应器(UASBF)处理垃圾渗滤液的启动期、负荷提高期、运行期的处理效果及COD_Cr负荷、pH、碱度对反应器运行的影响.结果表明,启动期最佳启动温度在35±1℃,进水pH6.8,COD_Cr浓度1000～1200 mg·L^-1,水力停留时间(HRT)48h,容积负荷为0.5kgCOD_Cr·m^-3·d^-1.提高期和运行期容积负荷为10kg COD_Cr·m^-3·d^-1,COD_Cr去除率为71.5%,氨氮去除率为57.5%,总磷去除率为64.8%,悬浮物达到去除率为55%.     

植物组织培养生物反应器技术研究进展

从植物大规模组织培养的特点、反应器类型和反应器中微环境等方面介绍了生物反应器技术在药用植物微繁殖和天然产物细胞生产中的研究进展。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥发酵中微生物菌群变化规律的研究

通过对垃圾处理厂静态堆肥不同区域的微生物菌群与数量的分析,表明了城市生活垃圾堆肥发酵中微生物菌群的变化规律,温度与微生物菌群的相关性,指出了高温微生物菌群数量影响堆肥的效率。建议在静态一次堆肥发酵周期中,增加通气量和翻堆频率,有利于增强微生物菌群的活力和提高堆肥质量。     

Bioremediation of Agricultural Wastes through Vermicomposting

The post-harvest residues of some local crops, e.g., wheat (Triticum aestivum), millets (Penniseum typhoides and Sorghum vulgare), and a pulse (Vigna radiata) were subjected to recycle through vermicomposting. The crop residues were amended with animal dung, and three types of vermibeds were prepared: (i) millet straw (S. vulgare + P. typhoides in equal quantity) + sheep manure (1: 2 ratio) (MS); (ii) pulse bran (V. radiata) + wheat straw (T. aestivum) + cow dung (1: 1: 2 ratio) (PWC); and (iii) mixed crop residues (mixing of all types crop residues, used in this study) + cow dung in 1:1 ratio (MCR + CD). The fourth treatment was cattle shed manure (CSM). Vermicomposting resulted in a significant increase in total N (97.3% to 155%), available P (67.5% to 123.5%), exchangeable K (38.3% to 112.9%), and exchangeable Ca (23.3% to 53.2%), and decrease in organic C content (20.4% to 29.0%) in the different vermibeds. The earthworm showed the higher biomass gain, growth rate (mg wt. worm^?1 day^?1) and cocoon numbers in the CSM vermibed. The quality of crop residues was directly related to the rate of organic matter mineralization during the vermicomposting. This study suggests that agriculture wastes could be converted into some value-added products, e.g., vermicompost and worm biomass through vermicomposting technology. The higher concentrations of plant nutrients in end products indicate a potential for using agriculture wastes in sustainable crop production.     

Biology of Multi Cell Ponds Treating Municipal Wastes

Observations were made over a period of one year on the performance of multi stage stabilization ponds treating domestic waste waters. The unit is composed of Primary anaerobic (P₁) and two consecutive Secondary (P₂) and Tertiary (P₃) facultative ponds. The overall reduction in BOD, bacteria, PO₄, SO₄, NH₃N, Cl⁻ and total solids were 89.4, 99.8, 76.2, 47.7, 79.7, 18.6 and 74.0 percent, respectively. Elimination of H₂S was 84.8% in the final effluents. Chlorella vulgaris was found to be the dominant alga followed by Euglena, Ankistrodesmus, Phacus and Synedra as subdominant forms. 9 species of protozoa have been recorded in the first pond and their number declined in the successive ponds.     

Valorisation of solid biowastes: The lactic acid alternative

Solid biowastes (SBW) are organic residues from gardens and parks, food wastes from kitchens, organic municipal solid wastes and comparable side streams from food processing plants. Without proper treatment, SBW represent an environmental hazard. Several initiatives around the world are dedicated to developing more effective systems for the treatment of this constantly growing ‘resource’. The chemical composition of SBW, rich in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, makes it a good substrate to produce biobased materials through fermentation. Amongst them, lactic acid (LA), considered one of the top ten green molecules of the future, has attracted huge interest because of its many uses as an intermediate chemical. This review gathers the most important learnings from fermentation of SBW to LA, providing an overview of the process steps while highlighting some of the current limitations to overcome. Despite their complexity, results suggest that some of the SBW could be good substrates in LA fermentations and that biosynthesis of LA should be regarded as part of the whole waste management solution.     

上海三级医院门诊预约市级统一平台的构建

为了创造有序就医的诊疗环境,提高预约患者比例,针对上海三级医院存在的预约电话、网站、服务商不统一带来的诸多不便,借助体制和技术优势,整合三级医院预约号源,设计构建市级统一公益性平台。将就相关背景、三级医院预约现状及统一平台的建设原则和内容进行阐述。     

作物秸秆及其它废弃物栽培食用菌的农业生态效益研究

一、引言当前,世界上五大问题(环境、粮食、人口、资源和能源)日趋严重,在发展中国家解决饥饿、营养不良和贫困问题已成为人们关注的焦点。与此同时,人们也开始重视食用菌在利用农业有机废物转化为人类食物方面的积极     

Anaerobic waste digestion in Germany – Status and recent developments

Anaerobic treatment processes are especially suited for the utilization of wet organic wastes from agriculture and industry as well as for the organic part of source-separated household wastes. The anaerobic degradation is a very cost-effective method for treating biogenic wastes because the formed biogas can be used for heat and electricity production and the digester residues can be recycled to agriculture as a secondary fertilizer. The anaerobic technology will be used today also for the common treatment of wastes together with renewable energy crops in order to reduce the CO₂-emissions according the Kyoto protocol. Various process types are applied in Germany which differ in material, reaction conditions and in the form of the used reactor systems. The widespread introduction of anaerobic digestion in Germany has shown that biogenic organic wastes are a valuable source for energy and nutrients. Anaerobic waste treatment is done today in approx. 850 biogas plants on small farm scale as well as on large industrial scale with the best beneficial and economic outcome. Due to some new environmental protection acts which promote the recycling of wastes and their utilization for renewable energy formation it can be expected that several hundreds new biogas plants will be built per year in Germany. For using the synergetic effects of a combined fermentation of wastes and energy crops new process types must be developed in order to optimize the substrate combinations and the process conditions for maximum biodegradation.     

城市绿化植物对大气污染的响应

研究了19种盆栽于广州市工业生产点(IS)、交通枢纽点(TS)和公园对照点(CS)的木本植物对大气污染的响应。综合污染指数表明3个研究地点2000年的污染程度由大到小的顺序为IS>TS>CS。在污染点生长的19种绿化植物叶片的叶绿素含量、Fv/Fm都有不同程度的降低,细胞膜渗漏率则上升。不同绿化植物对大气污染的响应不同,印度胶树,榕树,黄榕,海南红豆,夹竹桃,山玉兰,灰莉,桃花心木,牛乳树等对工业废气和机动车尾气等大气污染都有较强的抗性,而肖蒲桃,仪花,木棉,朱槿等对大气污染较为敏感。     

Bioremediation of Soils Contaminated with Nigerian Petroleum Products Using Composted Municipal Wastes

The efficiency of ready-to-use, source-separated, composted municipal organic wastes of Nigerian origin on degradation of soil total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in soils polluted with petroleum products (crude oil, diesel, and spent engine oil) was assessed in screen house experiments. The effect of compost:soil ratios and combined effect of compost-phytoremediation technique were also studied. TPH was determined spectrophotometrically, after extraction with 1:1 acetone-dichloromethane mixture at 425 nm. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, and phytotoxicity to seed germination and growth of maize (Zea mays L.) served as risk assessments on soil quality and evidence of recovery for the oil-impacted soil. Results showed that the treatments increased soil pH and electrical conductivity but reduced TPH. Reductions in TPH by compost technology ranged from 40% to 75.87%. Toxicity to seed germination reduced from 100% to 16.12%. Positive correlations were obtained for plant agronomical parameters and growth period, for all treatments, with coefficients in the range of .905 to .996, p < .05. This study revealed that ready-to-use composted waste has the potential for bioremediation of soils polluted with petroleum and petroleum products. This study is a contribution to the data bank of relatively simple bioremediation methods, suitable for workers in the developing countries, where there is no easy access to high-technology facilities. However, further development of this technique to achieve zero residual TPH is recommended.     

固体废弃物处理与产氢技术

氢气能作为一种清洁能源和工业上的原料所使用。目前国际上氢气的获得主要有化学制取和电解水制取两种方法, 但这些方法都需要耗费大量的能源, 特别是化学制取法在耗能的同时还极易对环境造成污染。相比之下, 生物制氢有着极大的优势, 它主要是通过微生物发酵或者光合微生物的作用, 将有机废弃物进行分解从而获得氢气。利用废弃物制氢即可以低廉的获得氢能源同时又能资源化利用废弃物。以下对固体废弃物的类型、产氢的方法等进行了综述。