Impact of lime, nitrogen and plant species on fungal community structure in grassland microcosms

A microcosm-based approach was used to study impacts of plant and chemical factors on the fungal community structure of an upland acidic grassland soil. Seven plant species typical of both unimproved and fertilized grasslands were either left unamended or treated with lime, nitrogen or lime plus nitrogen. Fungal community structure was assessed by a molecular approach, fungal automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (FARISA), while fungal biomass was estimated by measuring soil ergosterol content. Addition of nitrogen (with or without lime) had the largest effect, decreasing soil pH, fungal biomass and fungal ribotype number, but there was little corresponding change in fungal community structure. Although different plant species were associated with some changes in fungal biomass, this did not result in significant differences in fungal community structure between plant species. Addition of lime alone caused no changes in fungal biomass, ribotype number or community structure. Overall, fungal community structure appeared to be more significantly affected through interactions between plant species and chemical treatments, as opposed to being directly affected by changes in individual improvement factors. These results were in contrast to those found for the bacterial communities of the same soils, which changed substantially in response to chemical (lime and nitrogen) additions.     

石灰对铅污染土壤修复效果评价

为了研究铅污染菜地土壤施用石灰对小白菜-土壤生态系统的影响及持续效果,探讨石灰修复铅污染菜地土壤的可行性,采集铅污染菜地土壤开展连续盆栽试验,设置5个石灰用量处理（0、1.5 g/kg、3.0 g/kg、4.5 g/kg、6.0 g/kg）。石灰施入土壤中平衡2周后移栽小白菜,连续种植3茬。同时采集小白菜样本和土壤样本,测定土壤pH、土壤Pb有效态含量和微生物活性等指标,并分别测定小白菜地上和地下部的生物量和铅含量。结果显示：石灰对降低土壤铅有效态和小白菜中铅含量的持效性较差,但施用石灰可增加土壤中的微生物活性,特别是种植小白菜后对增加土壤中微生物活性效果更明显,研究发现对羧酸类和胺类等碳源利用能力强的微生物可增加土壤中铅有效态的含量,对聚合物类、糖类、氨基酸类和其他类碳源利用能力强的微生物可以降低小白菜中的铅含量。研究结果为石灰修复重金属污染土壤的使用提供了更合理的理论支撑。     

Impact of lime, nitrogen and plant species on bacterial community structure in grassland microcosms

A microcosm-based approach was used to study impacts of plant and chemical factors on the bacterial community structure of an upland acidic grassland soil. Seven perennial plant species typical of both natural, unimproved (Nardus stricta, Agrostis capillaris, Festuca ovina and F. rubra) and fertilized, improved (Holcus lanatus, Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens) grasslands were either left unamended or treated with lime, nitrogen, or lime plus nitrogen in a 75-day glasshouse experiment. Lime and nitrogen amendment were shown to have a greater effect on microbial activity, biomass and bacterial ribotype number than plant species. Liming increased soil pH, microbial activity and biomass, while decreasing ribotype number. Nitrogen addition decreased soil pH, microbial activity and ribotype number. Addition of lime plus nitrogen had intermediate effects, which appeared to be driven more by lime than nitrogen. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) analysis revealed that lime and nitrogen addition altered soil bacterial community structure, while plant species had little effect. These results were further confirmed by multivariate redundancy analysis, and suggest that soil lime and nitrogen status are more important controllers of bacterial community structure than plant rhizosphere effects.     

Effects of phosphate fertilization,lime amendments and inoculation with VA-mycorrhizal fungi on soybeans in an acid soil

Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Essex] were grown in nonsterile acid (pH. 5.2) infertile Wynnville silt loam (Glossic Fragiudult) in a glasshouse. The effects of P fertilization and lime were determined by inoculation with two VAM-fungi (VAMF): Glomus fasciculatum (Gf) and Glomus etunicatum (Ge). An important factor affected by the interaction between applied lime (soil acidity), applied P, and VAMF inoculation was the soil Al. Five application rates of P as KH₂PO₄ and three rates of lime were tested. Potassium was equalized with KCl (muriate of potash). P-efficiency (g seed/mg P kg^-1 soil) by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) was maximal at 20 mg P kg^-1 soil at all lime and VAMF treatments. VAMF inoculation increased plant survival and protected the soybeans from leaf scorch, thereby substituting for the effects of lime and P. The Ge inoculum was superior in ameliorating leaf scorch in the nonlimed soil. The Gf inoculum required more lime and P than the Ge inoculum to increase seed yield relative to the noninoculated controls containing only native VAMF. Both inocula increased root Al uptake and extractable soil Al in the acid soil without apparent adverse effects on root or shoot. The ability of the VAMF inocula to enhance the efficiency of applied P and decrease seed Cl concentration was increased by lime. Seed yield (Y) was negatively related to seed Cl concentration (X) where Y=aX^-b. Both VAMF inoculation and lime application reduced this negative relationship and may have increased the tolerance to both Cl and soil Al.     

Direct measurement of roots in soil for single and mixed species using a quantitative DNA-based method

Molecular techniques present a new opportunity to study roots and their interactions in soil. Extraction and quantification of species-specific DNA directly from soil allows direct identification of roots in mixed swards reducing the need for labour-intensive methods to recover and identify individual roots. DNA was extracted directly from up to 0.5 kg of soil and the presence of individual species quantified using species-specific probes with quantitative real-time PCR. A range of plant and soil factors influenced the DNA content measured in roots and it was necessary to account for these influences when converting DNA amount to root mass. The utility of the method for quantitative root studies was demonstrated in an experiment to investigate the effect of lime on root growth of acid-soil resistant and sensitive perennial grasses grown together in an aluminium-toxic soil. The root mass of an acid-soil resistant species was unaffected by lime application, whereas that of an acid-soil sensitive species was restricted by soil acidity. Molecular techniques present a promising tool for quantification of root mass directly in soil and have applications for field studies involving mixed species of plants.     

Properties of peat-based casing soils and their influence on the water relations and growth of the mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)

Different combinations of peat and chalk or lime sources with differing moisture contents were used to determine how specific physical and chemical properties of the casing soil relate to the growth and water relations of the mushroom. The peat types varied in terms of decomposition and extraction method; the lime addition varied in terms of rate and type (chalk or sugar beet lime). During the colonisation of the casing soil before fruiting, the extension growth rate of mushroom mycelium was most closely correlated (negatively) with the volumetric moisture content of the casing soil. Scanning electron microscopy showed that mycelium growing at a lower casing soil matric potential (Ψ_m) had a much finer and branched structure than mycelium growing at a higher Ψ_m. Across all the peat and lime source treatments, a relationship was found between the mean Ψ_m of the casing soil and mushroom yield, with an optimum Ψ_m of -7.9 to -9.4 kPa. Mushrooms are produced in ‘flushes’ at about 8-day intervals and during the development of each flush of mushrooms, there was a significant decrease in casing soil Ψ_m . This decrease (to below -40 kPa) was greatest in the second flush, which was the highest yielding. There were no relationships between mushroom yield and casing soil osmotic potential Ψ_π within the range -93 to -154 kPa or any of the other chemical properties and water and air holding characteristics of the casing soils which were determined. Across different casing soil treatments, mushroom dry matter content was negatively correlated with mushroom yield and positively correlated with mushroom tissue osmotic potential. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

长期施用化肥及秸秆还田对砂姜黑土细菌群落的影响

【目的】在施用化肥的基础上进行秸秆还田是提高砂姜黑土肥力的有效措施,以往的研究只注重秸秆还田对土壤结构、肥力等物理化学性状方面的研究,缺少施肥对砂姜黑土微生物群落影响的研究。本研究以安徽蒙城典型的砂姜黑土为研究对象,以期揭示长期施用化肥和秸秆还田对砂姜黑土细菌群落的影响。【方法】采用454高通量测序对砂姜黑土不同农业施肥措施下的细菌群落进行分析研究,并通过生物信息学的分析方法揭示影响砂姜黑土细菌群落的主要因素。【结果】通过对454高通量测序数据的分析,发现砂姜黑土主要的细菌门类为放线菌、变形菌、酸杆菌、绿弯菌和拟杆菌。长期施用化肥显著提高了砂姜黑土肥力和作物产量,但导致了细菌群落结构的显著变化和多样性的显著降低。秸秆还田有利于土壤肥力的进一步提高,但是并没有缓解长期施用化肥对土壤细菌群落产生的不利影响。分析发现土壤pH的变化是导致土壤细菌群落变异的主要因素。【结论】在施用化肥的基础上进行秸秆还田有利于砂姜黑土肥力的提升,然而并没有缓解由施肥导致的土壤酸化对土壤细菌群落组成和多样性产生的不利影响。这暗示秸秆还田可能并未对砂姜黑土微生物生态产生根本性的有益影响,对于秸秆农田的利用方式还需要进一步研究,以达到农业生产效益和生态效益的并重。     

VA菌根降低植物对重金属镉的吸收

高等植物在漫长的进化过程中对环境产生种种适应机制。菌根的形成即是对自然土壤中有效磷不足的一种适应。菌根真菌与寄主根系共生形成菌根后,真菌的菌丝可以远远伸出根际范围从而扩大了植物对土壤中难以移动的磷元素的吸收范围而改善植物的磷素营养。因此,地球上90％的陆生植物都可形成菌根。菌根的形成,不仅促进了植物对磷的吸收,而且也影响到植物对其它元素包括重金属的吸收。在重金属污染的土壤中,菌根对植物重金属的吸收将影响到植物对重金属的抗性和农产品品质。本文拟研究在添加镉的土壤上菌根对植物吸收Cd的影响。     

Effect of phosphate rock,coal combustion by-product,lime, and cellulose on ryegrass in an acidic soil

Remediation of soil acidity is crucial for increasing crop production and improving environmental quality of acid infertile soils. Soil incubation and greenhouse pot experiments were carried out to examine the interactions between phosphate rock (PR), coal combustion by-product (BP), dolomitic lime (L), and cellulose (C) in an acidic soil and their effects on ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv Linn) growth. BP and PR application increased plant P content and dry matter yield (DMY) of shoots and roots by improving soil Ca availability and reducing Al toxicity. Application of BP at low rates (5 to 10 g BP kg^-1) with PR appeared to decrease both plant P content and DMY compared to PR application alone. The reduced DMY is due to an increased Al concentration in soil solution as a result of displacement of sorbed Al by Ca of BP. Increases in DMY were obtained by addition of lime along with PR and BP at low rates or by increasing BP application rates above 15 g kg^-1. This improved plant response was likely related to alleviation of Al toxicity by CaCO₃ contained in the BP. In addition to raising the pH to an acceptable level for plant growth, the dolomitic lime supplied needed Mg for plants, thereby maintaining a good balance between available Ca and Mg for plants in the BP- and PR-amended soils. The addition of cellulose to the BP- and PR-amended soils reduced water-soluble Al and increased DMY. Plant growth increased PR dissolution by 2.4 to 243% in a soil with low available P. Use of BP at moderate rates with PR and dolomitic lime appears to be the best combination in increasing crop yields on infertile acidic soils.     

Effect of mineral and organic fertilizers on algal growth on soddy-podzol soil]

The effect of various fertilizers and lime on the composition of algae and their content in soil was studied both in the field and laboratory conditions. The maximum yield of the algae was found upon continuous combined introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers, especially together with lime. In short-term experiments, the maximum yield was also registered upon combined introduction of the fertilizers and lime.     

巨菌草对Cu、Cd污染土壤的修复潜力

通过田间小区试验,对比研究了土著植物金黄狗尾草、香根草、海州香薷、巨菌草分别与0.21%石灰联合对Cu、Cd复合污染土壤的修复效果。结果表明,石灰处理可以显著提高土壤pH,降低土壤有效态Cu、Cd含量。4种植物在与石灰联合后均有一定的生产潜力,且表现为巨菌草海州香薷香根草金黄狗尾草;修复潜力方面表现出与生产潜力相同的趋势。     

石灰碳铵熏蒸联合生物有机肥对香蕉枯萎病和细菌群落的影响

以连续种植的香蕉枯萎病高发病蕉园为试验点,通过实时定量PCR和高通量测序等方法,研究了田间条件下石灰碳铵熏蒸联合生物有机肥施用对香蕉枯萎病的防治效果,以及对土壤细菌群落结构和组成的影响。结果表明: 与不熏蒸施用有机肥(OF)相比,香蕉枯萎病发病率在施用有机肥前使用石灰碳铵进行熏蒸处理(LAOF)和施用生物有机肥前使用石灰碳铵进行熏蒸处理(LABF)中分别降低了13.3%和21.7%,病原菌的拷贝数分别降低了22.4%和33.0%。与OF处理相比,石灰碳铵熏蒸联合不同肥料施用均显著降低了细菌的丰富度和多样性,形成了明显不同的群落结构,且熏蒸对群落组成的差异产生了决定性的影响。LABF的细菌丰富度和多样性均低于其他处理,群落组成也与其他处理存在明显差异。与OF处理相比,熏蒸处理(LAOF和LABF)显著增加了土壤中水恒杆菌、布鲁式菌和漯河杆菌属的相对丰度,且在LABF中的相对丰度均高于LAOF,水恒杆菌和布鲁式菌的相对丰度差异显著。在田间条件下,施用生物有机肥之前使用石灰碳铵进行熏蒸处理能够显著降低病原菌数量,改变土壤细菌群落结构,激发土壤有益微生物,从而减少香蕉枯萎病的发生。     

Improvement of edaphic cyanobacterial population through liming in red and lateritic rice soils of West Bengal

In view of the predominance of acidic pH levels in lateritic soils and of the importance of this soil property on growth and distribution of blue-green algae or cyanobacteria (CB), the effect of lime application on the reduction of acidity and subsequently on growth and some related physiological properties of CB have been studied. Four soils with varying pH levels were used for this purpose and three lime treatments corresponding to 0,50 and 100% lime requirement were applied to each of them. The soils thus treated were incubated under submerged condition in an illuminated chamber for 6 weeks and were drawn at weekly intervals for studies of the number, fresh mass and chlorophyll content of the developed algal mass. Increase of the pH value of the soil through application of lime improved growth and relevant physiological properties of the CB.     

Rice growth improvement and grains bio-fortification through lime and zinc application in zinc deficit tropical acid sulphate soils

A two years field study was conducted to explain the effect of Zn and lime application on morphological characteristics, rice yield and yield components, and more broadly, grains bio-fortification (Zn and protein content (CP), and amino acid profiles). The lime and Zn interaction increased grains and straw yield more than two times (6.64 ton ha^?1) compared to the control (3.20 ton ha^?1). The maximum increase in the Zn content of grain, white rice and bran was obtained about 30% in whole grain, 42% in bran and 56% in white rice. Furthermore, CP increased by about 8% in bran, 12.3% in whole grain, and 27% in white rice compared to control. Also, the Zn and lime application and their interaction were significantly increased the amino acids, especially essential parts.     

Influence of Lime and Organic Matter on the Mobility of Cadmium in Cadmium-Contaminated Soil in Relation to Nutrition of Spinach

Cadmium and cadmium compounds are water soluble, mobile in most soils, bio-available, and tend to bio-accumulate. A pot culture experiment was conducted on contaminated soil to study the influence of lime and organic matter on the mobility of cadmium in spinach and its rhizosphere soil. Application of lime (50% and 100% lime requirement) and organic matter (0.5 and 1% by weight of soil) to soil decreased the availability of Cd to the soil and plant throughout the crop growth. The highest diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA) extractable Cd was 10.84 mg kg^?1 in the treatment OM₀ L₀ (No application of organic matter and lime) at 20 days after sowing of spinach. Likewise, the highest Cd concentration in spinach roots and shoots were 19.80 and 17.0 mg kg^?1 in the treatment OM₀ L₀ at 20 days after sowing. The Cd concentration in spinach roots and shoots were decreased by 63.23 and 71.88%, respectively, in the treatment OM₁ L₁₀₀ (application of FYM at 1.0% by weight of soil and lime at 100% lime requirement) after 60 days of growth. The lowest concentrations of Cd in the soil and plant after the harvest of the crop were 2.88 and 4.27 mg kg^?1, respectively, in the treatment OM₁ L₁₀₀ and resulted in 65.75 and 71.55% decrease over control (OM₀ L₀). The highest total chlorophyll content of leaves was 2.19 mg kg^?1 of fresh weight in the treatment OM₁ L₁₀₀ at 40 days of crop growth.     

Yield,root morphology and chemical composition of two pasture legumes as affected by lime and phosphorus applications to an acid soil

Summary Effects of increasing rates of lime (0, 900, 1725, and 3000 kg Ca(OH)₂/ha producing soil pH of 4.0, 4.7, 5.1 and 5.6) and P (50, 150, 250 and 350 kg P/ha) on top and root yield, root morphology and chemical composition of lotus (Lotus pedunculatus Cav.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.), were studied, using an acid soil in a greenhouse experiment. Increasing rates of applied lime and phosphate resulted in substantial increases in top yields of both species but concomitant increases in root yield were small. In the unlimed soil, lotus out-yielded (tops and roots) white clover at all P levels. However, in the three limed treatments, white clover clearly out-yielded lotus. Yield response curves to applied P levelled off at the two highest lime rates for lotus but not for white clover. Nodulation and N content of white clover increased significantly with increasing lime applications, but for lotus there was a significant decrease in nodulation at the highest lime rate. Increased P rates had a small stimulatory effect on nodulation in both species. Of the total root weight, the percentage contribution of the tap and primary lateral root fractions was smaller and that of the secondary plus tertiary lateral roots was greater for lotus than for white clover although root length per unit weight tended to be larger for white clover at the two highest lime rates. Furthermore, lotus possessed longer and more numerous root hairs than white clover. Lime applications significantly decreased the percentage contribution of the tap and primary lateral roots to the total root weight and increased the percentage contribution of the secondary plus tertiary lateral roots. Al and Mn contents of tops and roots of both species decreased with increasing lime rates. There was a highly significant negative correlation between relative yield and Al content of lotus and white clover tops. In comparison with the limed treatments, in the unlimed treatments a greater percentage of total P, Al, Mn and N content accumulated in the roots of both species. In addition, lotus accumulated a much greater percentage Al in its roots than white clover.     

垄作稻田和垄作养鱼稻田土壤结构与肥力特征研究

水稻半旱式垄作栽培技术(又称水田自然免耕技术)的推广运用为稻田资源的综合开发利用,尤其是稻田高产养鱼奠定了物质和技术基础。它比较合理地解决了传统淹水平作水稻和传统稻田养鱼中存在的种稻与蓄水,种稻与养鱼,养鱼与晒田,养鱼与化肥、农药施用,水稻与杂草,水稻与病虫等方面的问题,水稻增产显著,成鱼产量大幅度提高,一般可达750—2250kg·ha~(-1),高者3750kg·ha~(-1)以上。物质循环和能量转化的成倍增加,势必对稻田生境和土壤肥力产生影响。因此,搞清楚传统淹水平作稻田起垄后的垄作稻田和垄作养鱼稻田的土壤结构和土壤肥力的变化规律,对指导开发稻田资源,实现稻鱼双丰收具有重要的意义。     

Lime and compost promote plant re-colonization of metal-polluted, acidic soils

The revegetation of soils affected by historic depositions of an industrial complex in Central Chile was studied. The plant re-colonization from the existing soil seed bank and changes in the physico-chemical properties of the soil were evaluated in field plots amended with lime and/or compost. We found that the application of lime and/or compost decreased the Cu2+ ion activity in the soil solution and the exchangeable Cu in the soil, showing an effective Cu immobilization in the topsoil. Whereas lime application had no effect on plant productivity in comparison with the unamended control, the application of compost and lime+compost increased the plant cover and aboveground biomass due to the higher nutrient availability and water-holding capacity of the compost-amended soils. Although the Cu2+ activity and the exchangeable Cu were markedly lower in the amended soils than in the unamended control, the shoot Cu concentrations of Lolium spp. and Eschscholzia californica did not differ between the treatments.     

豫南黏板土壤分层酸化和耕层速效磷分布特征

黄淮海平原南部以黄褐土和砂姜黑土等为代表的耕地土壤酸化趋势明显.为深入认识该类型黏板土壤垂直剖面上pH值和耕层养分的空间变异情况,以豫南西平县为例,对县域范围内63个耕地样点进行pH值和速效磷测定,运用地统计学方法和ArcGIS技术分析不同深度土壤pH值和耕层土壤(0～20 cm)速效磷的空间分布状况,并分析了pH值与...     

Effect of amendments on phytoavailability and fractionation of copper and zinc in a contaminated soil

The ability of amendments to modify the soil properties and influence plants to immobilise Cu and Zn was studied in a naturally contaminated, additionally spiked podzolic soil. Lolium perenne L (perennial rye grass), Festuca rubra L (creeping red fescue) and Poa pratensis L (Kentucky blue grass) were tested in a pot study in the presence of soil amendments (lime, phosphate, and compost, individually and in combination) to assess the effect of soil-plant-amendment interaction on phytostabilisation. The ability of treatments to stabilize metals was assessed on the basis of metal fractionation in soil, partitioning of metals in plants, and metal uptake by the plants. Significant partitioning of Cu into immobile forms occurred as a result of the growth of Festuca rubra, and of Zn by the growth of Poa pratensis. Application of lime significantly reduced the exchangeable fraction of Zn, whereas phosphate application had an accelerating effect on exchangeable Cu. With combined application of amendments, the plant metal concentration decreased by more than 40% for Cu and 70% for Zn, compared to soils receiving no amendments. Combined application of amendments, in conjunction with growth of Festuca and Poa, can be recommended for phytostabilising of Cu and Zn in moderately contaminated acid soils of southwest British Columbia.