利用Red同源重组技术构建产L-苏氨酸的基因工程菌

利用Red重组技术构建不同基因突变的L-苏氨酸工程菌大肠杆菌ITHR,研究单敲除metA、ilvA和双敲除metA、ilvA基因后对L-苏氨酸积累的影响。应用质粒pKD46介导的Red同源重组系统,通过第一次同源重组将拟敲除基因替换为氯霉素抗性基因,再通过重组酶在FRT位点发生第二次同源重组,消除抗性基因,成功敲除了菌株ITHR体内苏氨酸合成的代谢旁路途径中的metA和ilvA基因,构建了三株不同的基因突变株。将携带苏氨酸操纵子的工程质粒pWYE065电转化入敲除不同基因的突变株中,构建基因工程菌。经5 L发酵罐发酵产酸实验,未敲除任何基因的菌株ITHR/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸的产量为5.55±0.51 g/L,metA基因单敲除菌株ITHR△metA/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸产量为9.77±1.83 g/L,ilvA基因单敲除菌株ITHR△ilvA/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸产量为8.65±1.42 g/L,同时敲除ilvA和metA基因的菌株ITHR△metA△ilvA/pWYE065 L-苏氨酸的产量增加到13.6±1.14 g/L。通过敲除L-苏氨酸的旁路代谢途径中的关键酶的基因,可以增强L 苏氨酸积累的效果,为L-苏氨酸工程菌的进一步改造奠定了基础。     

大肠杆菌TdcC、SstT和LIV-1系统缺失对胞外L-苏氨酸积累的影响

【目的】比较分析苏氨酸吸收系统TdcC、SstT和LIV-1缺失对大肠杆菌吸收和积累胞外苏氨酸的影响。【方法】从菌株E.coli W3110出发,敲除tdcC、sst T和liv J基因,构建Tdc C、SstT和LIV-1系统单缺失和多缺失菌株,将过量表达苏氨酸操纵子基因的重组质粒pKKthr AC1034TBC分别转入原始菌和重组菌,考察各菌株吸收和积累胞外苏氨酸的能力。【结果】敲除tdc C和sst T基因的重组菌T04的苏氨酸吸收能力比原始菌W3110降低了43.28%,T04(pKKthr AC1034TBC)胞外苏氨酸积累量最高达到1.09 g/L,比对照菌W3110(pKKthr AC1034TBC)高出172.5%。敲除tdcC、sstT和livJ基因的重组菌T07的苏氨酸吸收能力比T04降低了12.97%,然而T07(pKKthr AC1034TBC)胞外苏氨酸积累量最大为0.63 g/L,与T04(pKKthr AC1034TBC)相比降低了42.2%。【结论】阻断Tdc C和Sst T系统,能有效降低大肠杆菌吸收苏氨酸的能力,提高苏氨酸的胞外积累量。阻断LIV-1系统,虽然能减少大肠杆菌对苏氨酸的吸收,却不利于菌株积累胞外苏氨酸。     

产L-苏氨酸重组大肠杆菌的构建和发酵性能

【背景】大肠杆菌由于生长性能优良、遗传背景清晰,常被用作苏氨酸生产菌。【目的】敲除大肠杆菌Escherichia coli THR苏氨酸合成途径的非必需基因,并异源表达苏氨酸合成必需的关键酶,构建一株苏氨酸高产菌株。【方法】利用FLP/FRT重组酶系统,敲除E. coli THR中lysC、pfkB和sstT,同时进行谷氨酸棒杆菌中lysC~(fbr)、thrE和丙酮丁醇梭菌中gapC的重组质粒构建并转化到宿主菌中。【结果】以E. coli THR为出发菌株,敲除其苏氨酸合成途径中表达天冬氨酸激酶Ⅲ (AKⅢ)的基因lysC、磷酸果糖激酶Ⅱ基因pfkB及苏氨酸吸收蛋白表达基因sstT,使菌株积累苏氨酸的产量达到75.64±0.35g/L,比出发菌株增加9.9%。随后异源表达谷氨酸棒杆菌中解除了反馈抑制的天冬氨酸激酶(lysC~(fbr))、苏氨酸分泌转运蛋白(thrE)及丙酮丁醇梭菌中由gapC编码的NADP+依赖型甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶,获得重组菌株E. coli THR6菌株。该菌株积累苏氨酸的产量提高到105.3±0.5 g/L,糖酸转化率提高了43.20%,单位产酸能力提高到5.76 g/g DCW,最大生物量为18.26 g DCW/L。【结论】单独敲除某个基因或改造某个途径不能使苏氨酸大量合成和积累,对多个代谢途径共同改造是构建苏氨酸工程菌的最有效方法。     

lysC定点突变及lysC、asdA串联表达对谷氨酸棒杆菌L-苏氨酸积累的影响

lysC、asdA基因分别编码的天冬氨酸激酶(Aspartate kinase,AK)和天冬氨酸半醛脱氢酶(Aspartate semi-aldehyde dehydrogenase,ASD)是L-苏氨酸合成途径中两个关键限速酶基因,其中AK受到代谢产物赖氨酸与苏氨酸的协同抑制。以选育获得的一株谷氨酸棒状杆菌T11(Corynebacterium glutamicum T11)为出发菌株,通过构建lysC-asdA串联表达盒,并对其关键限速酶基因lysC进行定点突变,突变位点为Ala279Thr,获得抗反馈抑制突变型编码基因lysCr-asdA,将其插入含强启动子tac的穿梭表达载体pZ8-1中成功构建串联表达质粒pZ8-1-lysCr-asdA转化出发菌株,筛选获得工程菌株T11/pZ8-1-lysCr-asdA。摇瓶发酵其L-苏氨酸产量达到7.18 g/L,较出发菌株提高27.8%。进一步的30 L发酵罐补料分批发酵结果显示,发酵60 h L-苏氨酸产量达65.5 g/L,糖酸转化率达到39.5%,较出发菌株分别提高29.5%和33.9%,为后续的进一步构建高产L-苏氨酸的谷氨酸棒杆菌工程菌株提供强有力的基础。     

过表达pps基因和aroG~(fbr)基因对北京棒杆菌L-色氨酸合成的影响

【目的】通过增加北京棒杆菌(Corynebacterium pekinense)PD-67芳香族氨基酸合成的前体物质磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(PEP)的供应,解除终产物对芳香族氨基酸合成途径中第一个酶同时也是关键酶3-脱氧-D-阿拉伯庚酮糖-7-磷酸合酶(DS)的反馈抑制并提高抗反馈抑制的DS的活力,使碳流更多地流向芳香族氨基酸合成途径,从而积累更多L-色氨酸。【方法】运用PCR技术扩增北京棒杆菌PD-67磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸合酶基因pps,与表达载体连接构建重组质粒pXPS;运用重叠PCR技术定点突变大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)受苯丙氨酸调控的DS基因aroG,使相应的编码氨基酸序列发生突变:Leu175Asp,新的基因命名为aroGfbr,与表达载体连接构建重组质粒pXA;构建pps和aroGfbr的共表达重组质粒pXAPS。将3个重组质粒分别转入菌株PD-67,构建工程菌株PD-67/pXPS、PD-67/pXA和PD-67/pXAPS。通过摇瓶发酵研究工程菌株的发酵特性。【结果】酶活分析结果表明,pps基因和aroGfbr基因在北京棒杆菌PD-67中均实现了表达。工程菌株PD-67/pXA粗酶液DS抗反馈抑制分析表明,AroGfbr已解除酪氨酸和苯丙氨酸的反馈抑制。过表达pps基因和aroGfbr基因分别使工程菌L-色氨酸产量提高12.1%和26.8%,双基因共表达可使工程菌的产酸量提高35.9%。【结论】北京棒杆菌PD-67pps基因的过表达以及大肠杆菌来源的解除反馈抑制的aroGfbr的过表达均有助于增加PD-67 L-色氨酸的合成,而双基因的共表达可以进一步提高L-色氨酸的积累量。     

苏氨酸操纵子的克隆与诱变

本文报道用Hind I+BamHI双酶切方法,从大肠杆菌K12的野生型菌株染色体上克隆苏氮酸操纵子的三个基因(thr A,thr B和thr C)到载体pBR322上,在合成培养基上筛选带thr操纵子的转化子。所得杂种质粒pTH1经羟胺体外诱变,筛选得到抗氨基酸类似物a-氧基-β-羟基戊酸(AHV)的突变质粒pTH2和pTH3,在宿主大肠杆菌C600中产苏氨酸最比初级克隆株高20倍以上,在解除天冬氨酸激酶—高丝氨酸脱氢酶(AKI—HDI)反馈抑制的宿主大肠杆菌A56—121中产苏氨酸量可达11g／L,比初级克隆株大肠杆菌 c600(pTHl)高100倍以上。     

大肠杆菌MetD运输系统缺失对蛋氨酸积累的影响

【目的】构建MetD运输系统缺失突变株,研究该运输系统功能缺失对Escherichia coli W3110蛋氨酸吸收和积累的影响。【方法】通过RT-qPCR比较MetJ阻遏调控解除菌株和野生株E.coli metNIQ表达量的变化,并分析蛋氨酸吸收速度的变化;利用Red同源重组系统分别敲除metNIQ基因簇、metN、metI和metQ,构建MetD运输功能缺失的突变株,研究蛋氨酸吸收速度的变化及对蛋氨酸积累的影响。【结果】MetJ阻遏调控解除后,metNIQ的表达量和蛋氨酸吸收速度显著增加。通过敲除E.coli W3110和Me05的metNIQ,MetD运输系统缺失导致蛋氨酸吸收速度下降。另外,分别敲除用于产蛋氨酸基座菌株Me06的metNIQ基因簇、metN、metI和metQ。生长曲线和摇瓶发酵结果表明,metI的敲除促进菌体的生长和蛋氨酸的合成,蛋氨酸的产量从0.39 g/L提高到0.45 g/L,提高了15.4%,蛋氨酸产率从0.14 g/g DCW提高到0.15 g/g DCW。【结论】E.coli MetD功能的缺失能够降低蛋氨酸的吸收速度,敲除metNIQ基因簇上的metI能够提高蛋氨酸产量。     

钝齿棒杆菌的代谢改造：L-鸟氨酸与L-瓜氨酸合成菌株的构建

【目的】对一株产L-精氨酸的钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebacterium crenatum)SYPA5-5进行代谢工程改造,构建L-鸟氨酸和L-瓜氨酸合成菌株,并考察其发酵生产相应氨基酸的性能。【方法】分别敲除菌株SYPA5-5鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶(Ornithine carbamoyltransferase,OTC)的编码基因argF和精胺琥珀酸合成酶(Argininosuccinate synthase,ASS)的编码基因argG,构建能够合成L-鸟氨酸及L-瓜氨酸的重组菌株SYPA5-5△argF和SYPA5-5△argG;考察不同营养条件对上述重组菌株生长和相应氨基酸积累的影响。【结果】添加0.3 g/L L-精氨酸可满足SYPA5-5△argF的生长及L-鸟氨酸积累所需,L-鸟氨酸产量可达21.5 g/L;添加L-精氨酸有利于SYPA5-5△argG的生长,但不利于L-瓜氨酸的积累;不添加L-精氨酸时,L-瓜氨酸产量可达15.2 g/L,同时积累6.8 g/L的L-谷氨酸。【结论】分别敲除L-精氨酸生产菌株SYPA5-5的argF及argG基因,可实现L-精氨酸合成途径的中间代谢物L-瓜氨酸和L-鸟氨酸的积累,拓展了该菌株的工业应用范围。     

L-苏氨酸发酵条件的研究及发酵产物的鉴定

采用逐步诱变处理与单菌落分离相结合,选育出一株产L-苏氨酸量较多的突变株C. cre-natum m-85 (AHV,Met-)。试验证明,生物素与蛋氨酸为其亲株d20～23生长必需因子,同时蛋氨酸又是积累L-苏氨酸的促进因子,硫胺素是生长和积累苏氨酸的促进因子。当生物素、蛋氨酸、硫胺素相配合,菌株产酸能力得以充分显示出来。通气量是L一苏氨酸发酵外部控制的主要条件。L-苏氨酸积累需气量较大。在合适的培养条件下,该菌可在发酵液中积累L一苏氨酸达13.4g／1。 发酵产物的结晶经旋光测定,红外光谱分析,纸上层析及生物鉴定证明是L-苏氨酸。     

罗氏真养菌W50的L-阿拉伯糖代谢途径工程改造北大核心CSCD

【目的】在产聚-β-羟基丁酸酯(Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)的罗氏真养菌(Ralstonia eutropha)H16突变株W50中建立完整的阿拉伯糖代谢途径,引入高亲和力阿拉伯糖转运蛋白,获得能利用L-阿拉伯糖的重组菌株,为获得能高效利用纤维质降解物并积累PHB的工程菌株奠定基础。【方法】利用PCR技术扩增R.eutropha H16的PHB合酶启动子P pha C1、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)W3110的阿拉伯糖代谢酶基因araBAD和高亲和力阿拉伯糖转运蛋白基因araFGH。将P pha C1、araBAD与表达载体pBBR1MCS连接,构建带有阿拉伯糖代谢酶基因的表达载体,转化R.eutropha W50得到重组菌株W50-1。利用双质粒和染色体重组两种方法将araFGH导入W50-1菌,分别得到重组菌株W50-2和W50-3。通过摇瓶发酵研究重组菌株W50-1、W50-2和W50-3的发酵特性。【结果】酶活分析结果表明,阿拉伯糖代谢酶基因实现了表达。重组菌株W50-1、W50-2和W50-3均能利用L-阿拉伯糖,并且表达了转运蛋白基因的重组菌利用L-阿拉伯糖的能力提高。摇瓶发酵结果表明,W50-1可以在含0.1 mol/L阿拉伯糖的发酵培养基中生长,但不能利用低浓度(0.01 mol/L)阿拉伯糖。W50-2、W50-3菌株能够利用低浓度阿拉伯糖生长,并且在含0.1 mol/L阿拉伯糖的培养基中,W50-3的生物量是W50-1的2.5倍,合成的PHB占菌体干重的38.6%。【结论】在R.eutropha W50中表达阿拉伯糖代谢酶基因及转运蛋白基因,可以使其高效利用L-阿拉伯糖生长并积累一定水平的PHB。     

Cloning and characterization of the mutated threonine operon (thrA(1)5A(2)5BC) of Serratia marcescens

The entire threonine operon (thrA(1)5A(2)5BC) of Serratia marcescens TLr156, which lacks threonine-mediated feedback inhibition of both aspartokinase I (AK I) and homoserine dehydrogenase I (HD I), was cloned on a multicopy plasmid pLG339. Hybrid plasmid pSK301 carried a 6.5-kb chromosomal DNA. Several derivatives of pSK301 with Tn1000 insertions were obtained. By examining the phenotypes and the physical maps of these plasmids, we could define the loci of the thrA(1)5A(2)5, thrB, and thrC genes. The thrA(1)5A(2)5 and thrC gene products were identified by the maxicell method as proteins with Mrs of 85,000 and 43,000, respectively. The thrA(1)5A(2)5 genes encode a single polypeptide similar to the thrA1A2 genes of Escherichia coli. Plasmid pSK301 was introduced into S. marcescens T-1112, in which both AK I and HD I are produced constitutively. The resulting transformant carried five to six copies of pSK301 per chromosome and produced the AK I and HD I enzymes at three to four times higher level than control strain T-1112[pLG339]. Strain T-1112[pSK301] produced four times higher levels of threonine than strain T-1112[pLG339], yielding about 35 mg of threonine per ml of a medium containing sucrose and urea.     

Mutational analysis of the feedback sites of lysine-sensitive aspartokinase of Escherichia coli

In Escherichia coli, thrA, metLM, and lysC encode aspartokinase isozymes that show feedback inhibition by threonine, methionine, and lysine, respectively. In vitro chemical mutagenesis of the cloned lysC gene was used to identify residues and regions of the polypeptide essential for feedback inhibition by lysine. The isolated lysine-insensitive mutants were demonstrated to have missense mutations in amino acid residues 323-352, and at position 250 of aspartokinase III.     

Threonine Locus of Escherichia coli K-12: Genetic Structure and Evidence for an Operon

Three genes, thrA, thrB, and thrC, were previously defined and localized in the threonine locus of Escherichia coli K-12. thrA, thrB, and thrC specify the enzymes aspartokinase I-homoserine dehydrogenase I, homoserine kinase, and threonine synthetase, respectively. A complementation analysis of the threonine cluster using derivatives of a lambda phage carrying the threonine genes (lambdadthr(c)) demonstrates that: (i) thrB and thrC each consist of a single cistron; and (ii) thrA is composed of two cistrons, thrA(1) and thrA(2), although it specifies a single polypeptide chain. thrA(1) and thrA(2) correspond to aspartokinase I and homoserine dehydrogenase I, respectively. Their relative order is established. The demonstration of polar effects of mutations (nonsense or induced by phage Mu) in thrA and thrB is taken as evidence for the existence of a thrA thrB thrC operon, transcribed in this order.     

Transductional construction of a threonine-hyperproducing strain of Serratia marcescens: lack of feedback controls of three aspartokinases and two homoserine dehydrogenases.

To construct a threonine-hyperproducing strain of Serratia marcescens Sr41, the six regulatory mutations for three aspartokinases and two homoserine dehydrogenases were combined in a single strain by three transductional crosses. The constructed strain, T-1026, carried the lysC1 mutation leading to lack of feedback inhibition and repression of aspartokinase III, the thrA1(1) mutation desensitizing aspartokinase I to feedback inhibition, the thrA2(1) mutation releasing feedback inhibition of homoserine dehydrogenase I, the two hnr mutations derepressing aspartokinase I and homoserine dehydrogenase I, and the etr-1 mutation derepressing aspartokinase II and homoserine dehydrogenase II. The strain produced ca. 40 mg of threonine per ml of medium containing sucrose and urea. Furthermore, the productivity of strain T-1026 was compared with those of strains devoid of more than one of the six regulatory mutations.     

Transductional construction of a threonine-hyperproducing strain of Serratia marcescens: lack of feedback controls of three aspartokinases and two homoserine dehydrogenases

To construct a threonine-hyperproducing strain of Serratia marcescens Sr41, the six regulatory mutations for three aspartokinases and two homoserine dehydrogenases were combined in a single strain by three transductional crosses. The constructed strain, T-1026, carried the lysC1 mutation leading to lack of feedback inhibition and repression of aspartokinase III, the thrA1(1) mutation desensitizing aspartokinase I to feedback inhibition, the thrA2(1) mutation releasing feedback inhibition of homoserine dehydrogenase I, the two hnr mutations derepressing aspartokinase I and homoserine dehydrogenase I, and the etr-1 mutation derepressing aspartokinase II and homoserine dehydrogenase II. The strain produced ca. 40 mg of threonine per ml of medium containing sucrose and urea. Furthermore, the productivity of strain T-1026 was compared with those of strains devoid of more than one of the six regulatory mutations.