昆虫病毒表达关系的模型建立

昆虫杆状病毒作为生物杀虫剂以及在基因治疗方面的应用有着独特的优越性,而昆虫杆状病毒表达系统(BEVS)也是当今基因工程领域四大表达系统之一,得到广泛的应用.在我们对部分昆虫杆状病毒分子生物学已有较深入认知的情况下,研究其病毒表达系统及生物过程,将有助于我们有效地利用其优越的性能,开拓新的实用价值.类病毒颗粒(Virus...     

Improved Production Efficiency of Virus-Like Particles by the Baculovirus Expression Vector System

Vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) have proven effective in humans and animals. In this regard, the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) is one of the technologies of choice to generate such highly immunogenic vaccines. The extended use of these vaccines for human and animal populations is constrained because of high production costs, therefore a significant improvement in productivity is crucial to ensure their commercial viability. Here we describe the use of the previously described baculovirus expression cassette, called TB, to model the production of two VLP-forming vaccine antigens in insect cells. Capsid proteins from porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2 Cap) and from the calicivirus that causes rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHDV VP60) were expressed in insect cells using baculoviruses genetically engineered with the TB expression cassette. Productivity was compared to that obtained using standard counterpart vectors expressing the same proteins under the control of the polyhedrin promoter. Our results demonstrate that the use of the TB expression cassette increased the production yields of these vaccine antigens by around 300% with respect to the standard vectors. The recombinant proteins produced by TB-modified vectors were fully functional, forming VLPs identical in size and shape to those generated by the standard baculoviruses, as determined by electron microscopy analysis. The use of the TB expression cassette implies a simple modification of the baculovirus vectors that significantly improves the cost efficiency of VLP-based vaccine production, thereby facilitating the commercial viability and broad application of these vaccines for human and animal health.     

用杆状病毒-昆虫细胞系统表达、纯化重组的人源化氨基末端LBP

根据已有的资料显示LBP与LPS的结合位点位于其氨基末端的第 91～ 1 0 0个氨基酸残基。在体外构建含有人LBP与LPS结合活性部分的穿梭质粒pBacmidtLBP ,并且带上 6×his的标签 ,用此穿梭质粒转染sf2 1昆虫细胞 ,获得重组病毒。然后用重组病毒液感染对数生长期的sf2 1昆虫细胞 ,72h后收获含有这种截断型人源化氨基末端LBP-(NH-LBP)的培养上清。用金属亲和树脂纯化后 ,采用SDS-PAGE电泳以及Western-Blot鉴定所得到的纯化物。成功获得相对分子质量约为 30 0 0 0的NH-LBP。为进一步研究LBP在介导LPS活化靶细胞中的作用机制奠定了基础。     

铜绿蝇蜕皮激素受体在杆状病毒载体系统中的表达

The baculovirus expression vector, Trichoplusia ni nucleopolyhedrovirus, with the advantage of polyhedral inclusion body formation in recombinant viruses, was used to express the ecdysteroid receptor of the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina(LcEcR). pSXIVVI +X3/2 baculovirus transfer vector was chosen for a 2.8kb LcEcR cDNA subcloning since pSXIVVI +X3/2 contains an efficient translational initiation signal (ATG) and it allows the LcEcR cDNA fusion to N-terminal codons in the correct reading frame. The resulting transfer plasmid pSXIVVI +X3-LcEcR was cotransfected into BT1-Tn-5B1-4 cells with the parental virus TnNPV-SVI -G minus polyhedral inclusion body, which expresses β-galactosidase gene. After 3～4 runs of plaque purification, three TnNPV-LcEcR clones were obtained with the LcEcR gene under the dual control of synthetic and XIV promoters. These three TnNPV-LcEcR clones all showed white phenotype when stained with X-gal. Western blot analysis showed 2～3 specific polypeptides with molecular weight ranging from 70～90kD. Three TnNPV-LcEcR clones expressed different level of LcEcR polypeptides in BT1-Tn-5B1-4 cells. The TnNPV-LcEcR-1 clone expressed the highest level of LcEcR polypeptides in BT1-Tn-5B1-4 cells 48～72h post infection.     

猪生长激素基因在杆状病毒载体系统中的表达

通过对猪生长激素（ｐＧＨ）基因的ｃＤＮＡ进行测序,得到ｐＧＨｃＤＮＡ的全序列,并与Ｓｅｅｂｕｒｇ等报道的序列进行了比较和讨论。然后利用具人工合成启动子和多角体蛋白ＸＩＶ启动子的转移载体质粒ｐＳＸＩＶＶＩ＾＋Ｘ３／４构建出含ｐＧＨ基因的重组质粒ｐＸ３／４－ｐＧＨ。将ｐＸ３／４－ｐＧＨ与致死缺失型线性化ＡｃＭＮＰＶ－ＯＣＣ＾－ＤＮＡ共转染Ｓｆ９细胞,构建出既能形成多角体又能表达ｐＧＨ基因的苜蓿丫纹夜蛾     

猪生长激素基因在杆状病毒载体系统中的表达

通过对猪生长激素(pGH)基因的cDNA进行测序,得到pGH cDNA的全序列,并与Seeburg等报道的序列进行了比较和讨论.然后利用具人工合成启动子和多角体蛋白XIV启动子的转移载体质粒pSXIVVI+X3/4构建出含pGH基因的重组质粒pX3/4-pGH.将pX3/4-pGH与致死缺失型线性化AcMNPV-OCC- DNA共转染Sf9细胞,构建出既能形成多角体又能表达pGH基因的苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体重组病毒AcMNPV-pX3/4-pGH-OCC+.感染重组毒株的Hi 5细胞可溶蛋白及其培养上清的SDS-PAGE和Western blot的分析结果表明,感染细胞的蛋白电泳带的20.7 kDa处有一条猪生长激素特异带,但培养上清中没有.凝胶黑度扫描估测结果显示pGH蛋白占细胞可溶蛋白的4.48%.     

昆虫保幼激素促进家蚕杆状病毒系统的基因表达

杆状病毒表达载体系统(Baculovirus Expression VecterSvstem,BEVS)的一个最大优点是外源基因的高效表达(Hy-perexpression).但是,不同的外源基因在BEVS系统中的表达水平相差很大,较低的如α-干扰素,表达量为1～5mg/L培养细胞;高的如β-半乳糖苷酶,表达量可达600mg/L培养细胞.外源基因在BEVS系统中表达量受到诸多因素的影响,如细胞的类型与质量,外源基因蛋白的性质,启动子序列的完整性,是否为融合蛋白等[1].如何使外源基因在BEVS系统中高效表达,是近年来该领域中研究最活跃的方向之一.已证实家蚕杆状病毒的表达量受宿主遗传型的影响,最低和最高的遗传型相差达7倍以上[2].林水中等发现家蚕饲料中添食适当浓度的硫酸铜可提高外源基因单位表达量10%左右[3].杆状病毒在复制循环中表现出两种类型:芽生病毒和包涵体病毒,其中芽生病毒引起宿主体内不同组织间的感染,包涵体病毒则引起宿主之间感染[1].杆状病毒基因组中蜕皮激素尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖基转移酶(egt)基因影响激素在宿主体内的平衡[4],egt基因通过糖基化作用使蜕皮激素失活,打破宿主体内的激素平衡,延长幼虫期,以利于病毒的增殖[5].家蚕血淋巴中保幼激素(Juvenile hormone,JH)的滴度同样决定着幼虫发育的进程[6],本文通过体表使用保幼激素,以研究保幼激素对家蚕核型多角体病毒和宿主之间的相互关系及对外源基因表达量的影响.     

Selecting Optimum Eukaryotic Integral Membrane Proteins for Structure Determination by Rapid Expression and Solubilization Screening

A medium-throughput approach is used to rapidly identify membrane proteins from a eukaryotic organism that are most amenable to expression in amounts and quality adequate to support structure determination. The goal was to expand knowledge of new membrane protein structures based on proteome-wide coverage. In the first phase, membrane proteins from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were selected for homologous expression in S. cerevisiae, a system that can be adapted to expression of membrane proteins from other eukaryotes. We performed medium-scale expression and solubilization tests on 351 rationally selected membrane proteins from S. cerevisiae. These targets are inclusive of all annotated and unannotated membrane protein families within the organism's membrane proteome. Two hundred seventy-two targets were expressed, and of these, 234 solubilized in the detergent n-dodecyl-β-d-maltopyranoside. Furthermore, we report the identity of a subset of targets that were purified to homogeneity to facilitate structure determinations. The extensibility of this approach is demonstrated with the expression of 10 human integral membrane proteins from the solute carrier superfamily. This discovery-oriented pipeline provides an efficient way to select proteins from particular membrane protein classes, families, or organisms that may be more suited to structure analysis than others.     

采用TEV酶法进行整合膜蛋白拓扑学分析

为了研究膜蛋白的跨膜结构,进行拓扑学分析是十分重要的.有许多分析膜蛋白拓扑结构的方法,本文采用烟草蚀斑病毒（TEV）酶特异性切割测试蛋白中跨膜片段的前段或后端所插入的tev识别序列EXXYXQ(S/G),如果TEV酶能够切割,表明该序列位于目标蛋白的细胞 质外.将Tev识别序列ENLYFQG 分别插入到拟南芥整合膜蛋白的的跨膜区域,然后转化进入酿酒酵母中. 消解酶(zymolyase)酶破除酵母的细胞壁后,TEV酶消化球状体,最后通过Western免疫印迹法来分析结果.有关该方法的注意事项在结果中进行了讨论.     

HBV pre-c-Fc融合蛋白在杆状病毒表达系统中的表达及其生物学活性研究

目的:在杆状病毒表达系统中表达融合蛋白乙型肝炎病毒前C蛋白-小鼠IgG Fc蛋白(HBV precore protein-mouse IgG Fc,HBV pre-c-Fc),并鉴定其免疫原性。方法:目的基因HBV prec-Fc连接到pFastBac1载体,获得的pFastBac1-HBV pre-c-Fc质粒转化DH10Bac感受态,通过Tn7转座子将目的基因转座到Bacmid中,得到Bacmid-HBV pre-c-Fc穿梭载体,脂质体包被后转染Sf9昆虫细胞获得P1代病毒,重复转染Sf9获得高滴度病毒。收集细胞上清超滤后通过Protein G亲和层析柱纯化得到目的蛋白HBV pre-c-Fc。纯化的蛋白大腿内侧肌肉注射免疫BALB/c小鼠并检测血清中乙型肝炎病毒核心蛋白抗体产生量。结果:HBV pre-c-Fc在昆虫细胞中成功表达,纯化后蛋白纯度达90%以上,蛋白产量约为3.03mg/L,纯化蛋白能有效刺激BALB/c小鼠产生特异抗体。结论:成功地在杆状病毒表达系统中表达了具有免疫原性的HBV pre-c-Fc蛋白,为生产乙肝治疗性疫苗奠定了基础。     

昆虫细胞—杆状病毒表达系统表达尿激酶原

在转瓶和２Ｌ搅拌反应器中,利用重组杆状病毒ＡｃＮＰＶ感染ｓｆ９昆虫细胞表达尿激酶原。在转瓶中,细胞接毒密度１２×１０６／ｍＬ、ＭＯＩ＝３０时,尿激酶原活性达到１０６５ＩＵ／ｍＬ。研究了尿激酶原表达过程中葡萄糖、乳酸的代谢变化。实验结果表明细胞状态对尿激酶原的表达水平有显著影响。     

Problems in Obtaining Diffraction-quality Crystals of Hetero-oligomeric Integral Membrane Proteins

The major barrier responsible for the slow pace of structure determination of integral membrane proteins is the difficulty of crystallizing detergent-solubilized hydrophobic proteins, particularly hetero-oligomeric integral membrane proteins. For the latter class of multi-subunit proteins, we have encountered the following problems in addition to the ubiquitous problem of detergent compatibility: (i) instability caused by over-purification that results in delipidation; (ii) protease activity degrading exposed loops and termini of subunits of the complex that could not be inhibited; (iii) poor protein–protein contacts presumably arising from masking by the detergent micelle. Problem (i) could be ameliorated in crystallization of the cytochrome b₆f complex by augmenting the delipidated complex with synthetic lipid. Problem (ii) has not been solved. Problem (iii) has been solved in other systems by the use of monoclonal antibodies (or other protein ligands) to increase the probability of protein–protein contacts. In the case of the complex formed by the cobalamin and colicin receptor, BtuB, and the receptor binding domain of colicin E3, the latter served as a ligand for protein–protein contacts that facilitated crystallization.     

Comparative Genomic Analysis of Integral Membrane Transport Proteins in Ciliates

Integral membrane transport proteins homologous to those found in the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB; www.tcdb.org ) were identified and bioinformatically characterized by transporter class, family, and substrate specificity in three ciliates, Paramecium tetraurelia (Para), Tetrahymena thermophila (Tetra), and Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich). In these three organisms, 1,326 of 39,600 proteins (3.4%), 1,017 of 24,800 proteins (4.2%), and 504 out of 8,100 proteins (6.2%) integral membrane transport proteins were identified, respectively. Thus, an inverse relationship was observed between the % transporters identified and the number of total proteins per genome reported. This surprising observation provides insight into the evolutionary process, giving rise to genome reduction following whole genome duplication (as in the case of Para) or during pathogenic association with a host organism (Ich). Of these transport proteins in Para and Tetra, about 41% were channels (more than any other type of organism studied), 31% were secondary carriers (fewer than most eukaryotes) and 26% were primary active transporters, mostly ATP‐hydrolysis driven (more than most other eukaryotes). In Ich, the number of channels was selectively reduced by 66%, relative to Para and Tetra. Para has four times more inorganic anion transporters than Tetra, and Ich has nonselectively lost most of these. Tetra and Ich preferentially transport sugars and monocarboxylates while Para prefers di‐ and tricarboxylates. These observations serve to characterize the transport proteins of these related ciliates, providing insight into their nutrition and metabolism.