Immunogenetic studies on wild pigs in Japan.

The variations of blood groups in the two subspecies of wild pigs in Japan (Sus scrofa leucomystax and S.s. riukiuanus) were investigated by serological techniques. S.s. leucomystax showed polymorphism in the A and F systems. S.s. riukiuanus showed a little polymorphism in the F system only. As a whole, there was a great similarity in erythrocyte antigen structures of both S.s. leucomystax and S.s. riukiuanus. In comparison with the erythrocyte antigen frequenties of wild pigs in the Eurasian Continent reported by other workers. East-West geographical clines in the frequencies of Ea, Fa, Ga, Ka, Kb and Lh antigens were clearly observed. From the results of investigation on genetic similarities among seven wild pig populations, it was made clear that the two Japanese strains were very close and were closer to Far Eastern TS.s. ussuricus) than Middle Asian (S.s. nigripes), Transcausian (S.s. attila) and European pigs (S.s. ferus).     

Immunogenetic studies on wild pigs in Japan

The variations of blood groups in the two subspecies of wild pigs in Japan ( Sus scrofa leucomystax and S.s. riukiuarus ) were investigated by serological techniques. S.s. leucomystax showed polymorphism in the A and F systems. S.s. riukiuanus showed a little polymorphism in the F system only. As a whole, there was a great similarity in erythrocyte antigen structures of both S.s. leucomystax and S.s. riukiuanus. In comparison with the erythrocyte antigen frequenties of wild pigs in the Eurasian Continent reported by other workers, East-West geographical clines in the frequencies of Ee, Fa, Ga, Ka, Kb and Lh antigens were clearly observed. From the results of investigation on genetic similarities among seven wild pig populations, it was made clear that the two Japanese strains were very close and were closer to Far Eastern (S.s. ussuricus) than Middle Asian (S.s. nigripes) , Transcausian (S.s. attila) and European pigs ( S.s. ferus ).     

Electrophoretic variants of serum transferrin in wild pig populations of Japan

Variants of serum transferrin in Japanese wild pig, Sus scrofa leucomystax, and Ryukyu wild pig, S.s. riukiuanus, of Japan were investigated by using starch gel electrophoresis. Five phenotypes, TfB, BC, C, CX and X, were observed, of which two, TfCX and X, are new variants. Comparison of gene frequency estimates which were calculated for each population showed remarkable geographic differences among several populations of these two subspecies.     

Genetic relationship and distribution of the Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Ryukyu wild boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) analysed by mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial genetic variations were used to investigate the relationships between two Japanese wild boars, Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and Ryukyu wild boar (S.s. riukiuanus). Nucleotide sequences of the control (27 haplotypes) and cytochrome b (cyt-b) regions (19 haplotypes) were determined from 59 Japanese wild boars, 13 Ryukyu wild boars and 22 other boars and pigs. From phylogenetic analyses, the mtDNA of Ryukyu wild boar has a distinct lineage from that of Japanese wild boar, which was classified into the Asian pig lineage. This result suggests that the Ryukyu wild boar has a separate origin from the Japanese wild boar.     

东北亚地区野猪种群mtDNA遗传结构及系统地理发生

研究测定了中国东北、华北及四川西部72个野猪(Susscrofa)个体线粒体控制区全序列,并结合GenBank报道的日本野猪(S.s.leucomystax)、琉球野猪(S.s.riukiuanus)72个同源区序列,分析了东北亚地区野猪线粒体DNA的变异及系统地理格局。在东北亚地区野猪的线粒体控制区共发现42个变异位点,均为转换,共定义了34个单元型。单元型之间的系统发生分析表明,东北亚地区野猪来自同一祖先。东北亚地区野猪现生种群具有显著的种群遗传结构,其中日本野猪与分布于中国东北地区的东北野猪之间亲缘关系较近;而琉球野猪则与华北野猪间亲缘关系较近,与日本野猪和东北野猪间的关系相对较远。嵌套进化枝系统地理分析(Nestedcladephylogeographicalanalysis,NCPA)表明:东北亚地区野猪由同一祖先经过长距离的迁徙而形成现生各种群(或亚种);琉球野猪应起源于大陆野猪,其种群演化可能经历了片断化事件;华北野猪呈现南部种群遗传多样性高的特点,其种群内部曾经历了一次分布区由南向北的扩张     

Genetic polymorphism of erythrocyte esterase-D in pigs

The erythrocyte esterase-D (Es-D) of four European-American pig breeds, two Taiwan native pigs (Taoyuan and Short ear breeds), Philippine native pig and wild boar populations (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) in Japan was investigated by using starch gel electrophoresis. Analysis of parentage records of the pigs revealed that the phenotypic variation of erythrocyte esterase-D was controlled by two codomi-nant alleles Es-D^A and Es-D^B. The allele Es-D^b was mostly found in three European -American pig breeds, Landrace (0.100), Hampshire (0.135) and Duroc (0.102). All of the wild boar populations were monomorphic for allele Es-D^A.     

Numerical variation of nucleolar organizer regions after silver staining in domestic and wild Suidae (Mammalia)

Selective silver staining was used to investigate the cellular distribution of numbers of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) of eight different breeds, the European wild boar (S. scrofa scrofa), Indonesian wild boar (S. scrofa vittatus), Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus), Sulawesi warty pig (S. celebensis), and pigmy hog (S. salvanius). In the domestic pig as well as in the wild (sub)species of Sus, actively transcribing ribosomal RNA genes were found to be present in the secondary constrictions of chromosome pairs 10 and 8. Chromosomes 10 were consistently Ag-positive. Chromosomes 8 less frequently showed Ag-NORs, resulting in different mean numbers of Ag-NORs per individual animal. Mean Ag-NOR numbers per breed or (sub)species were generally higher in the wild representatives of Sus than in the domestic breeds. The highest mean numbers of Ag-NORs were observed in the Meishan breed and in S. celebensis and S. salvanius. The Meishan breed appears to be conservative in Ag-NOR staining pattern, being more comparable to the Asian wild Suidae than to the European breeds.     

Electrophoretic polymorphism of erythrocyte leucine aminopeptidase in the wild boar, Sus scrofa

Summary. An erythrocyte leucine aminopeptidase (Rbc LAP) electrophoretic polymorphism was detected in Italian wild boars, Sus scrofa. Such a polymorphism has not previously been reported in the domestic pig. It is suggested that this locus could be a marker for genetic differences between the domestic and the wild forms of Sus scrofa.     

Electrophoretic polymorphism of erythrocyte leucine aminopeptidase in the wild boar, Sus scrofa

An erythrocyte leucine aminopeptidase (Rbc LAP) electrophoretic polymorphism was detected in Italian wild boars, Sus scrofa. Such a polymorphism has not previously been reported in the domestic pig. It is suggested that this locus could be a marker for genetic differences between the domestic and the wild forms of Sus scrofa.     

The pygmy hog is a unique genus: 19th century taxonomists got it right first time round

The pygmy hog, Sus salvanius, the smallest and rarest extant suid was first described as the only member of the genus Porcula. It is currently regarded as member of the genus Sus and a sister taxon of the domestic pig/Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). Phylogenetic analyses of 2316 bp from three mtDNA loci (control-region, cytochrome b, 16S) by Bayesian inference and statistical testing of alternative phylogenetic hypotheses all support the original classification of the pygmy hog as a unique genus. Thus, we propose that the species name Porcula salvania should be resurrected. The reclassification will heighten awareness of the need for the future protection and survival of this unique species.     

Phylogeography and population structure of the Japanese wild boar Sus scrofa leucomystax: mitochondrial DNA variation

Phylogeographic characteristics and population structure of Japanese wild boar (Sus scrofa leucomystax) were investigated using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data. Sixteen Japanese wild boar haplotypes detected from partial sequences of the mtDNA control region (574-bp) from 180 Japanese wild boar specimens from 10 local populations on Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu islands and 41 haplotypes from other S. scrofa were analyzed using the neighbor-joining method. The Japanese wild boars were more closely related to Northeast Asian wild boars from Mongolia than to the other Asian continental S. scrofa. The Japanese and Northeast Asian wild boars were not significantly distinguished by corrected average pairwise difference analysis. The ancestors of Japanese wild boars are suggested to have been part of the continental S. scrofa population that spread from Southeast to Northeast Asia during the Middle to Late Pleistocene. The Japanese wild boar mtDNA haplotype cladogram shows 95% parsimoniously plausible branch connections supporting three sympatric clades. Nested clade analysis indicates that these three clades are the result of distinct historical events or gene flow. The present population of Japanese wild boars may have been formed by a few independent migrations of distinct clades from the continent with subsequent mixing on the Japanese Islands.     

Molting of Gnathostoma doloresi (Nematoda: Gnathostomatoidea) in the definitive host

Premolt, molting, and postmolt worms of Gnathostoma doloresi (Nematoda: Gnathostomatoidea) recovered from the stomach wall of naturally infected wild boars Sus scrofa leucomystax in Miyazaki, Japan, were examined morphologically. The only molt observed was that from the advanced third-stage to the adult stage. It is strongly suggested that the gnathostomes molt only once in the definitive host.     

The development of the gene pool in the microevolution of Sus scrofa and the role of heterozygosity in the breed-forming process

The gene pool formation of the modem domestic breeds of pig Sus scrofa domestica and their genesis based on hybridization of wild ancestral forms of the European and Asian origin were studied using molecular immunogenetic methods. Males of the European and Central Asian S. scrofa subspecies (S. s. scrofa and S. s. nigripes were hybridized with domestic pigs of the Swedish Landrace and Vietnamese Black Masked breeds. In addition, we examined the genotypic structure of 65 wild, aboriginal, and local populations as well as cultured breeds, including the stock breeds with different levels of selection. Frequencies of alleles and suballelles of the chromosome 4 locus controlling antigens of the L blood group system were analyzed. The origin of marker suballeles of the European and Asian origin was estimated in the most widespread world pig breeds. Unexpectedly, a strikingly high frequency of the Asian elements was found in the most productive European and American breeds, as well as in the best breeds of Russia and other CIS countries. Only one form of heterozygosity (bcgi/bdfi) was found in a population of wild European ancestors, whereas domestic pig breeds displayed heterozygosity for far more numerous suballeles of the locus studied. Animals heterozygous for alleles of the European and Asian origin showed higher adaptivity and fertility.     

猪科的系统发育与系统地理分化

猪科动物是最为昌盛的哺乳动物之一,但它们的分类及系统发育关系却尚待解决。为此,用PCR直接测序法测定了一个红河猪(Potamochoerusporcus)、一个马来西亚野猪(Susbarbatus)以及数头欧亚野猪(Susscorfa)线粒体细胞色素b全序列1140bp。结合从GenBank中获得的其他猪科物种胞色素b序列,用邻接法和最大简约法构建了猪科物种的系统发育关系,其结果显示苏拉威西鹿猪与其他猪科物种为姐妹群的关系。非洲物种疣猪和河猪聚为一枝,而欧亚猪属物种聚为另一支。各物种在系统发育关系中的位置与它们的地理分布对应。猪属物种可以被划分为3个种组:分布于菲律宾群岛、苏拉威西岛及其邻近岛屿的猪属物种形成一个种组,包括苏拉威西岛疣猪、菲律宾疣猪和印度尼西亚疣猪;欧亚野猪种组,包括欧亚野猪和姬猪;须猪和爪哇疣猪形成一个种组。     

Onchocerca dewittei japonica n. subsp., a common parasite from wild boar in Kyushu Island, Japan

We describe Onchocerca dewittei japonica n. subsp. from the Japanese wild boar, Sus scrofa leucomystax, in Oita, Kyushu Island, where all seven animals examined were found to be infected. This study began with efforts to identify the causative species in a recent case of zoonotic onchocerciasis. Compared with Onchocerca dewittei dewittei from Sus scrofa jubatus in Malaysia, which was reexamined here, our new subspecies has much greater space between the ridges on the females. In addition, its microfilariae (from uteri) are shorter (192-210 microns compared with 228-247 microns), and only the posterior third of the microfilarial body is coiled, instead of the entire body. The Onchocerca species parasitic in suids (these two subspecies and O. ramachandrini from the warthog in the Ethiopian region) form a group sharing several characters. Among the most unusual characters are the body swellings (a specialized apparatus for mating, known in only a few other genera). In addition, longitudinal cuticular crests were found on males of both subspecies from wild boar and on females of O. ramachandrini.     

A transferrin variant Tf I in crosses of the wild and domestic pigs

In crosses of the wild pig (Sus scrofa attila Thomas) with the domestic pig a transferrin variant, Tf I, was detected, electrophoretic mobility of which was slightly faster than the mobility of the variant Tf A. From the results of starch gel electrophoresis, isolation, neuraminidase treatment, autoradiography, and genetic analysis of several families, it can be concluded that the Tf I variant is genetically controlled by the allele Tf¹. Thus the number of alleles in the transferrin system of the pig has increased to six ( Tf^I, Tf^ATf^B, Tf^C, TP^D and Tf^E ).     

Chromosome translocations in the karyotypes of wild boars Sus scrofa L. of the European and the Asian areas of USSR

Summary The karyotypes of the 80 wild boars of the four subspecies, Sus scrofa ussuricus Heude from the Far East of USSR, S. s. nigripes Blanf. from Kirghizia (the Middle Asia), S. s. attila Thos. from Azerbaijan, S. s. ferus from Lithuania, Byelorussia and Central Russia, and the 44 domestic pigs of the five different breeds (Vietnamese Black, Siberian Omskaja Gray, Kakhethian-aborigen Georgian, Mangalica Hungarian, Landrace Swedish), were studied by the Giemsa Banding Method. Differential staining by the G-Method made it possible to identify all the homologous chromosomes of the wild and domestic pig karyotypes as well as to reveal the polymorphism of wild boar karyotypes (2n = 36, 37 and 38), which are determined by the two types of chromosome translocation. Crosses between domestic pigs (2n = 38) and wild boars (2n = 36 and 37) with different chromosome rearrangements might help to clarify the genetic function of the chromosomes A4, B3, B4, B5 and allow their use as genetic markers.     

中国猪类的驯养——对有关资料的评价

<正> 十多年前,在动物考古学成为人类学中一门公认的分支学科以前,几乎所有考古动物群的分析都是由古脊椎动物学家来承担的。在那个时候,这种情况是必然的,因为古脊椎动物学家最便于做这种分析并且他们具有鉴定骨头碎片所必要的知识。他们也能得到从事这项费力的工作所必要的骨骼对比标本和图书资料。这些专家们的工作成果,难得超出一个由骨骼碎片所代表的那些动物的基本分类学名单。他们很少或不解释当遗址是一个活跃的居民点时,这些动物对居民有什么意义。这倒不是因为古脊椎动物学家没有从事这方面分析的能力,而是因为他们对“现代”动物缺少兴趣以及缺乏从考古学角度来解释这种意义的适当训练。那时候,大多数考古学家显然不知道,从动物群的分析可以得知当时情况的这种可能性。     

Segmental aplasia in the uterus of a European wild pig (Sus scrofa)

This paper reports an instance of aplasia in the uterine horn of the European wild pig (Sus scrofa).     

Comparative cytogenetic studies in Sus verrucosus,Sus celebensis and Sus scrofa vittatus (Suidae,Mammalia)

Chromosome studies on the Javan warty pig (Sus verrucosus), the Sulawesi warty pig (S. celebensis) and a subspecies of the wild boar, S. scrofa vittatus, have revealed diploid chromosome numbers of 38. The morphology and C-band size of chromosome 10 are different in S. verrucosus and the two other species. Both S. verrucosus and S. celebensis have a Y chromosome that is larger than the Y chromosome of domestic and wild S. scrofa, and is submetacentric rather than metacentric. There are differences between all three species in the G-banding pattern of the long arm of the Y chromosome. The presence of 2n=38 chromosomes in the Javan warty pig and the Sulawesi warty pig provides new strong evidence that the basic chromosome number in the genus Sus is 38. The differences in karyotype between these pigs (chromosome 10 and the Y chromosome) confirm that they are separate species.