野生湖南山核桃的营养成分研究

对野生湖南山核桃果仁的油脂及其组分、总糖、蛋白质及其氨基酸组成、维生素E、维生素B1、钙、铁、锌、铜、钼等元素含量进行分析.果仁中粗脂肪、总糖、粗蛋白质、维生素E、维生素B1的含量分别为56.57%、3.51%、8.18%、3.06 mg/100 g和1.19 mg/100 g;钙、铁、锌、铜、钼元素含量的含量分别为114.6 mg/100 g、3.26 mg/100g、5.14 mg/100g、1.69 mg/100g和0.12 mg/100g.果仁的脂肪主要由软脂酸、油酸,亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸组成,其含量分别为6.41%,71.80%,19.28%,1.82%和0.69%;果仁中蛋白质氨基酸有16种,其中9种人体必需氨基酸都含有.     

河套地区小麦粉营养品质分析及小麦粉营养化发展对策

目的：了解我国河套地区小麦粉营养品质。方法：选取当地2个不同季节生产的特色面粉6种,对其维生素和矿物质进行分析。结果：12个样品维生素E含量为0.061~0.404 mg/100 g,维生素B1、维生素B2、烟酸含量分别为0.139~0.230 mg/100 g、1.380~1.900 mg/100 g、3.425~4.350 mg/100 g,维生素B2和烟酸含量远高于我国小麦粉平均水平。铁、钙、磷、镁含量偏低,但硒含量为0.043~0.250 mg/kg,已达到富硒农产品标准。结论：河套地区小麦粉含有丰富的维生素B2、烟酸、硒,本研究就小麦粉的营养化发展提出对策建议。     

组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果营养成分的分析和比较

对组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果提取物的营养成分进行分析和比较研究,分别测定了蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、碳水化合物、灰分、矿质元素、维生素E和氨基酸含量。结果表明:组培苗鲜罗汉果和干罗汉果蛋白质含量分别为22.23%、19.8%,氨基酸总量分别为12.51%、8.36%,其中人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量分别为38.13%、36.36%,矿质元素含量分别为1081mg/100g、1089mg/100g,维生素E含量分别为0.183mg/100g、0.589mg/100g。组培苗鲜罗汉果的蛋白质、氨基酸含量比组培苗干罗汉果分别高2.43%、4.15%,碳水化合物、维生素E含量组培苗干罗汉果比组培苗鲜罗汉果分别高2.44%、0.406mg/100g,矿质元素、粗脂肪、总糖、灰分等含量两者不存在明显差异。     

腐植酸对高温胁迫下掌叶半夏生长生理特性及块茎次生代谢的影响

采用不同浓度(0、20、40、60、80、100mg/L)腐植酸(HA)叶面喷施处理,通过盆栽实验分析了HA对高温胁迫下掌叶半夏幼苗生长生理指标及次生代谢的调控效应。结果显示:(1)各浓度HA处理均可不同程度地促进高温胁迫下掌叶半夏的生长发育,且以80mg/L HA处理下其块茎鲜重(6.990 5g/株)、叶柄鲜重(1.755 4g/株)及总叶绿素含量(19.961 3mg/g)最高,较对照分别显著提高21.25%、118.5%和37.19%。(2)当HA处理浓度为60mg/L时,掌叶半夏幼苗叶片中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量均最高,分别比对照显著提高66.67%、40.91%;叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)活性达到最大值,MDA含量降至最低,SOD、POD活性分别比对照显著提高818.98%和48.2%,MDA含量较对照显著降低62.08%;且块茎中鸟苷含量较高,比对照显著提高52.94%。(3)当叶面喷施80mg/L HA时,掌叶半夏幼苗叶片中游离脯氨酸含量和块茎中总生物碱、总有机酸、腺苷的含量均最高,分别比对照显著提高169.63%、27.19%、42.32%、96.23%。研究表明,适宜浓度HA处理可显著提高高温胁迫下掌叶半夏幼苗叶片内抗氧化酶(SOD、POD)的活性及渗透调节物质(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸)含量,以及块茎中次生代谢产物(总生物碱、总有机酸、鸟苷和腺苷)的含量,有效减轻夏季高温对掌叶半夏幼苗叶片的伤害、延缓衰老、提高其幼苗抗热性,促进生长、延长生长期。     

红掌的离体组织培养与快速繁殖

本研究从红掌组培的实用化生产出发,在不同激素成份及浓度水平下,以MS为基本培养基,红掌的叶片或叶柄为外植体进行组培快繁试验。实验结果表明:MS+6-BA1mg/L+2.4-D0.1mg/L为最佳诱导培养基,诱导率可达89%以上,红掌的叶片诱导效果比叶柄较为理想。最适分化培养基为:MS+BA1.5mg/L+NAA0.1mg/L,其分化率为93%;继代增殖培养基为MS+6-BA2mg/L+NAA0.2mg/L,增殖系数达7.1;适合生根诱导培养基为l/2MS+NAA0.2mg/L,生根率达96.5%以上。生根苗田间移栽后成活率可达95%以上。     

二斑叶螨及其寄主植物(芸豆)营养分析

【目的】研究二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae在生长发育和繁殖中对食物的营养需求,为其人工饲料研发提供理论依据。【方法】针对正常取食的二斑叶螨与饥饿24 h的二斑叶螨、新鲜芸豆叶片与被为害芸豆叶片、新鲜芸豆叶片与新鲜芸豆叶片汁液,比较了其主要营养成分含量差异。【结果】饥饿24 h的二斑叶螨相比于正常取食的,其体内总蛋白含量显著增加(12.06%),丙氨酸的含量显著减少(9.82%),而糖类和维生素类变化不显著。被害芸豆叶片相比于新鲜芸豆叶片,其蛋白质(49.74%)、脯氨酸(42.26%)、维生素B1(23.36%)的含量显著减少,而糖类的变化不显著。新鲜芸豆叶片汁液相比于新鲜芸豆叶片,10种必需氨基酸中有8种显著减少,其中下降最多的为赖氨酸(38.46%),8种非必需氨基酸中有7种显著减少,其中下降最多的为半胱氨酸(66.67%),维生素B1在汁液中的含量低于定量限0.10mg/100g,未检出,维生素E(45.00%)、B2(27.78%)、B6(34.30%)、B12(56.79%)及烟酸(27.43%)显著减少,微量元素钾(12.25%)、镁(15.60%)、锰(27.33%)这3种均存在显著减少,而蛋白质、脂肪和糖类含量变化均不显著。【结论】二斑叶螨在芸豆叶片中摄取的营养物质主要有蛋白质、丙氨酸、脯氨酸、维生素B1。汁液相比于叶片部分氨基酸类、维生素类、微量元素类的含量均存在显著性差异。     

菜用枸杞叶的营养价值及营养等级评价

将菜用枸杞叶（VWL）分为芽尖、茎、未成熟叶片和成熟叶片等4个部位,分别研究了这4个部位的营养成分,结果发现：4个部位均含有丰富的多糖、矿质元素、生物碱和维生素,尤其是芽尖和成熟叶片。在这4个部位中,芽尖的多糖、生物碱和氨基酸含量最高,多糖含量为7.6%、生物碱含量为49.64mg/100g、氨基酸总量为6.23%;成熟叶片的β-胡萝卜素（5.63mg/100g）、维生素C（20.6mg/100g）和钙（319.67mg/100g）的含量最高,多糖含量也相当高。按照平均营养价值估算法（ANV）对VWL进行营养等级评价,VWL 4个部位的ANV值为5.87~13.41;按照营养评分分类估算法,VWL 4个部位营养评分为10~17分,属于一级蔬菜。本研究可以为VWL的开发利用提供科学依据。     

裂叶悬钩子组织培养研究——Ⅰ.裂叶悬钩子叶外植体培养直接再生不定芽及植物激素对它的影响

本文首次报道裂叶悬钩子(Rubus laciniatus Wild)叶外植体培养在改良的NN⁶⁹培养基上附加2—4mg/1 6-BA和0.1mg/1 NAA或1—3mg/1 2,4-D和0.1mg/1 NAA,两者都可直接从完整叶片、叶片下切段或叶柄诱导出不定芽。诱导频率达20—48%。而不定芽绝大部分发生在叶轴处或叶柄基部。完整叶片的不定芽诱导率与叶片下切段无差别,但比叶柄基部诱导率要高。6-BA对叶轴处不定芽诱导率比2,4-D的要高。此外,不需继代培养,不定芽数可达10—20个,继代培养一个月左右,每个不定芽能形成丛生芽数可达40一60个。另外,本文还讨论了细胞分化过程中的极性现象。     

紫色小白菜有机酸的提取优化及UPLC定量分析

为建立一种紫色小白菜中精准的有机酸提取及定性定量分析方法。本研究在单因素试验的基础上,采用Box-Behnken的中心组合试验设计原理,设计响应面试验优化紫色小白菜有机酸的提取工艺。结果表明,紫色小白菜有机酸提取的最优工艺参数为:乙醇浓度73%,料液比1∶21,超声时间11 min,超声温度70℃。通过超高效液相色谱法(ultra performance liquid chromatography,UPLC)对紫色小白菜叶片和叶柄部位有机酸进行定性定量分析,检测出苹果酸、柠檬酸、丙二酸、琥珀酸和酒石酸,其中苹果酸含量最高,分别为15.968、5.019 mg/g;其次为柠檬酸,分别为9.293、1.385 mg/g。定性定量结果表明,紫色小白菜叶片及叶柄部位含有丰富有机酸类物质,叶片部位苹果酸、柠檬酸、丙二酸、酒石酸含量均高于叶柄部位,而琥珀酸含量较低。     

宁夏杂草稻功能型品质性状分析

采用41份杂草稻种质材料,开展宁夏杂草稻稻米功能型品质的研究。结果表明,杂草稻的黄酮、维生素B1以及铁、锌、硒含量存在较大变异,变异系数均达13%以上;杂草稻的黄酮、维生素B1含量低于选育品种,铁、锌、硒元素含量与选育品种相似,杂草稻的维生素B2含量(0. 032 mg/100 g)总体高于地方品种(0. 026 mg/100 g)和选育品种(0. 027 mg/100 g)。通过功能型品质性状综合分析,筛选出了9份优异杂草稻资源,为改善宁夏水稻品质,拓宽宁夏水稻遗传基础奠定基础。     

Mannitol Metabolism in Celery Stressed by Excess Macronutrients

The effect of excess macronutrients in the root environment on mannitol and sucrose metabolism was investigated in celery (Apium graveolens L. var dulce [Mill.] Pers.). Plant growth was inhibited progressively as macronutrient concentration in the media, as measured by electrical conductivity (E.C.), increased from 1.0 to 11.9 decisiemens m-1. Plants grown for 35 d at higher E.C. had a lower water content but similar dry weight in their roots, leaves, and petioles compared to plants grown at lower E.C. Macronutrient concentrations of leaves, roots, and petioles were not affected by the imposed stress, indicating that the macronutrient stress resulted in a water-deficit stress response rather than a salt-specific response. Mannitol accumulated in sink tissues and was accompanied by a drastic decrease in activity of mannitol-1-oxidoreductase. Sucrose concentration and activities of sucrose-metabolizing enzymes in sink tissues were not affected by the macronutrient stress. Mature leaves exhibited increased concentrations of both mannitol and sucrose, together with increased activity of mannose-6-phosphate reductase and sucrose phosphate synthase, in response to macronutrient stress. Thus, mannitol accumulation in osmotically stressed celery is regulated by diminished catabolism in sink tissues and increased capacity for mannitol biosynthesis in source leaves.     

Host plant resistance and linear furanocoumarin content of Apium accessions

Linear furanocoumarin contents and antibiotic resistance to Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) were documented for Apium species being investigated in a celery breeding program. In no-choice tests, L. trifolii fed more, produced more offspring, and had the highest pupal and adult productivity on the widely planted cultivar 'Tall Utah' 52-70R (Apium graveolens L.). Antibiotic effects of the commercial cultivar 'Tall Utah' 52-70 HK and University of California families 87A-147 and 87A-338, derived from A. chilense Hook and Arn., were intermediate. Only A. nodiflorum (L.) Lag (accession 87A-236) did not allow survival beyond the larval stage. Concentrations of the carcinogenic and mutagenic linear furanocoumarins varied by location within plants (leaves usually greater than petioles), by specific compound (trend: psoralen less than xanthotoxin less than bergapten or isopimpinellin), and between accessions. A. nodiflorum had the lowest foliar levels of phototoxic furanocoumarins (11.8 micrograms/g fresh weight) and the best potential for use in the breeding program. Foliar levels of phototoxic furanocoumarins (psoralen, bergapten, and xanthotoxin) in plants 87A-147-3 (406 micrograms/g), 87A-147-2 (292.9 micrograms/g), and the family 87A-338 (265.9 micrograms/g) were 22.6, 16.3, and 14.8 times higher, respectively, than the concentration known to produce contact dermatitis (18 micrograms/g). Even with such variability in concentration, the foliar content of linear furanocoumarins (individually or total) and L. trifolii adult production were not correlated.     

Wild edible plants of the Sikkim Himalaya: Nutritive values of selected species

Wild edible plants form an important constituent of traditional diets in the Himalaya. In the Sikkim Himalaya a total of 190 species have been screened as edible species out of which nearly 47 species come to the market. The present paper deals with nutritive values of 27 most commonly consumed wild edible plants in the Sikkim Himalaya. Of 27 plant species that were analyzed for their nutritive values, 22 were edible for their fruits and five for leaves/shoots. Among different plant parts, generally higher nutrient concentration was recorded for leaves, followed by new shoots and fruits. For different species the crude fiber content ranged between 2.15–39.90%, and the total soluble salts between 4.66–21.00%, and the vitamin C content from 6–286 mg/100 g. The fat content was determined high in the fruits ofCastanopsis hystrix, Machilus edulis, andCinnamomum species, while the protein content was highest inHippophae rhamnoides, Cucumis melo, andEleagnus latifolia. The total carbohydrate content ranged from 32–88% in the fruits of various wild edibles, the reducing sugar from 1.25–12.42%, total sugar from 2.10–25.09%, the lignin content varied from 9.05–39.51%, the hemicellulose between 25.63–55.71% and cellulose content varied from 9.57–33.19% in different species. Among the various macronutrients estimated in the plant samples of different wild edible species, nitrogen was present in highest quantity, followed by potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium. Micronutrients, such as iron, zinc, magnesium, and copper contents were analyzed in different plant parts of various wild edible species. The iron content was higher in leaves and new shoots. The nutritive values of certain wild edible species determined in this study are comparable with various commercial fruits. It is suggested that a few wild edible species need to be grown for commercial cultivation and adopted in the traditional agroforestry systems, which will lead to reduced pressure on them in natural forest stands as well as producing economic benefits for poor farmers.     

江西上饶5种野菜硝酸盐和Vc含量

测定了江西上饶地区常见的5种野菜（蔊菜、马齿苋、车前、山莴苣和水芹）的硝酸盐和Vc含量,结果表明：5种野菜的硝酸盐含量相差较大,分别为26.76、77.66、22.92、70.99和1.54 mg/kg,均未超过FAO/WHO规定的日允许量（ADI）的计算值;5种野菜的Vc含量相差不大。水芹的硝酸盐含量最低,故其利用价值较大。     

Characterization of AgMaT2, a plasma membrane mannitol transporter from celery, expressed in phloem cells, including phloem parenchyma cells

A second mannitol transporter, AgMaT2, was identified in celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce), a species that synthesizes and transports mannitol. This transporter was successfully expressed in two different heterologous expression systems: baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cells and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants (a non-mannitol-producing species). Data indicated that AgMaT2 works as an H(+)/mannitol cotransporter with a weak selectivity toward other polyol molecules. When expressed in tobacco, AgMaT2 decreased the sensitivity to the mannitol-secreting pathogenic fungi Alternaria longipes, suggesting a role for polyol transporters in defense mechanisms. In celery, in situ hybridization showed that AgMaT2 was expressed in the phloem of leaflets, petioles from young and mature leaves, floral stems, and roots. In the phloem of petioles and leaflets, AgMaT2, as localized with specific antibodies, was present in the plasma membrane of three ontologically related cell types: sieve elements, companion cells, and phloem parenchyma cells. These new data are discussed in relation to the physiological role of AgMaT2 in regulating mannitol fluxes in celery petioles.     

Wild edible plants of the Sikkim Himalaya: Nutritive values of selected species

The wild edible plants form an important constituent of traditional diets in the Himalaya. In the Sikkim Himalaya a total of 190 species have been screened as edible species out of which nearly 47 species come to the market. The present paper deals with nutritive values of 27 most commonly consumed wild edible plants in the Sikkim Himalaya. Of 27 plant species that were analyzed for their nutritive values, 22 were edible for their fruits and five for leaves/shoots. Among different plant parts, generally higher nutrient concentration was recorded for leaves, followed by new shoots and fruits. For different species the crude fiber content ranged between 2.15–39.90%, and the total soluble salts between 4.66–21.0%, and the vitamin C content from 6-286 mg/100 g. The fat content was determined high in the fruits of Castanopsis species, Machilus edulis, and Cinnamomum species, while the protein content was highest in Hippophae rhamnoides, Cuc-umis melo, and Eleagnus latifolia. The total carbohydrate content ranged from 32-88% in the fruits of various wild edibles, the reducing sugar from 1.25–12.42%, total sugar from 2.10–25.09%, the lignin content varied from 9.05–39.51%, the hemicellulose between 25.63-55.71% and cellulose content varied from 9.57–33.19% in different species. Among the various mac-ronutrients estimated in the plant samples of different wild edible species, nitrogen was present in highest quantity, followed by potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and sodium. Mi-cronutrients, such as iron, zinc, magnesium, and copper contents were analyzed in different plant parts of various wild edible species. The iron content was higher in leaves and new shoots. The study shows that wild edible plants are good source of nutrient for rural population, and also well comparable with various commercial fruits. It is suggested that a few wild edible species need to be grown for commercial cultivation and adopted in the traditional agroforestry systems, which will lead to reduced pressure on them in natural forest stands as well as producing economic benefits for poor farmers.     

Immunolocalization of mannitol dehydrogenase in celery plants and cells.

Immunolocalization of mannitol dehydrogenase (MTD) in celery (Apium graveolens L.) suspension cells and plants showed that MTD is a cytoplasmic enzyme. MTD was found in the meristems of celery root apices, in young expanding leaves, in the vascular cambium, and in the phloem, including sieve-element/companion cell complexes, parenchyma, and in the exuding phloem sap of cut petioles. Suspension cells that were grown in medium with mannitol as the sole carbon source showed a high anti-MTD cross-reaction in the cytoplasm, whereas cells that were grown in sucrose-containing medium showed little or no cross-reaction. Gel-blot analysis of proteins from vascular and nonvascular tissues of mature celery petioles showed a strong anti-MTD sera cross-reactive band, corresponding to the 40-kD molecular mass of MTD in vascular extracts, but no cross-reactive bands in nonvascular extracts. The distribution pattern of MTD within celery plants and in cell cultures that were grown on different carbon sources is consistent with the hypothesis that the Mtd gene may be regulated by sugar repression. Additionally, a developmental component may regulate the distribution of MTD within celery plants.     

野生水芹的合理开发利用

主要阐述了野生水芹的药用、食用价值及其急待开发的环保作用。随着人们生活水平的不断提高,野生水芹以其特有的集治病和健身于一体的功能被越来越多的人所喜爱。针对目前日渐严重的湿地污染,可以利用野生水芹其极强的生命力和较广的适应能力的特性,进行综合环境治理。     

红瓜叶营养成分及作为野生蔬菜的评价

分析了红瓜(Coccinia gradis)嫩茎叶的矿物质、微量元素、蛋白质、氨基酸和维生素含量,并与常用7种栽培蔬菜的含量进行了比较。结果发现,红瓜嫩茎叶中矿物质K、P(除芹菜),微量元素Fe、Mg(除蕹菜)、Se和Zn的含量均高于7种蔬菜。红瓜嫩叶中硫氨素、核黄素和尼克酸含量远高于对照的7种栽培蔬菜。采用模糊识别法和氨基酸系数比值法,分别以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准蛋白,以WHO／FAO必需氨基酸参考模式为评价标准,对红瓜嫩茎叶中蛋白质营养价值进行了评价,并与7种栽培蔬菜蛋白质进行对照比较。结果表明红瓜嫩茎叶蛋白质含量为2．1％(鲜重),蛋白质中氨基酸种类齐全,氨基酸含量93．8％,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的42％,第一限制性氨基酸为含硫氨基酸(Met Cys)。红瓜嫩茎叶蛋白质中必需氨基酸贴近度(以鸡蛋蛋白质为标准)0．8070,氨基酸比值系数分(以WHO／FAO必需氨基酸参考模式)71．946,均高于对照的7种栽培蔬菜。     

Temporal variation in density of epiphytic bacteria on submerged vegetation in a calcareous stream

The density of epiphytic bacteria on (1) leaves, (2) stems and petioles, and (3) whole shoots of submerged Nasturtium officinale, Apium nodiflorum and Glyceria fluitans was determined from January to June 1984 in a calcareous stream in North Humberside. The density on leaves was less than on stems and petioles; reasons for this are suggested. The density on all three species decreased from late January to February-March and then increased to June. This temporal change was related to environmental variables (e. g. negative correlation with discharge and positive correlation with temperature), a situation which contrasts with Baker & Orr (1986) who found no such relationships in a Southern England chalk stream.