应用不同柱前衍生法于HPLC测定西洋参中的氨基酸

通过微波水解衍生方法与柱前衍生方法测定西洋参中的氨基酸成分并进行对比,评价两种方法使用的合理性与应用价值。通过微波水解衍生及柱前衍生两种不同的衍生方法测定同一来源的西洋参药材中的氨基酸成分含量,比较两种实验方法的操作性、准确合理性及测定氨基酸成分含量。两种实验方法平均回收率及相对标准偏差为:柱前衍生法回收率90.1%~101.7%、RSD 0.9%~3.9%,微波水解衍生法90.1%~113.1%、RSD 1.1%~9.5%(除个别氨基酸在酸水解过程中易被破坏)。柱前衍生法主要测定游离氨基酸的含量,其中西洋参根中的精氨酸占总量的59%。微波衍生法明显缩短了氨基酸分析时间,实验操作上体现显著优势。柱前衍生法准确、可靠,测定产物稳定。测定西洋参干燥根中游离的精氨酸含量占游离氨基酸总量的一半以上,含量最高,为西洋参的化学成分与药理作用的进一步研究提供参考依据。     

柱前和柱后衍生高效液相色谱分析氨基酸方法进展与评述

柱前和柱后衍生高效液相色谱分析氨基酸方法进展与评述刘惠文中国林业科学研究院分析中心北京１００９１自从１９５８年Ｓｐａｃｋｍａｎｓｔｅｉｎ和Ｍｏｏｒｅ建立了最初的氨基酸分析技术以来,随着高效液相色谱的出现和发展,氨基酸分析方面的探讨也更加广泛和深入［１...     

氨基酸的HPLC分析

本文综述和讨论了HPLC用于氨基酸分析的特点,特别是各种柱前衍生技术,反相色谱的分离条件等,并涉及了这一技术的某些新发展。     

高效液相色谱法对农业样品中氨基酸含量的测定

介绍了采用一种新型的国产氨基酸色谱柱ＹＷＧＡ—Ａ柱,对与农业有关的多种样品进行氨基酸测定的方法。这种色谱柱可使全部氨基酸得到完全的分离,且柱效高,柱压低,价格便宜。农业样品的品种多,比较复杂,文中还对不同样品的前处理做了简要叙述。氨基酸的分析方法采用的是柱前衍生ＯＰＡ法,还对此方法测定中的一些问题进行了讨论。     

DNFB柱前衍生化RP-HPLC测定大黄种子氨基酸的含量

采用柱前衍生RP-HPLC法测定大黄种子中氨基酸的含量。6 mol/L盐酸水解得到氨基酸,以2,4-二硝基氟苯(DNFB)为柱前衍生化试剂,梯度洗脱。色谱柱为Gemimi-NX C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相A相为0.1 M乙酸钠水溶液,B相为乙腈-水(1∶1),柱温37℃,检测波长360 nm。结果表明,三种正品大黄种子中均含有17种氨基酸,总量在11.30%~19.26%。该方法灵敏、准确,有良好的重复性和稳定性。     

传统藏药材波棱瓜的氨基酸分析

采用FDBN柱前衍生高效液相色谱法测定了藏药材波棱瓜中氨基酸的含量。结果表明,波棱瓜中氨基酸总量为189.4g·kg-1,其中8种必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的33.47%。     

福建产太子参氨基酸成分分析

采用日立L8800全自动高速氨基酸分析仪,从福建柘荣产太子参中检出18种氨基酸,全氨基酸总质量分数为77.7g.kg-1,其中精氨酸(Arg)高达20.8 g.kg-1;此外,还发现太子参中含有丰富的γ-氨基丁酸,质量分数高达16.5 g.kg-1。采用RT-HPLC(柱前衍生-反相液相色谱分离)检测质量分数为20.5 mg.kg-1,验证了HPCEC(离子交换色谱分离-柱后衍生法)氨基酸自动分析结果。     

高效液相色谱法分析虾头中的氨基酸

采用OPA柱前衍生氨基酸,用高效液相色谱法,经多步洗脱,用荧光检测器检测,分析虾头中各类氨基酸。用时短,样品用量少,灵敏度高,适用于分析大量样品     

柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法测定马尾松(Pinus massoniana )针叶中γ-氨基丁酸和17种游离氨基酸

建立了自动在线柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法同时测定γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)和17种游离氨基酸含量的方法.以邻苯二甲醛-9-芴基甲基氯甲酸酯(OPA-FMOC)为衍生试剂进行衍生,Agilent Hypersil AA-ODS-C18色谱柱分离,梯度洗脱,二极管阵列检测器检测,在19min内分离测定了马尾松苗木针叶中GABA 和17种游离氨基酸的含量.该方法测定氨基酸的回收率高于90.1%,精密度和重现性均较好(相对标准偏差为0.21%～2.81%),经测定,发现马尾松被马尾松毛虫取食后,所测18种氨基酸总量明显降低,从418.3μg · g-1降低到310.4μg · g-1鲜重.     

异硫氢酸苯酯法(PITC)分析氨基酸

<正> 自从1958年Moore等人建立氨基酸测定方法以来,氨基酸分析方法发展迅速,日新月异。除采用阳离子交换柱,茚三酮柱后反应测定氨基酸方法外,70年代起,各种采用柱前衍生,反相色谱法分离测定氨基酸方法相继问世,为氨基酸分析开辟了新的领域。异硫氢酸苯酯(PITC)法作为其中一种,以其灵敏度高(可检测,1Pmal),分析速度快(水解液为10分钟,生理体液40～60分     

Dietary lysine restriction induces lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle through an increase in serum threonine levels in rats

We previously reported that dietary amino acid restriction induces the accumulation of triglycerides (TAG) in the liver of growing rats. However, differences in TAG accumulation in individual cell types or other tissues were not examined. In this study, we show that TAG also accumulates in the muscle and adipose tissues of rats fed a low amino acid (low-AA) diet. In addition, dietary lysine restriction (low-Lys) induces lipid accumulation in muscle and adipose tissues. In adjusting the nitrogen content to that of the control diet, we found that glutamic acid supplementation to the low-AA diet blocked lipid accumulation, but supplementation with the low-Lys diet did not, suggesting that a shortage of nitrogen caused lipids to accumulate in the skeletal muscle in the rats fed a low-AA diet. Serum amino acid measurement revealed that, in rats fed a low-Lys diet, serum lysine levels were decreased, while serum threonine levels were significantly increased compared with the control rats. When the threonine content was restricted in the low-Lys diet, TAG accumulation induced by the low-Lys diet was completely abolished in skeletal muscle. Moreover, in L6 myotubes cultured in medium containing high threonine and low lysine, fatty acid uptake was enhanced compared with that in cells cultured in control medium. These findings suggest that the increased serum threonine in rats fed a low-Lys diet resulted in lipid incorporation into skeletal muscle, leading to the formation of fatty muscle tissue. Collectively, we propose conceptual hypothesis that “amino-acid signal” based on lysine and threonine regulates lipid metabolism.     

Analysis of lipolysis in adipocytes using a fluorescent fatty acid derivative

For facilitation of the experimental analysis of the mechanism and regulation of mobilization of fatty acids from adipose triacylglycerol (TAG) stores, which also represents important targets for pharmacological intervention with the pathogenesis of diabetes and obesity, we developed a convenient and reliable non-radioactive cell-based assay. Isolated rat adipocytes are incubated with the fluorescent fatty acid derivative, 12-((7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)dodecanoic acid (NBD-FA), in the presence of insulin. The resulting NBD-FA-labeled TAG is efficiently cleaved by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in vitro. After removal of insulin and excess of free NBD-FA, lipolysis is initiated by addition of isoproterenol and/or adenosine deaminase. The amount of NBD-FA generated in total or released into the incubation medium in the presence of modulatory hormones or compounds is then monitored by thin layer chromatography and fluorescence imaging. Release of NBD-FA, glycerol and [3H]oleic acid from TAG follows similar kinetics and concentration dependence in response to various lipolytic and anti-lipolytic stimuli as well as inhibitors of HSL. Release of NBD-FA from adipocytes correlates well to translocation of HSL from the cytosol to TAG droplets. In addition, we found that a cell-free system consisting of NBD-FA-labeled TAG droplets with endogenous associated HSL closely reflects the lipolytic state of the adipocytes used for its preparation. In conclusion, release of NBD-FA from TAG in vivo and in vitro can be used as accurate index for (regulation of) lipolysis in primary and cultured adipocytes.     

Accumulation of peptides by choroid plexus in vitro: Tyr-d-Ala-Gly as a model

Accumulation of Tyr-d-Ala-Gly (TAG) in rat choroid plexus was studied in vitro. Choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles and the fourth ventricle accumulated TAG against a concentration gradient. This accumulation was inhibited by some metabolic inhibitors and some peptides, but not by amino acids. The charge and stereo-configuration of peptides had great influence on the accumulation. Metenkephalin was one of the strongest inhibitors. Absence of sodium ions in the medium did not affect the accumulation, but increase or decrease of potassium ions reduced it. Injection of reserpine for chemical denervation of sympathetic nerves or bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion had no effect. These results indicate that choroid plexus has different transport systems for amino acids and peptides, which are not affected by denervation of the sympathetic nerves that innervate choroid plexus.     

An acidic or basic amino acid at position 26 of the b subunit of Escherichia coli F1F0-ATPase impairs membrane proton permeability: suppression of the uncF469 nonsense mutation.

The uncF469 allele differed from normal in that a G----A base change occurred at nucleotide 77 of the uncF gene, resulting in a TAG stop codon rather than the tryptophan codon TGG. Two partial revertant strains were isolated which retained the uncF469 allele but formed a partially functional b-subunit, due to suppression of the uncF469 nonsense mutation. From the altered isoelectric points of the b-subunits from these strains, it was concluded that the suppressor gene of partial revertant strain AN1956 inserts an acidic amino acid for the TAG codon, and that the suppressor gene of partial revertant strain AN1958 inserts a basic amino acid. The membranes of both partial revertant strains showed impaired permeability to protons on removal of F1-ATPase. The membranes of both strains, however, were able to carry out oxidative phosphorylation, and the ATPase activities of both were resistant to the inhibitor dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.     

Characterization of desnutrin functional domains: critical residues for triacylglycerol hydrolysis in cultured cells

Murine desnutrin/human ATGL is a triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolase with a predicted catalytic dyad within an α-β hydrolase fold in the N-terminal region. In humans, mutations resulting in C-terminal truncation cause neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy. To identify critical functional domains, we measured TAG breakdown in cultured cells by mutated or truncated desnutrin. In vitro, C-terminally truncated desnutrin displayed an even higher apparent V_max than the full-length form without changes in K_m, which may be explained by our finding of an interaction between the C- and N-terminal domains. In live cells, however, C-terminally truncated adenoviral desnutrin had lower TAG hydrolase activity. We investigated a role for the phosphorylation of C-terminal S406 and S430 residues but found that these were not necessary for TAG breakdown or lipid droplet localization in cells. The predicted N-terminal active sites, S47 and D166, were both critical for TAG hydrolysis in live cells and in vitro. We also identified two overlapping N-terminal motifs that predict lipid substrate binding domains, a glycine-rich motif (underlined) and an amphipathic α-helix (bold) within amino acid residues 10–24 (ISFAGCGFLGVYHIG). G14, F17, L18, and V20, but not G16 and G19, were important for TAG hydrolysis, suggesting a potential role for the amphipathic α-helix in TAG binding. This study identifies for the first time critical sites in the N-terminal region of desnutrin and reveals the requirement of the C-terminal region for TAG hydrolysis in cultured cells.     

YMR313c/TGL3 encodes a novel triacylglycerol lipase located in lipid particles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Previous work from our laboratory (Athenstaedt, K., Zweytick, D., Jandrositz, A., Kohlwein, S. D., and Daum, G. (1999) J. Bacteriol. 181, 6441-6448) showed that the gene product of YMR313c (named Tgl3p) is a component of yeast lipid particles, and deletion of this gene led to an increase in the cellular level of triacylglycerols (TAG). These observations suggested that TGL3 may encode a TAG lipase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we demonstrate by cell fractionation and by microscopic inspection of a strain bearing a Tgl3p-GFP hybrid that this polypeptide is highly enriched in the lipid particle fraction but virtually absent from other organelles. The entire TAG lipase activity of lipid particles is attributed to Tgl3p, because the activity in this organelle is completely absent in a Deltatgl3 deletion mutant, whereas it is significantly enhanced in a strain overexpressing Tgl3p. A His6-tagged Tgl3p hybrid purified close to homogeneity from a yeast strain overexpressing this fusion protein exhibited high TAG lipase activity. Most importantly, experiments in vivo using the fatty acid synthesis inhibitor cerulenin demonstrated that deletion of TGL3 resulted in a decreased mobilization of TAG from lipid particles. The amino acid sequence deduced from the open reading frame YMR313c contains the consensus sequence motif GXSXG typical for lipolytic enzymes. Otherwise, Tgl3p has no significant sequence homology to other lipases identified so far. In summary, our data identified Tgl3p as a novel yeast TAG lipase at the molecular level and by function in vivo and in vitro.     

Site-specific labeling of proteins with NMR-active unnatural amino acids

A large number of amino acids other than the canonical amino acids can now be easily incorporated in vivo into proteins at genetically encoded positions. The technology requires an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair specific for the unnatural amino acid that is added to the media while a TAG amber or frame shift codon specifies the incorporation site in the protein to be studied. These unnatural amino acids can be isotopically labeled and provide unique opportunities for site-specific labeling of proteins for NMR studies. In this perspective, we discuss these opportunities including new photocaged unnatural amino acids, outline usage of metal chelating and spin-labeled unnatural amino acids and expand the approach to in-cell NMR experiments.     

肿瘤相关抗原基因HCA519在昆虫细胞中的表达和纯化

为进行肿瘤细胞免疫应答的研究及制备肿瘤诊断用抗体 ,利用昆虫细胞表达系统表达了肿瘤相关性抗原HCA5 19的重组蛋白 ,并进行了纯化 .所表达的重组蛋白分子量约 10 0kD ,含 75 5个氨基酸残基 ,在HCA5 19cDNA3′端接入FLAG序列 ,则在重组蛋白C端接入 1个 8肽的FLAG尾 .利用其特异性抗体可以有效地纯化重组蛋白 .该FLAGTAG不影响整个重组蛋白的免疫反应性 .纯化的重组蛋白与天然蛋白具有相同或相似的免疫反应性 .它可与识别天然蛋白的血清抗体发生同样的阳性反应 .HCA5 19的足量提供 ,可以免疫动物 ,制备抗体 ;可作为抗原 ,分析其诱导肿瘤病人CTL的特异应答 ,从而评估其作为临床肿瘤疫苗的可能性     

Regulation and remodeling of intermediate metabolite and membrane lipid during NaCl-induced stress in freshwater microalga Micractinium sp. XJ-2 for biofuel production

Microalgae can accumulate a large fraction of reduced carbon as lipids under NaCl stress. This study investigated the mechanism of carbon allocation and reduction and triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in microalgae under NaCl-induced stress. Micractinium sp. XJ-2 was exposed to NaCl stress and cells were subjected to physiological, biochemical, and metabolic analyses to elucidate the stress-responsive mechanism. Lipid increased with NaCl concentration after 0-12 hr, then stabilized after 12–48 hr, and finally decreased after 48–72 hr, whereas TAG increased (0–48 hr) and then decreased (48–72 hr). Under NaCl-induced stress at lower concentrations, TAG accumulation, at first, mainly shown to rely on the carbon fixation through photosynthetic fixation, carbohydrate degradation, and membrane lipids remodeling. Moreover, carbon compounds generated by the degradation of some amino acids were reallocated and enhanced fatty acid synthesis. The remodeling of the membrane lipids of NaCl-induced microalgae relied on the following processes: (a) Increase in the amount of phospholipids and reduction in the amount of glycolipids and (b) extension of long-chain fatty acids. This study enhances our understanding of TAG production under NaCl stress and thus will provide a theoretical basis for the industrial application of NaCl-induced in the microalgal biodiesel industry.