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1.
Several chromosome types have been recognized in Citrus and related genera by chromomycin A3 (CMA) banding patterns and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). They can be used to characterize cultivars and species
or as markers in hybridization and backcrossing experiments. In the present work, characterization of six cultivars of P. trifoliata (“Barnes”, “Fawcett”, “Flying Dragon”, “Pomeroy”, “Rubidoux”, “USDA”) and one P. trifoliata × C. limonia hybrid was performed by sequential analyses of CMA banding and FISH using 5S and 45S rDNA as probes. All six cultivars showed
a similar CMA+ banding pattern with the karyotype formula 4B + 8D + 6F. The capital letters indicate chromosomal types: B, a chromosome
with one telomeric and one proximal band; D, with only one telomeric band; F, without bands. In situ hybridization labeling
was also similar among cultivars. Three chromosome pairs displayed a closely linked set of 5S and 45S rDNA sites, two of them
co-located with the proximal band of the B type chromosomes (B/5S-45S) and the third one co-located with the terminal band
of a D pair (D/5S-45S). The B/5S-45S chromosome has never been found in any citrus accessions investigated so far. Therefore,
this B chromosome can be used as a marker to recognize the intergeneric Poncirus × Citrus hybrids. The intergeneric hybrid analyzed here displayed the karyotype formula 4B + 8D + 6F, with two chromosome types B/5S-45S
and two D/5S-45S. The karyotype formula and the presence of two B/5S-45S chromosomes clearly indicate that the plant investigated
is a symmetric hybrid. It also demonstrates the suitability of karyotype analyses to differentiate zygotic embryos or somatic
cell fusions involving trifoliate orange germplasm.
During the submission of this paper, we analyzed 25 other citrus cultivars with the same methodology and we found that the
chromosome marker reported here can indeed distinguish Poncirus trifoliata from grapefruits, pummelos, and one variegated access of Citrus, besides the previously reported access of limes, limons, citrons, and sweet-oranges. However, among 14 mandarin cultivars,
two of them displayed a single B/5S-45S chromosome, whereas in Citrus hystrix D.C., a far related species belonging to the Papeda subgenus, this chromosome type was found in homozygosis. Since these two mandarin cultivars are probably of hybrid origin,
we assume that for almost all commercial cultivars and species of the subgenus Citrus this B type chromosome is a useful genetic marker. 相似文献
2.
Artificial interspecific hybrids between large scale loach P. dabryanus and tetraploid pond loach M. anguillicaudatus (Cobitidae, Cypriniformes) are viable. To detect the occurrence of possible natural hybridization, genetic analyses by using
microsatellite markers were performed for natural populations of large scale loach and pond loach, the reciprocal laboratory
hybrids, and “supposed hybrids” with ambiguous morphology. The fertility of the artificial hybrids was also tested. At one
diagnostic microsatellite (Mac50), one out of 20 “supposed hybrids” was identified to be F1 hybrid between the two loach species because it had the same genotype as that of the laboratory hybrids. The triploid hybrids
between the two species were confirmed to be female-sterile. The results show that rare hybridization has occurred between
diploid large scale loach and tetraploid pond loach in nature although it may have little effect in genetic introgression.
This study is helpful for fish conservation and encourages further investigation on natural hybridization and introgression
of loaches. 相似文献
3.
4.
D. Sarkar Jagesh K. Tiwari Sushruti Sharma Poonam Sanjeev Sharma J. Gopal B. P. Singh S. K. Luthra S. K. Pandey D. Pattanayak 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2011,107(3):427-440
Interspecific somatic hybrids between the dihaploid Solanum tuberosum and the wild species S. pinnatisectum Dun. were produced via protoplast fusion. Protoplast isolation, electrofusion, culture of post-fusion products and regeneration
of calli/shoots were undertaken following optimized protocols. Regenerants were characterized for hybridity, ploidy and resistance
to Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bery, causal fungal pathogen of late blight disease. From a total of 126 regenerated macrocalli, 12 somatic hybrids
were confirmed by possessing species-specific diagnostic bands of their corresponding parents as revealed by RAPD, SSRs and
cytoplasmic-DNA analyses. Tetraploid status of the 12 hybrids was determined using flow cytometry analysis. Intermediate phenotypes
for leaf, flower, and tuber characteristics and high male fertility were observed in field-grown hybrid plants. Hybrids were
highly resistant to foliage late blight based on field assessment for two seasons. In contrast, moderate level of resistance
to foliage blight was observed in hybrids based on the detached leaf assay under laboratory conditions. Overall, somatic hybrids
with moderate levels of resistance to foliage blight were identified, and these will be useful for in situ hybridization in
potato breeding efforts. 相似文献
5.
Callus-derived protoplasts of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hesheng 3) irradiated with ultraviolet light were fused by using the PEG method with cell suspension-derived protoplasts
of Arabidopsis thaliana. Regenerated calli and green plants resembling that of wheat were obtained. The hybrid nature of putative calli and plants
were confirmed by isozyme, random amplified polymorphic DNA and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) analyses. GISH results
indicated that 1∼3 small chromosome fragments of A. thaliana were found introgression into the terminals of wheat chromosomes, forming highly asymmetric hybrids. Cytoplasmic genome tests
did not show any cytoplasmic genetic materials from A. thaliana. However, variations from the normal wheat cytoplasmic genome were found, indicating recombination or rearrangement occurred
during the process of somatic hybridization. The chromosome elimination in the asymmetric somatic hybridization of remote
phylogenetic relationship was discussed. A miniature inverted-repeat transposable element related sequence was found by chance
in the hybrids which might accompany and impact the process of somatic hybridization.
Jingyao Deng and Haifeng Cui provided same contribution to this work. 相似文献
6.
Dongdong Xu Feng You Zhihao Wu Jun Li Jing Ni Zhizhong Xiao Peijun Zhang Yongli Xu 《Genetica》2009,137(2):151-158
Interspecific reciprocal crosses between the two flatfishes Paralichthys olivaceus and P. dentatus yielded hybrids with different viabilities. Specifically, the hybrids of P. olivaceus female and P. dentatus male (HI) were found to be viable, while the reciprocal hybrids from P. dentatus female and P. olivaceus male (HII) were completely inviable. All the HII individuals showed morphological deformities and died before first feeding.
The chromosome analysis showed that HI individuals had the same chromosome number as parents. However, two chromosomes were
missing in HII offspring indicating that the latter were aneuploids. Genomic inheritance from the parents to F1 progeny was also examined by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analyses, and the results showed differences between
reciprocal hybrids. Almost all AFLP bands (97.71%) observed in parents were passed on to HI individuals. In contrast, only
86.64% of the AFLP bands from parents were scored in HII individuals. Frequency of lost parental bands was thus significantly
higher in HII than that in HI and intraspecific crosses, which was probably associated with chromosomal elimination. In addition,
higher segregation distortions were found in hybrids than in controls, although these differences were not significant. The
present study indicates that chromosomal elimination and loss of AFLP loci occurred in inviable HII individuals, while such
genomic changes were not found in viable HI individuals. Possible implications of such difference on genomic changes for asymmetric
viability in reciprocal hybrids are discussed. 相似文献
7.
V. G. Mitrofanov A. I. Chekunova E. S. Zelentsova L. N. Gauze G. N. Bakhtoyarov 《Cell and Tissue Biology》2011,5(5):440-443
The Dras1 gene was mapped by in situ hybridization to polytene chromosomes of several sibling species of the Drosophila virilis group and their hybrids. A 1037-bp fragment of Dras1 gene from the D. virilis genome was used as the probe. The gene sequence was localized in the region of a 25 A-B disk in chromosome 2 (in accordance
with the D. virilis polytene chromosome map (Gubenko and Evgen’ev, 1984). 相似文献
8.
The wild species Brassica
maurorum Durieu (MM, 2n = 16) is useful for the improvement of Brassica crops. Herein, interspecific reciprocal crosses between B. maurorum and three cultivated Brassica allotetraploids were carried out with the aid of embryo rescue. Trigenomic hybrids with Brassica
napus (AACC, 2n = 38) and Brassica
carinata (BBCC, 2n = 34) were produced from reciprocal crosses, but the hybrids with Brassica
juncea (AABB, 2n = 36) were obtained only when B. maurorum was used as female. All the hybrids were morphologically intermediate between their parents, and were male and female sterile.
By in vitro chromosome doubling of the trigenomic hybrids, the allohexaploids (AACC.MM/MM.AACC, 2n = 54; BBCC.MM, 2n = 50; MM.AABB, 2n = 52) were established and characterized for their phenotype and cytology. The fertilities of three allohexaploids were different,
for AACC.MM and MM.AACC failed to produce seeds by selfing, but BBCC.MM showed low seed-set and MM.AABB had good seed-set.
They also expressed variable extents of male meiotic regularity as to chromosome pairing and segregation, with MM.AABB > BBCC.MM > AACC.MM/MM.AACC,
the same order as their fertility. So their meiotic behavior contributed to the fertility. Finally, the potential of these
allohexaploids as a bridge for genetic improvement of Brassica crops was discussed. 相似文献
9.
Gang Li Ming Tang Wei Hu Guangcun He Hong Liu Xuequn Liu Rui Qin 《Journal of Plant Biology》2010,53(4):306-313
Distant hybridization between rice species and their genome interactions have become the hot points of genetic research. The
new formed hybrid was unstable and many of the alien chromosomes would be excluded out in the meiosis procedure. In this study,
we investigated the phenomenon that the monosomic alien addition lines (MAALs) of Oryza officinalis (CC)–Oryza sativa (AA) inherited in the genomic and cytoplasmic environments of cultivated rice. In a series of backcross programs, every time
the MAALs were backcrossed with the recurrent parent Hejiang19, we get a portion of the backcross progenies that were similar
to the female parent MAALs in morphological characters (with rolled leaves) and chromosome constitutions (2n + 1). The monosomic
alien chromosome exhibited stable inheritance in the genomic and cytoplasmic environments of cultivated rice. Molecular biology
and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses on mitotic cells showed that the alien chromosomes in MAALs were inclined
to be transferred integrated into the backcross progenies with rolled leaves and no big fragments of alien chromosomes introgressing
into the chromosomes of cultivated rice. By FISH analysis on the meiotic cells, we proved that the single alien chromosome
performing nonstandard meiosis and behaving like a dispensable genetic factor, which would be the cytological reasons for
the stable inheritance of alien chromosomes. 相似文献
10.
In the present investigation, the interspecific somatic hybridization between tuber mustard and red cabbage was established in order to introduce valuable genes from red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) into Brassica juncea. Prior to fusion treatment, protoplasts of red cabbage were inactivated with 2 mM iodoacetamide to inhibit cell division. Micro-calluses were obtained at a frequency of 10.3% after approximately 5 weeks culture following protoplast fusion. Some of the fusion-derived calluses possessed red pigmented cells after being transferred to proliferation medium, and they were presumably considered to be somatic hybrid cell lines. Plantlets were regenerated from 12 cell lines, of which nine plantlets exhibited characteristics intermediate of both parents in terms of plant morphology. With the exception of common protein bands featured by two parents, there were unique banding patterns produced in the hybrids by using SDS-PAGE analysis. By chromosome countings, it was showed that they ranged approximately from 2n=30 to 42 in chromosome numbers. Their hybridity were further confirmed by RAPD analysis revealing that genes of both parents were partially incorporated into the hybrids. Positively, all these hybrids were capable of seed-setting. The pod-setting was 4.2 in somatic hybrid H7 when backcrossed with tuber mustard. 相似文献
11.
12.
A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of banana (Musa acuminata) was used to select BAC clones that carry low amounts of repetitive DNA sequences and could be suitable as probes for fluorescence
in situ hybridization (FISH) on mitotic metaphase chromosomes. Out of eighty randomly selected BAC clones, only one clone gave a
single-locus signal on chromosomes of M. acuminata cv. Calcutta 4. The clone localized on a chromosome pair that carries a cluster of 5S rRNA genes. The remaining BAC clones
gave dispersed FISH signals throughout the genome and/or failed to produce any signal. In order to avoid the excessive hybridization
of repetitive DNA sequences, we subcloned nineteen BAC clones and selected their ‘low-copy’ subclones. Out of them, one subclone
gave specific signal in secondary constriction on one chromosome pair; three subclones were localized into centromeric and
peri-centromeric regions of all chromosomes. Other subclones were either localized throughout the banana genome or their use
did not result in visible FISH signals. The nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that subclones, which localized on different
regions of all chromosomes, contained short fragments of various repetitive DNA sequences. The chromosome-specific BAC clone
identified in this work increases the number of useful cytogenetic markers for Musa. 相似文献
13.
Multicolor FISH mapping of the dioecious model plant,<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Silene latifolia</Emphasis> 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Lengerova M Kejnovsky E Hobza R Macas J Grant SR Vyskot B 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2004,108(7):1193-1199
Silene latifolia is a key plant model in the study of sex determination and sex chromosome evolution. Current studies have been based on genetic mapping of the sequences linked to sex chromosomes with analysis of their characters and relative positions on the X and Y chromosomes. Until recently, very few DNA sequences have been physically mapped to the sex chromosomes of S. latifolia. We have carried out multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of S. latifolia chromosomes based on the presence and intensity of FISH signals on individual chromosomes. We have generated new markers by constructing and screening a sample bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library for appropriate FISH probes. Five newly isolated BAC clones yielded discrete signals on the chromosomes: two were specific for one autosome pair and three hybridized preferentially to the sex chromosomes. We present the FISH hybridization patterns of these five BAC inserts together with previously described repetitive sequences (X-43.1, 25S rDNA and 5S rDNA) and use them to analyze the S. latifolia karyotype. The autosomes of S. latifolia are difficult to distinguish based on their relative arm lengths. Using one BAC insert and the three repetitive sequences, we have constructed a standard FISH karyotype that can be used to distinguish all autosome pairs. We also analyze the hybridization patterns of these sequences on the sex chromosomes and discuss the utility of the karyotype mapping strategy presented to study sex chromosome evolution and Y chromosome degeneration.Communicated by J.S. Heslop-Harrison 相似文献
14.
Brandão AD Viccini LF Salimena FR Vanzela AL Recco-Pimentel SM 《Journal of plant research》2007,120(2):317-321
The aim of this work was to determine the cytogenetic characteristics of Brazilian Lippia alba (Mill) N. E. Brown and Lantana camara Plum. that could be useful for future characterization of these genera. Our analyses revealed that Li. alba has 2n=30 chromosomes consisting of ten metacentric and five submetacentric pairs, while La. camara has 44 metacentric chromosomes. The large blocks of heterochromatin seen in both species suggest an apomorphic condition.
Six 45S rDNA sites were detected in both species by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Two and four 5S rDNA sites
were observed in Li. alba and La. camara, respectively. Meiotic analysis revealed a normal chromosomal behaviour. The number of chromosomes and the presence of 45S
rDNA and 5S rDNA sites do not exclude a possible polyploid origin. The cytogenetic differences between La. camara and Li. alba may be useful markers for differentiating these species. 相似文献
15.
Michael J. Blum Erin Knapke Jason S. McLachlan Sunny B. Snider Colin J. Saunders 《Conservation Genetics》2010,11(5):1885-1898
Hybridization is an evolutionary mechanism capable of enhancing adaptive potential, especially among species in fragmented
or disturbed ecosystems like coastal marshes. In this study, we evaluated whether hybridization might influence adaptive responses
in coastal marshes that are susceptible to the effects of global environmental change. To do so, we examined the extent and
nature of hybridization between Schoenoplectus americanus and S. pungens, two ecologically dominant sedges in low-lying marshes across Chesapeake Bay (USA). Observed patterns of variation at genetically
based morphological traits, cpDNA and nuclear microsatellite markers confirm that introgressive hybridization occurs between
the two species. Comparisons of microsatellite and cpDNA profiles found that hybridization is reciprocal, although a disproportionate
number of hybrids exhibit genomic asymmetries favoring S. americanus. AIC model selection consistently identified latitude as the strongest explanatory variable for the distribution of parental
species, although discriminant analysis indicated that distributions also correspond to variation in environmental conditions.
Discriminant analysis further indicated that ecological correlates of hybrid and S. americanus genotypes are similar, but not uniformly so. These findings indicate that the boundary between S. americanus and S. pungens is porous, and that hybridization could influence responses of one or both species to changing environmental regimes. 相似文献
16.
Post-pollination hybridization barriers in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nicotiana</Emphasis> section <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alatae</Emphasis> 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Christopher B. Lee Lawrence E. Page Bruce A. McClure Timothy P. Holtsford 《Sexual plant reproduction》2008,21(3):183-195
Nicotiana section Alatae contains eight species with variable flower sizes and morphologies. Section members readily hybridize in the glasshouse,
but no hybrids have been observed in natural sympatric and parapatric populations. To investigate interspecific crossing relationships
with respect to mechanisms preventing hybridization, all members of section Alatae were intercrossed in a complete diallel. We found positive correlation between the pistil length of the pollen donor and
interspecific seed set relative to the conspecific cross. Pollen tube growth rate and pollen donor pistil length were positively
correlated as well. Furthermore, pollen from short-pistil members of section Alatae could only grow a maximum distance proportional to, but greater than, their own pistil lengths. Our results show that pollen
tube growth capacity (i.e., rate and distance), provides a hybridization barrier in long-pistil species × short-pistil species
crosses. We also found another hybridization barrier not specifically related to pollen tube growth capacity in short-pistil
species × long-pistil species. Taken together, these barriers can generally be described by a ‘pistil-length mismatch’ rule;
in section Alatae, pollen has the most success fertilizing ovules from species with pistil lengths similar to their own. This rule could contribute
to hybridization barriers in Section Alatae because the species display dramatically different pistil lengths.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
17.
J. J. Jiang X. X. Zhao W. Tian T. B. Li Y. P. Wang 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2009,99(1):91-95
Intertribal somatic hybrids of Brassica napus and Camelina sativa were developed by protoplast electrofusion. Hybrid identity of the regenerants was determined using flow cytometric analysis
of nuclear DNA content and simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis. Three hybrids exhibited specific bands for B. napus and C. sativa. These hybrids showed intermediate leaf, flower and seed morphology compared with the two parental species. The seeds of
these three hybrids had a modified fatty acid profile, indicating higher level of linolenic and eicosanoic acids than those
of B. napus. Our results suggest that somatic hybridization offers opportunities for transferring entire genomes between B. napus and C. sativa in improving rapeseed breeding. 相似文献
18.
Scotti N Monti L Cardi T 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》2003,108(1):87-94
Nuclear-cytoplasmic interactions can influence fertility and agronomic performance of interspecific hybrids in potato as well as other species. With the aim of assessing the potential value of a novel recombinant cytoplasm derived by interspecific somatic hybridization, backcross progeny were produced by crossing a somatic hybrid between Solanum tuberosum (tbr) and the wild incongruous species S. commersonii (cmm) with various potato clones. BC1 clones were evaluated for male fertility and other agronomic traits. Male fertility clearly depended on the cross direction and the cytoplasm source. Genotypes with cytoplasms sensitive to nuclear genes derived from Solanum commersonii and inducing male sterility showed identical mtDNA composition, as based on mtDNA analyses with various PCR-based and RFLP markers. On the other hand, genotypes with cytoplasms not inducing male sterility in the presence of the cmm nuclear genes showed a different mtDNA organisation. Analysis of cpDNA confirmed similarity of cytoplasmic composition in CMS-inducing genotypes and clear differences with the others. Genotypes with recombinant cytoplasm induced by somatic hybridization generally showed similar agronomic performances in reciprocal hybrids with tbr cytoplasm, suggesting that the novel cytoplasm can be used in potato breeding.Contribution no. 24 from the Institute of Plant Genetics, Research Division of Portici 相似文献
19.
Kirk H Cheng D Choi YH Vrieling K Klinkhamer PG 《Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society》2012,8(2):211-219
Hybridization between plant species can have a number of biological consequences; interspecific hybridization has been tied
to speciation events, biological invasions, and diversification at the level of genes, metabolites, and phenotypes. This study
aims to provide evidence of transgressive segregation in the expression of primary and secondary metabolites in hybrids between
Jacobaea
vulgaris and J. aquaticus using an NMR-based metabolomic profiling approach. A number of F2 hybrid genotypes exhibited metabolomic profiles that were outside the range encompassed by parental species. Expression of
a number of primary and secondary metabolites, including jacaronone analogues, chlorogenic acid, sucrose, glucose, malic acid,
and two amino acids was extreme in some F2 hybrid genotypes compared to parental genotypes, and citric acid was expressed in highest concentrations in J. vulgaris. Metabolomic profiling based on NMR is a useful tool for quantifying genetically controlled differences between major primary
and secondary metabolites among plant genotypes. Interspecific plant hybrids in general, and specifically hybrids between
J. vulgaris and J. aquatica, will be useful for disentangling the ecological role of suites of primary and secondary metabolites in plants, because interspecific
hybridization generates extreme metabolomic diversity compared to that normally observed between parental genotypes. 相似文献
20.
Dioecious Silene latifolia evolved heteromorphic sex chromosomes within the last ten million years, making it a species of choice for studies of the
early stages of sex chromosome evolution in plants. About a dozen genes have been isolated from its sex chromosomes and basic
genetic and deletion maps exist for the X and Y chromosomes. However, discrepancies between Y chromosome maps led to the proposal
that individual Y chromosomes may differ in gene order. Here, we use an alternative approach, with fluorescence in situ hybridization
(FISH), to locate individual genes on S. latifolia sex chromosomes. We demonstrate that gene order on the Y chromosome differs between plants from two populations. We suggest
that dynamic gene order may be a general property of Y chromosomes in species with XY systems, in view of recent work demonstrating
that the gene order on the Y chromosomes of humans and chimpanzees are dramatically different. 相似文献