关于复制中医动物模型的思考

指出复制中医动物模型需要遵守4个基本的原则,即以中医理论为指导;复制的模型症状符合中医临床;相应的药物能够反证治疗;模型稳定,能重复。同时,认为复制理想的中医动物模型可以采取以下几个步骤,即：选择研究的病、证模型;了解相应病、证临床表现、病因、病理和病机;紧密关注临床,找寻适当造模因素;选择恰当造模动物;评判指标的选择;药物反证;重复验证。     

胎儿生长迟缓症动物模型的复制

胎儿生长迟缓是发病率很高的出生缺陷病之一。近年我国很重视对出生缺陷病的研究和防治。研究胎儿生长迟缓的发病机制及病儿出生前后的治疗措施,需要动物模型。结扎孕鼠子宫角血管制造胎儿生长迟缓动物模型国外早有报道,但国内尚未见报道。本实验根据Wigglesworth(1974)报告的方法复制该模型,现报告如下:     

兔出血症病毒体外复制的研究

在几种动物细胞上,采用同步感染的方法研究了兔出血症病毒(RHDV)的复制特性。病毒感染细胞后(PI)48—72小时可观察到明显的细胞病变,血凝效价可增高5—10倍。病毒对细胞传代代数不同,敏感性也不同。在兔婴肾(RK)和兔婴肺(RL)细胞上以4—8代最为敏感。采用免疫荧光染色法,经病毒感染48—72小时的细胞中可观察到特异性荧光。细胞增殖的病毒经PEG-DS浓缩,Sepharose 4B柱层析提纯后,在电镜下可观察到完整的病毒粒子,将此病毒回接健康实验兔可致100％死亡。免疫双扩散和免疫电泳试验表明,细胞增殖的病毒抗原与来自病兔肝的RHDV抗血清之间产生明显的沉淀带。SDS-PAGE分析病毒获得四条多肽,其分子量大小与病兔肝组织提取的病毒蛋白多肽分子量相比略有差异。     

非人灵长类局部脑缺血动物模型研究现状

非人灵长类动物在种系发生上较啮齿类更接近于人类,用来制备局部脑缺血模型可以更好的拟合临床症状和机理。通过对国内外非人灵长类动物局部脑缺血模型的制备方法和应用现状进行收集、分类和述评,展望非人灵长类动物模型的应用前景,尤其是利用低等灵长类动物树鼩研究缺血性中风的优势。     

兔下颌骨慢性化脓性骨髓炎动物模型的建立

目的 探讨下颌骨慢性化脓性骨髓炎的造模方法.方法 成年新西兰兔22只,于下颌骨体外侧近正中联合处开骨窗注入0.1 mL5％鱼肝油酸钠和0.1 mL5.0×108 CFU/mL金黄色葡萄球菌悬液,术后常规回笼饲养.于6周开始采用以下方法检测:①肉眼大体观察;②双能X线骨密度检测;③CBCT(锥束CT)放射学形态观察;④局部细菌培养;⑤组织病理学评价.结果 所有新西兰兔早期精神状况较差,手术区域肉眼观有瘘管并有脓性分泌物.双能X线骨密度检测发现手术区骨密度(BMD)值变化不具有统计学意义(P＞0.05).CBCT显示骨缺损区边缘模糊,有骨破坏迹象.局部取材细菌培养有金黄色葡萄球菌生长.病理切片显示有不同程度的淋巴细胞、中性粒细胞、桨细胞浸润,死骨形成.结论 采用兔下颌骨体外侧近正中联合处造骨缺损并注射一定量细菌悬液的方法能够获得理想的慢性化脓性骨髓炎模型.     

兔心脏骤停模型方法的建立

犬心脏骤停模型报道较多,而兔心脏骤停模型建立方法的研究尚未见报道.为了配合"心脏骤停再灌注期内皮素、氧自由基、降钙素的影响及对抗作用研究"的实施,我们对兔心脏骤停模型建立的方法进行了研究,并测定了缺血再灌注后兔血中自由基含量的变化,现报告如下.     

颈动脉负压分流制作大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注模型

目的　根据解剖学和血流动力学原理建立新型大鼠全脑缺血/再灌注模型。方法　夹闭大鼠双侧颈总动脉,同时经右颈外动脉持续抽吸颈总动脉内血液,造成大鼠全脑缺血,抽出的血液从左股静脉回输;停止抽吸血液,去除微动脉夹,开始再灌注。应用脑电图、光镜和电镜等评定脑缺血的效果。结果　实验组大鼠脑电图、光镜和电镜检查均显示明显的缺血改变。结论　本模型具有全脑缺血效果可靠、再灌注充分、制备简便、成功率高并可经颈动脉注入药物等优点,适用于全脑缺血/再灌注损伤及其干预措施的实验研究。     

镁预处理对兔全脑缺血神经保护作用的实验研究

目的探讨硫酸镁预处理对兔全脑缺血神经保护作用及其机制.方法 45只兔随机分为3组:对照组(n=15)、缺血组(n=15)和镁预处理组(n=15).阻断血管,诱导全脑缺血,缺血时间为 6 min.测定缺血再灌注30 min 兔海马谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸和甘氨酸含量.检测缺血再灌注3 d 海马CA1区神经元密度和凋亡神经元密度.结果 (1)镁预处理组海马天冬氨酸和甘氨酸显著低于缺血组(P<0.01),而γ-氨基丁酸含量显著高于缺血组(P<0.05);(2)镁预处理组正常神经元密度显著高于缺血组 (P<0.01),缺血神经元密度显著低于缺血组(P<0.01);(3)镁预处理组凋亡神经元密度显著低于缺血组(P<0.01).结论 (1)硫酸镁预处理对兔全脑缺血有神经保护作用;(2)该保护作用的机制可能有:1)抑制兔全脑缺血再灌注30 min 海马天冬氨酸和甘氨酸的过度释放以及抑制γ-氨基丁酸的耗竭;2)抑制兔全脑缺血再灌注3 d 海马CA1区神经元凋亡.     

脑出血与脑缺血动物模型脾淋巴细胞的蛋白质组学研究

目的：通过比较正常与脑出血及脑缺血模型大鼠脾淋巴细胞蛋白质表达的差异,初步探讨细胞免疫功能与脑血管病之间的关系。方法：将SD大鼠随机分为正常组、脑出血模型组（采用VII型胶原酶诱导脑出血）和局灶性脑缺血模型组（采用线栓法造成大脑中动脉阻塞）,分离大鼠脾淋巴细胞,提取总蛋白质后进行双向凝胶电泳,考马斯亮蓝染色,PDQUEST软件分析,对差异蛋白质点采用基质辅助激光解析电离质谱（MALDI-TOF-MS）技术进行鉴定并分析。结果：胶质细胞成熟因子 等9个蛋白在脑出血和脑缺血模型组表达上调,膜联蛋白III在脑出血和脑缺血模型组表达下调。结论：建立了分辨率高重复性较好的脑出血及局灶性脑缺血脾淋巴细胞总蛋白的双向凝胶电泳图谱,并鉴定一些与脑血管病脑损伤相关的差异表达蛋白质,为深入研究脑血管病细胞免疫功能改变与脑血管病之间的关系奠定了基础。     

改良腹内高压动物模型对动脉血气的影响

目的开发一个简便、易复制的腹内高压动物模型,探讨不同程度腹内压(IAP)及作用时间对动脉血气及多器官功能的影响,为进一步研究腹内高压对机体病理生理的影响奠定基础。方法将60只成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、腹内压(IAP)10mmHg组、20mmHg组和30mmHg组,每组15只。运用氮气气腹法制作大鼠腹内高压(IAP)动物模型,3组气腹组大鼠各按维持气腹时间分为1、2、4h3组,每组5只SD大鼠。结果血气分析结果表明,IAP 20mmHg组作用1、2、4h,PaO2无明显改变,SaO2、血pH显著降低,PaCO2明显增高;可导致明显的低氧血症、高碳酸血症及酸中毒。IAP 30mmHg超过2h可导致动物死亡。结论根据国内外实验研究资料,成功改良制作了腹内高压动物模型,方法简便,容易复制,实验效果稳定可靠,当IAP达到20mmHg时,可以导致明显的低氧血症、高碳酸血症及酸中毒。     

Low-dose Tadenan protects the rabbit bladder from bilateral ischemia/reperfusion-induced contractile dysfunction

Recent studies indicate that focal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) can cause the contractile dysfunctions induced in animal models of partial bladder outlet obstruction. Tadenan (Pygeum africanum) pretreatment can prevent the rabbit bladder from developing the contractile and biochemical dysfunctions induced by partial outlet obstruction, possibly by protecting the bladder from ischemic injury. The current study was designed to determine whether pre-treating rabbits with a clinically relevant dose of Tadenan could prevent the bladder from developing the contractile dysfunctions that are induced by bilateral ischemia followed by reperfusion. New Zealand White rabbits were separated into two groups. One group was pre-treated by oral gavage for 3 weeks with Tadenan (3.0 mg/kg body wt./day). The second group was treated with vehicle (peanut oil). Five rabbits from each group were subjected to either bilateral ischemia for 1 or 3 h and than reperfused for either 1 h or 1 week. Five rabbits from each group were subjected to sham surgery and run with each of the experimental groups. The results of the current study show that Tadenan pre-treatment at the clinically relevant dose of 3.0 mg/kg body wt./day protected the bladder from the contractile dysfunctions induced by bilateral ischemia followed by reperfusion. These data are consistent with the assertion that Tadenan therapy in both rabbits and humans acts by protecting the bladder smooth muscle against cellular damage caused by ischemia and reperfusion.     

The rabbit as an animal model of hepatic lipase deficiency

A natural deficiency of hepatic lipase in rabbits has been exploited to gain insights into the physiological role of this enzyme in the metabolism of plasma lipoproteins. A comparison of human and rabbit lipoproteins revealed obvious species differences in both low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL), with the rabbit lipoproteins being relatively enlarged, enriched in triacylglycerol and depleted of cholesteryl ester. To test whether these differences related to the low level of hepatic lipase in rabbits, whole plasma or the total lipoprotein fraction from rabbits was either kept at 4 degrees C or incubated at 37 degrees C for 7 h in (i) the absence of lipase, (ii) the presence of hepatic lipase and (iii) the presence of lipoprotein lipase. Following incubation, the lipoproteins were recovered and subjected to gel permeation chromatography to determine the distribution of lipoprotein components across the entire lipoprotein spectrum. An aliquot of the lipoproteins was subjected also to gradient gel electrophoresis to determine the particle size distribution of the LDL and HDL. Both hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase hydrolysed lipoprotein triacylglycerol and to a much lesser extent, also phospholipid. There were, however, obvious differences between the enzymes in terms of substrate specificity. In incubations containing hepatic lipase, there was a preferential hydrolysis of HDL triacylglycerol and a lesser hydrolysis of VLDL triacylglycerol. By contrast, lipoprotein lipase acted primarily on VLDL triacylglycerol. When more enzyme was added, both lipases also acted on LDL triacylglycerol, but in no experiment did lipoprotein lipase hydrolyse the triacylglycerol in HDL. Coincident with the hepatic lipase-induced hydrolysis of LDL and HDL triacylglycerol, there were marked reductions in the particle size of both lipoprotein fractions, which were now comparable to those of human LDL and HDL3, respectively.     

The laboratory rabbit: an animal model of atherosclerosis research

The aim of the present mini review is to describe the laboratory rabbit, an animal that has been widely used for the study of atherosclerosis, the leading cause of mortality in Western society. Due to the fact that the rabbit exhibits hypercholesterolaemia within a few days of an administration of a high cholesterol diet, it is very sensitive to the inducement of atheromatic lesions. The administration of different types of diets can cause different types of lesions. Although these lesions do not develop as tissue plaques, a great number of researchers use this animal model to test the effectiveness of drugs because of their similarity to human fatty streaks. The generation over recent years of transgenic rabbits with alterations in specific genes is expected to help with the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the initial and developmental stages of the disease. The laboratory rabbit is significantly broadening our understanding on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.     

Mapping replication units in animal cells

A general approach for assaying the in vivo direction of replication for any DNA segment has been developed. This technique allows the scanning of genomic regions to detect bidirectional tail-to-tail replication, indicating the presence of a functional origin. By this criterion we identified the approximate positions of two origin sites downstream of the Chinese hamster DHFR gene. Further mapping revealed areas of head-to-head replication, signifying locations of replication termination and thus defining the landmarks of a complete animal cell replicon. Genetic proof for the existence of the DHFR origin was obtained by showing that this region serves as a bidirectional DNA synthesis initiation point following its integration into other sites in the genome by transfection. To show the general applicability of this methodology, we studied the APRT domain. Replication mapping together with the use of deletion mutants allowed the identification of an origin at a far-upstream locus.     

Effect of repetitive ischemic preconditioning on spinal cord ischemia in a rabbit model

A completely randomized controlled study based on a rabbit model was designed to study the effect of repetitive ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on a spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury. Twenty four white adult Japanese rabbits were randomly assigned to one of the 3 groups (n = 8 per group): Group I: sham-operation group, Group II: ischemic reperfusion group, and, Group III: IPC group. Spinal cord ischemia was induced by infra-renal aortic cross-clamp for 45 min in Group II. Before 45 min ischemia, the rabbits in Group III underwent four cycles of IPC (5 min of ischemia followed by 5 min of reperfusion). Post-operative neurological function, electromyography (EMG) of rear limbs, and spinal cord histopathological changes were measured. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc in spinal cord were measured in the 7th day. The neurological function and histopathological changes in Group II were significantly different from those in Group I or Group III (P < 0.05 or 0.01). There was a more significant change of EMG in Group II than that in Group III (P < 0.05). The concentrations of calcium and copper in Group II were significantly higher (P < 0.05 or 0.01), but magnesium and zinc were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in Group I. Calcium and copper in Group II were significantly higher (P < 0.05), but zinc was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those in Group III. In conclusion, repetitive IPC can protect rabbit spinal cord from ischemic reperfusion injury in a timely manner, which is associated with corrections of imbalance of calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc in the ischemic region.     

Hypoxic preconditioning reinforces cellular functions of autologous peripheral blood-derived cells in rabbit hindlimb ischemia model

Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMNC) is one of powerful tools for therapeutic angiogenesis in hindlimb ischemia. However, traditional approaches with transplanted PBMNCs show poor therapeutic effects in severe ischemia patients. In this study, we used autograft models to determine whether hypoxic pretreatment effectively enhances the cellular functions of PBMNCs and improves hindlimb ischemia. Rabbit PBMNCs were cultured in the hypoxic condition. After pretreatment, cell adhesion, stress resistance, and expression of angiogenic factor were evaluated in vitro. To examine in vivo effects, we autografted preconditioned PBMNCs into a rabbit hindlimb ischemia model on postoperative day (POD) 7. Preconditioned PBMNCs displayed significantly enhanced functional capacities in resistance to oxidative stress, cell viability, and production of vascular endothelial growth factor. In addition, autologous transplantation of preconditioned PBMNCs significantly induced new vessels and improved limb blood flow. Importantly, preconditioned PBMNCs can accelerate vessel formation despite transplantation on POD 7, whereas untreated PBMNCs showed poor vascularization. Our study demonstrated that hypoxic preconditioning of PBMNCs is a feasible approach for increasing the retention of transplanted cells and enhancing therapeutic angiogenesis in ischemic tissue.