浙江天童披叶茴香群落种间联结性研究

通过基于2×2列联表的种间联结分析和x2检验,对浙江天童保存较好的披针叶茴香(Illicium lanceolatum AC.Smith)群落的种间联结性进行研究,以揭示披针叶茴香在群落中的地位及种间联结与群落稳定性的关系.结果表明:(1)群落内所有树种间总体呈显著正联结[W(49.607)>x20.0.5,32,(46.194)];群落内所有物种问显著正联结的种对数比例高于显著负联结的种对数比例,但无显著联结种对数的比例最大.这表明群落处于稳定共存的状态.(2)披针叶茴香与石楠、尖萼毛柃、苦槠、四川山矾等7种呈显著正关联,仅与枫香旱显著负联结,与多数种问联结性不显著;披针叶茼香与多数种的联结系数(AC)值人于0.5(74.3%),其中正联结种埘数明显多于负联结种埘数,表明披针叶茴香住群落中处于优势地位,与多数种群互利共存.此研究结果对制定该物种合适的就地保护措施、种群恢复以及人工规模栽培配置模式、生境的选择具有重要参考价值.     

秦岭南坡松栎林群落演替过程中种间联结性和相关性研究

为了揭示秦岭南坡松栎林群落动态变化过程中物种间关系与群落演替的相互作用,基于2×2列联表,采用方差比率法、χ2检验、Jaccard指数和Spearman秩相关性系数探讨了油松林→松栎混交林→锐齿栎林演替序列过程中3个演替阶段群落优势种群的种间联结性和相关性。结果表明:(1)油松林、松栎混交林和锐齿栎林群落总体联结性均为显著正联结,各自具有相对的稳定性。(2)油松和松栎混交林群落正负联结性和相关性比例较小,群落稳定性均低于锐齿栎林群落。(3)先锋种间及其与前期过渡种间、顶级种间及其与后期过渡种间竞争较为激烈,过渡种间(包括前期过渡种间、前期过渡种与后期过渡种间、后期过渡种间)正联结占优势,较为稳定。(4)不同演替阶段群落可分别划分为4个、5个、4个生态种组。研究认为,秦岭南坡松栎混交林演替过程中种间关系逐渐趋于稳定共存,实践中及时调整种间关系可促使秦岭南坡松栎林群落趋于健康稳定,有效缩短演替的进程。     

浙江天童披针叶茴香群落种间联结性研究

通过基于2×2列联表的种间联结分析和,检验,对浙江天童保存较好的披针叶茴香（Illicium lanceolatum A．C．Smith）群落的种间联结性进行研究,以揭示披针叶茴香在群落中的地位及种间联结与群落稳定性的关系。结果表明：（1）群落内所有树种间总体呈显著正联结[W（49．607）〉x0.05,32^2（46．194）];群落内所有物种间显著正联结的种对数比例高于显著负联结的种对数比例,但无显著联结种对数的比例最大。这表明群落处于稳定共存的状态。（2）披针叶茴香与石楠、尖萼毛柃、苦槠、四川山矾等7种呈显著正关联,仅与枫香呈显著负联结,与多数种间联结性不显著;披针叶茴香与多数种的联结系数（AC）值大于0．5（74．3％）,其中正联结种对数明显多于负联结种对数,表明披针叶茴香在群落中处于优势地位,与多数种群互利共存。此研究结果对制定该物种合适的就地保护措施、种群恢复以及人工规模栽培配置模式、生境的选择具有重要参考价值。     

桥山林区麻栎群落主要乔木种群的种间联结性

采用方差比率法(VR),基于2×2联列表的χ2检验、联结系数(AC)、共同出现百分率(PC)和点相关系数Ф,对桥山林区麻栎(Quercus acutissima)群落中重要值前17位的乔木种群进行种间联结测定与分析。结果表明:桥山林区麻栎群落17个主要乔木种群总体表现为不显著负关联,各物种趋于独立,群落整体不稳定;χ2检验结果显示17个主要种136个种对中,正联结占44.85%,负联结占55.15%,绝大多数呈不显著关联,说明群落种间关联较弱,群落处于不稳定演替阶段;联结系数AC与共同出现百分率PC分析结果都表明17个主要种总体上对生境的需求不同,各种对同时出现几率小;点相关系数Ф测定结果显示正联结种对62个,占总对数45.59%,负联结种对74个,占总对数54.41%;根据种群的聚类分析和种间联结测定结果及生态习性,把17个主要种群划分为3个生态种组。     

季风常绿阔叶林不同恢复阶段乔木优势种群生态位和种间联结

生态位和种间联结是群落动态研究的重要内容之一,物种间相互作用影响着群落的恢复和演替。本文在对云南普洱地区不同恢复阶段(恢复15年、恢复30年和原始林群落)季风常绿阔叶林群落的野外调查基础上,采用生态位宽度、生态位重叠、方差比率(VR)和基于2×2联列表的χ2检验、联结系数(AC)等方法,分析了不同恢复阶段各种群的变化趋势。结果表明:3种群落类型中物种的重要值与相对应的生态位宽度之间存在着显著的正相关,恢复15年群落有78.22%的种对之间的生态位重叠值在0.4～0.8,说明其群落优势物种存在较强的资源利用性竞争,而恢复30年和原始林群落结构则具有一定的稳定性,多数生态位宽度较大的物种之间的生态位重叠要大于生态位较小的物种,反映出优势物种具有较强的竞争能力;恢复15年和恢复30年群落物种间总体呈不显著正联结,原始林群落则呈不显著负联结;3种群落231种对中,绝大多数种对联结系数未达显著水平,种对间的独立性相对较强,群落中物种间正负联结对数占总种的比例随恢复进程而出现下降趋势。不同恢复阶段群落中联结系数与生态位重叠值之间存在显著正相关,生态位重叠值越大,其联结系数也越大。     

缙云山风灾迹地恢复群落主要乔木树种种间联结性

应用方差比率法,并通过2×2列联表χ2检验法及利用联结系数AC指数测定法研究了缙云山自然保护区风灾迹地恢复群落自然恢复样地和人工恢复样地中主要乔木树种的种间联结性。结果表明:(1)自然恢复样地主要乔木种群间在总体上呈一定的正关联;而人工恢复样地种群间在总体上呈负关联;(2)2×2列联表的χ2检验共有5个(3)种对为显著正关联(括号内为人工恢复群落的种对数,下同),2个(1)种对为显著负关联;(3)联结系数(AC)指数标量出了自然恢复和人工恢复样地中种对间的联结程度和相伴随出现的机率,两种恢复方式中的多数乔木种群间的联结性不显著且联结程度较低,绝大多数乔木树种之间无显著关联,而且人工恢复比自然恢复无关联性更强;(4)种对间的正关联,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性以及对生境具有相似的生态适应性所致,种对间的负关联主要是由于物种间的空间排斥,适应不同的微环境的结果;(5)人工恢复和自然恢复所在的群落处于演替的不稳定阶段。     

观光木群落优势树种生态位和种间联结

为了解君子峰自然保护区极小种群观光木群落的种间关系和生态联系,加强观光木野生资源的保护,对群落优势树种的生态位特征和种间联结性进行研究。结果表明: 观光木、浙江润楠、木荷、赤杨叶的生态位宽度优势明显,是主要建群种;20个优势树种的190组种对中,有50.5%的种对生态位重叠值大于0.5,物种间生态位分化程度一般;观光木与其他19个物种生态位重叠度普遍较高,当资源不足时,有竞争风险;优势树种的总体联结性表现为显著正联结,群落处于相对稳定的演替后期;χ²检验、联结系数和Pearson相关系数检验结果均显示,种间联结性的显著率极低,种间独立性较强;种间联结性与生态位重叠之间呈正相关。君子峰观光木群落较为成熟,资源利用充分,种间关系稳定,为促进观光木种群恢复和壮大,可适当限制与观光木生态位重叠度大、有显著负联结的种群规模,提高与之有正相互作用的物种比例,为观光木营造良好的生境。     

秦巴山地栓皮栎所在群落主要乔木树种种间联结性的研究

应用方差比率法,并通过2×2列联表χ2检验法及利用Jaccard指数测定法研究了秦岭北坡和巴山北坡栓皮栎所在群落主要乔木树种的种间联结性.结果表明: 1 两地栓皮栎所在群落主要乔木种群间在总体上呈显著正关联; 2 2×2列联表的χ2检验共有9 7为秦岭北坡的种对数,下同 个种对为显著正关联,1 25 个种对为显著负关联; 3 Jaccard指数标量出了两地栓皮栎所在群落中种对间的联结程度和相伴随出现的机率,两地栓皮栎所在群落中多数乔木种群间的联结性不显著且联结程度较低; 4 种对间的正关联,主要是由于它们具有相近的生物学特性以及对生境具有相似的生态适应性所致,种对间的负关联主要是由于物种间的空间排斥,适应不同的微环境的结果; 5 两地栓皮栎所在的群落处于演替的不稳定阶段.     

午潮山常绿次生阔叶林主要木本植物功能群及其演替特征

为了理解午潮山次生林群落结构和演替特征,分析了不同演替阶段功能群物种的生态位和种间关系。对研究区70个20×20 m森林样地内胸径≥1 cm的木本植物进行分析调查,并按照11个功能性状（叶片氮含量、叶片磷含量、叶片钾含量、比叶面积、木材密度、叶片干物质含量、叶片叶绿素含量、生长型、寿命、喜光性和最大潜在树高）将主要的45个物种划分为4个功能群：早期先锋树种（PFG1）、中期中性树种（PFG2）、中后期树种（PFG3）和后期耐阴树种（PFG4）。结果表明种间正负联结比接近1,但显著正联结多于显著负联结,群落整体稳定,而演替中后期功能群（PFG2、PGF3和PFG4）的种间生态位重叠和种间联结强度较高,种间竞争激烈。午潮山森林群落正向演替后期发展,可伐除部分与演替中后期树种相互竞争的早期树种加速演替,并且补植有价值的喜阳先锋种减少开放地,为修复森林生态系统和加速群落演替提供策略。     

广西大青山南亚热带森林植物群落的种间联结性

广西大青山地处广西西南部,对该地区的研究主要集中在人工林,而对其天然次生林植物群落种间联结性的研究尚未见有报道。该研究基于广西友谊关森林生态系统定位观测研究站1 km2固定样地的调查数据,用方差比率法( VR)和基于2×2联列表,通过χ2统计量检验、共同出现百分率( PC)、联结系数( AC),对广西大青山主要乔木层17个树种、灌木层8个树种、草本层12个树种的种间联结性进行了研究。方差分析结果表明,乔木层的总体种间联结性表现为显著正关联,灌木层的总体种间联结性表现为不显著负关联,草本层的总体种间联结性表现为不显著正关联。不同检验结果表明,该区域植物群落主要乔木树种间具有正联结性的种对较多,大多数乔木树种的种间联结性较紧密;主要灌木树种的种间联结性较松散,草本层主要种间表现为弱联结性。物种生态习性、群落演替阶段等因素可能是造成这一特性的主要原因。未来应加强对其自然环境的管理和保护,如果有必要,可适度人工干预,促进天然次生林的演替。该研究结果为进一步研究南亚热带天然次生林植物群落演替规律、维持和保护其物种多样性奠定基础,也可为该地区人工林的树种选择与配置提供数据支撑,进而对其人工林的近自然经营提供一定的理论参考。     

海南岛尖峰岭次生热带山地雨林树种间的联结动态

应用方差检验法和基于２＊２联列表的分析手段,对海南岛尖峰岭热带山地雨林采伐后２５－３５年次生群落２４００ｍ＾２固定样中胸径≥７．０ｃｍ林木的种间联结动态进行了研究,结果如下：１）群落内的树种总体呈正联结,但未达到显著水平。联结指数Ｖ界于１．００－１．２１之间,接近无联结假设条件下的Ｖ值（Ｖ＝１）,证实了作者关于“种的分布相对独立”的假说;２）种间联结的比例和强度随演替进程而下降,群落朝种间无联结中     

广东黑石顶自然保护区森林次生演替过程中群落的种间联结性分析

 采用2×2列联表，通过方差分析、X2检验、Ochiai指数对黑石顶森林次生演替过程中各阶段群落优势种的种间联结性进行了定量分析。研究结果表明：群落的总体种间关联性在演替恢复初期表现为无相关性，针阔叶混交林阶段为总体的正关联，阳生性常绿阔叶林阶段呈总体负关联，中生性常绿阔叶林阶段总体呈显著正关联。在演替初期主要种对间尚未形成一定的种间关系，演替至混交林和阳生性常绿阔叶林阶段，种间关系开始形成，但大多表现为直接的竞争关系，中生性常绿阔叶林阶段形成了复杂多样的种间关系，表现为同层树种间的种间结合或竞争和不同层种间的结合关系。     

贡嘎山冰川退缩区植物-土壤反馈与植物间相互作用

植物-土壤反馈是揭示陆地生物群落动态变化的关键环节,为理解植物间相互作用及植被群落变化过程奠定基础。本研究以贡嘎山冰川退缩区原生演替早(5~10年)、中(30~40年)和晚期(80~100年)3个阶段典型土壤以及各阶段优势植物为对象,采用盆栽控制试验,比较优势植物在不同土壤条件下的生物量,并量化植物间相互作用以及植物-土壤反馈的方向与强度,为探究贡嘎山冰川退缩区植被群落演替规律提供依据。结果表明:(1)植物-土壤反馈作用显著影响植物在本土中的生物量,早期沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)在本土中生长最差,沙棘的植物-土壤反馈系数为负值;演替中期冬瓜杨(Populus purdomii)的反馈系数趋于零;晚期峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri)在本土中生长最好,峨眉冷杉的反馈系数为正值。(2)混种时,早期沙棘与演替中、晚期植物间相互作用指数为负值;中期冬瓜杨、川滇柳(Salix rehderiana)与演替早、晚期植物的相互作用指数接近于零,晚期植物峨眉冷杉、麦吊云杉(Picea brachytyla)与演替早、中期植物相互作用指数为正值。从植物-土壤反馈的方向来看,贡嘎山植被演替从早期负反馈,中期中性反馈,过渡到晚期正反馈。此外,演替早期沙棘促进演替中晚期植物生长,演替中期冬瓜杨、川滇柳对演替早晚期植物无显著影响,晚期峨眉冷杉、麦吊云杉更利于与演替早中期植物相互竞争。结果显示,植物-土壤反馈与植物间相互作用共同驱动了贡嘎山冰川退缩区植被快速演替,直至顶极群落。     

Diversity and community biomass depend on dispersal and disturbance in microalgal communities

The evidence for species diversity effects on ecosystem functions is mainly based on studies not explicitly addressing local or regional processes regulating coexistence or the importance of community structure in terms of species evenness. In experimental communities of marine benthic microalgae, we altered the successional stages and thus the strength of local species interactions by manipulating rates of dispersal and disturbance. The treatments altered realized species richness, evenness and community biomass. For species richness, dispersal mattered only at high disturbance rates; when opening new space, dispersal led to maximized richness at intermediate dispersal rates. Evenness, in contrast, decreased with dispersal at low or no disturbance, i.e. at late successional stages. Community biomass showed a non-linear hump-shaped response to increasing dispersal at all disturbance levels. We found a positive correlation between richness and biomass at early succession, and a strong negative correlation between evenness and biomass at late succession. In early succession both community biomass and richness depend directly on dispersal from the regional pool, whereas the late successional pattern shows that if interactions allow the most productive species to become dominant, diverting resources from this species (i.e. higher evenness) reduces production. Our study emphasizes the difference in biodiversity–function relationships over time, as different mechanisms contribute to the regulation of richness and evenness in early and late successional stages.     

黔中喀斯特山区植物功能性状的变异与关联

认识植物功能性状随演替进展的变化规律和不同性状之间的关系, 有助于从功能生态学的角度来理解群落演替。该文调查了位于贵州省中部的普定县喀斯特山区26个样方的物种组成, 这些样方分别处于灌丛、落叶阔叶林、落叶常绿混交林3个演替阶段; 测量了分布于该区域的82种木本植物的3个功能性状值(叶面积、比叶面积、最大高度); 根据物种在样方中的多度加权计算得到26个样方的性状平均值, 在此基础上分析了随演替进展植物功能性状在群落水平上的变异格局和不同性状之间的相关性; 采用性状梯度分析法分析了各阶段优势物种的功能性状在群落间(β组分)和群落内(α组分)的变异格局及相关性。结果表明: 1)沿灌丛→落叶阔叶林→落叶常绿混交林这一演替顺序, 群落平均叶面积和平均高度逐渐增加, 而群落平均比叶面积则逐渐变小; 2)就群落平均性状值而言, 叶面积与最大高度呈较强的正相关关系, 最大高度与比叶面积、叶面积与比叶面积均呈较强的负相关关系; 3)物种功能性状的α组分之间没有显著的相关关系, 而β组分之间相关性显著。这说明: 随演替的进展, 群落优势物种对环境的适应策略由高速生长转向提高资源利用效率, 而同一群落内共存的物种采取不同的性状组合来适应共同的群落环境。     

Phylogenetic and functional structures of succession in plant communities on mounds of Marmota himalayana in alpine regions on the northeast edge of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau

Few studies have examined the succession of plant communities in the alpine zone. Studying the succession of plant communities is helpful to understand how species diversity is formed and maintained. In this study, we used species inventories, a molecular phylogeny, and trait data to detect patterns of phylogenetic and functional community structure in successional plant communities growing on the mounds of Himalayan marmots (Marmota himalayana) on the southeast edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We found that phylogenetic and functional diversities of plant communities on marmot mounds tended to cluster during the early to medium stages of succession, then trended toward overdispersion from medium to late stages. Alpine species in early and late stages of succession were phylogenetically and functionally overdispersed, suggesting that such communities were assembled mainly through species interactions, especially competition. At the medium and late stages of succession, alpine communities growing on marmot mounds were phylogenetically and functionally clustered, implying that the communities were primarily structured by environmental filtering. During the medium and late stages of succession the phylogenetic and functional structures of plant communities on marmot mounds differed significantly from those on neighboring sites. Our results indicate that environmental filtering and species interactions can change plant community composition at different successional stages. Assembly of plant communities on marmot mounds was promoted by a combination of traits that may provide advantages for survival and adaptation during periods of environmental change.     

Receding Water Line and Interspecific Competition Determines Plant Community Composition and Diversity in Wetlands in Beijing

Climate and human-induced wetland degradation has accelerated in recent years, not only resulting in reduced ecosystem services but also greatly affecting the composition and diversity of wetland plant communities. To date, the knowledge of the differences in community parameters and their successional trends in degraded wetlands remains scarce. Here based on remote sensing images, geographic information system technology, and statistical methods, we produced a successional gradient map of the Yeyahu Wetland Nature Reserve in Beijing, which has experienced a steady decline in water level in recent decades. In addition, we analyzed community composition and diversity along with each identified gradient. The results showed that community diversity decreases while dominance increases with the progress of succession, with the highest diversity occurring during the early stage of succession. Moreover, the community demonstrates greater similarity among subareas during later successional stages, and the similarity coefficients calculated from the important value (IV) of each species are more accurate. Correlation analysis showed that the impact of soil factors on diversity was not significant at a subarea scale, although these nutrients showed an increasing trend with the community succession. Furthermore, the IVs of the dominant species had a particularly significant impact on diversity, showing a significantly negative correlation with diversity indices and a significantly positive correlation with dominance indices. Further analysis showed that the retreat of water level resulted from sustained drought and local human activities was a major extrinsic driving force resulting in observed differences in the community successional stages, which resulted in differences in community composition and diversity. On the other hand, interspecific competition was the main intrinsic mechanism, which significantly influenced the IVs of the dominant species and community diversity. The results of this study could aid in improving the understanding of community composition, diversity, and its successional trends in degraded wetlands.     

Phylogenetic turnover during subtropical forest succession across environmental and phylogenetic scales

Although spatial and temporal patterns of phylogenetic community structure during succession are inherently interlinked and assembly processes vary with environmental and phylogenetic scales, successional studies of community assembly have yet to integrate spatial and temporal components of community structure, while accounting for scaling issues. To gain insight into the processes that generate biodiversity after disturbance, we combine analyses of spatial and temporal phylogenetic turnover across phylogenetic scales, accounting for covariation with environmental differences. We compared phylogenetic turnover, at the species‐ and individual‐level, within and between five successional stages, representing woody plant communities in a subtropical forest chronosequence. We decomposed turnover at different phylogenetic depths and assessed its covariation with between‐plot abiotic differences. Phylogenetic turnover between stages was low relative to species turnover and was not explained by abiotic differences. However, within the late‐successional stages, there was high presence‐/absence‐based turnover (clustering) that occurred deep in the phylogeny and covaried with environmental differentiation. Our results support a deterministic model of community assembly where (i) phylogenetic composition is constrained through successional time, but (ii) toward late succession, species sorting into preferred habitats according to niche traits that are conserved deep in phylogeny, becomes increasingly important.     

Structural changes of vegetation and its association with microclimate in a successional gradient of low thorn forest in northeastern Mexico

Understanding how microclimate and vegetation are associated during secondary succession is of primary importance for plant conservation in the face of the increasing land cover modification. However, these patterns are still unstudied for many plant communities. This study aimed to evaluate the structure (species richness, Shannon's diversity index, Simpson´s dominance index, abundance of each species, average height of species, species cover (%), species composition, and indicator values) of a low thorn forest fragment and to analyze its relation with microclimate along a successional gradient. Four stages of succession were delimited by the analysis of Landsat images, in the state of Tamaulipas, northeast Mexico. Statistical models incorporated species richness, diversity indices, abundance, height, and cover, as variables for searching differences between stages, or to evaluate microclimate associations. A total of 70 species, 54 genera, and 27 families were determined. Height of tree layer was the most important variable for discrimination of the successional stages. Conserved areas differed floristically from other stages, associated mainly with the lowest values of wind speed originated by tree layer characteristics. A significant association between species and microclimate was found, being wind speed and relative humidity the most important variables. Some species, due to their high importance values and their patterns of association with microclimate, may be considered as key taxa for low thorn forest, which is a threatened semitropical community in northeast Mexico. Conserved and late successional areas account for climatic regulation of this plant community, and the importance of these forest patches may be considered when establishing biodiversity protection areas.