土壤重金属的超富集植物研发利用现状及应用入侵植物修复的前景综述

植物修复作为一种绿色安全技术成为土壤重金属污染治理研究的热点领域之一。综述了当前已筛选用于土壤重金属污染修复的植物种类、研发现状及其应用模式, 总结了植物修复技术存在的问题及面临的困境。在此基础上, 围绕入侵植物生长繁殖快、生物量大、抗逆性强及其对某些重金属的超富集特性, 分析探讨了入侵植物作为土壤重金属污染修复的可行性及应用前景, 并提出对入侵植物修复的后续处理利用思路, 旨为综合利用入侵植物修复土壤重金属污染提供可能的新途径和新方法。     

重金属污染土壤的植物修复技术

土壤受重金属污染的状况在国内外都相当严重,传统的重金属污染土壤的修复技术存在许多难以克服的缺陷;近年来,一种运用植物来去除有毒重金属的新兴修复技术(植物修复技术)给这一问题提供了良好的解决途径,该技术被认为是一种低成本有效的“绿色”技术.但其主要缺点是修复周期较长,筛选、培育超积累植物以及提高土壤中重金属的生物有效性是提高植物吸收效果、缩短修复周期的关键.本文就超积累植物的筛选、转基因超积累植物及螯合剂强化植物吸收等热点问题的研究进展作了介绍,并对我国当前植物修复技术研究工作的重点提出了建议.     

植物种植修复土壤重金属污染的模式、技术与效果综述

重金属污染是当今土壤污染中污染面积最广、危害最大的环境问题之一,其中植物修复技术以其经济有效、不易产生二次污染且适于大面积土壤修复等优点越来越受到重视。因此,以植物修复技术对重金属污染修复的影响为研究内容,侧重研究桉树、白花泡桐、向日葵、毛白杨以及节节草等植物对土壤重金属污染修复的研究进展,以期为重金属污染修复技术的发展提供一定的理论基础和实践意义。     

我国土壤重金属污染植物吸取修复研究进展

我国从上世纪90年代中后期开始土壤重金属（含类金属砷）污染的植物吸取修复研究及技术探索,先后发现了一批具有较高研究价值和应用前景的铜、砷、镉、锰等重金属的积累或超积累植物,并从重金属耐性和超积累生理机制、植物吸取修复的根际过程与机制、吸取修复强化措施和修复植物处置与资源化利用等方面进行了研究,同时开展了植物吸取修复技术的示范与应用,已有一些较成功的植物修复工程应用案例,使我国重金属污染土壤植物修复技术,尤其是植物吸取修复技术在国际上产生了较强的影响力。本文就近年来我国土壤重金属污染植物吸取修复研究进展进行了综述,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

重金属污染的植物修复及相关分子机制

随着近代工业的发展,土壤重金属污染问题日益严重。重金属即使在极低浓度下仍然可以对人畜造成健康上的威胁,因此迫切需要有效的修复方法对土壤进行修复。生物修复,特别是植物修复目前已经成为重金属污染修复的重要手段之一,了解相关植物的重金属解毒和积累分子机制是提高修复效率、解决重金属污染问题的基础。文中以土壤修复方式为起点,结合植物吸收积累重金属以及解毒的相关分子机制研究,探讨了植物修复的发展现状以及趋势。     

高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤研究进展

植物修复是重金属污染土壤修复的重要方法之一。利用高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤,能够兼顾生态和经济效益,具有很大的应用前景。本文系统分析了植物修复现状及存在的问题,提出利用高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤的优势,总结了近年来利用高生物量经济植物吸收重金属的研究进展,探讨了改善高生物量经济植物修复重金属污染土壤效率的方法,以期为提高植物修复经济效益、促进植物修复广泛应用提供参考。     

植物内生细菌在植物修复重金属污染土壤中的应用

土壤重金属污染是威胁人群健康和经济可持续发展的重要环境问题。植物修复具有经济、环保等特点,已成为治理重金属污染土壤的重要技术。如何提高植物对重金属的抗性、促进植物生长是影响植物修复效率的关键之一。内生菌群-植物共生关系在此方面具有独特优势。其中,植物内生细菌可改善植物营养、降低植物病菌感染、影响酶活性,以及分泌激素、含铁载体和有机配位体等,进而提高超积累植物对重金属的吸收作用。本文综述了近年来国内外关于抗重金属植物内生细菌筛选与应用的研究进展,分析了内生细菌促进植物生长、增强植物对重金属抗性、促进重金属向茎叶转移的机理,阐述了植物内生细菌在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用前景与研究重点。     

几种重金属(Pb、Zn、Cd、Cu)的超富集植物种类及增强植物修复措施研究进展

近年来土壤重金属污染问题越来越严重, 植物修复技术以其安全、廉价的特点正成为研究和开发的热点, 国内外对利用超富集植物来修复土壤重金属污染的研究已有大量报道。对超富集植物概念的提出及超富集植物吸收富集重金属的机理进行了归纳总结, 主要就铅、锌、镉和铜四种重金属超富集植物的相关研究进展进行了分类、归纳与总结, 同时还对增强植物修复效果的措施进行了探讨, 以期为进一步合理有效利用植物修复土壤主要重金属污染提供一定的参考依据。     

溶磷微生物在钝化和植物修复重金属污染土壤中的作用

钝化和植物修复是重金属污染土壤修复的重要技术手段,而溶磷微生物可进一步增强钝化和植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用。介绍了钝化和植物修复重金属污染土壤的基本原理,总结了溶磷微生物对土壤中难溶性磷酸盐的溶解、利用磷酸盐钝化修复重金属污染土壤、溶磷微生物对磷酸盐钝化修复的强化以及溶磷微生物强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的研究进展,探讨了溶磷微生物对重金属的抗性及其溶磷机理、溶磷微生物对磷酸盐钝化修复重金属污染土壤的强化作用机理以及溶磷微生物强化植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用机理。旨在为生物修复重金属污染土壤研究提供一定的理论依据和技术支撑。     

牧草对重金属污染土壤的植物修复综述

综述了土壤重金属污染的危害,牧草作为修复植物的优势,以及主要牧草对重金属污染土壤的修复效果。提出了进一步筛选重金属富集能力强的牧草品种,寻找各种改良措施提高牧草的修复能力将是今后的研究热点。同时,人们应该更加关注植物修复的后期处理,尤其是解决从植物体内回收重金属的生产工艺问题。     

玉米在重金属污染条件下的生态分化与品种退化

通过易地栽种实验,研究了经历不同重金属污染时期的玉米种群在正常条件下的平均相对生长率、不同时间的开花百分率及其整株重、株高、穗重、５０ 粒种子重、有效穗长和无效穗长等数量性状在不同玉米种群间的差异．结果表明,经历较长时期重金属污染适应的玉米种群在正常条件下栽种,具有较低的平均相对生长率,生活史缩短,植株矮化,产量降低．可以看出,玉米对重金属污染的适应导致了生态分化和品种退化,并讨论了玉米对重金属污染适应的耐性代价．     

Heavy Metal Contamination in the Brownfield Soils of Cleveland

The results esults of a survey of heavy metal contamination at Cleveland area brownfields and public spaces are presented. Soils were analyzed using a 24?h, 1N HCl extraction procedure. The study was conducted to seek brownfield soils that manifest properties of “old” sequestered contamination and to develop a better understanding of the nature and extent of heavy metal burdens at brownfield sites in the Greater Cleveland area. The results indicated that Cleveland brownfields commonly yield soil burdens well above remediation triggers for residential soils and often yield values above industrial remediation triggers. It was also discovered that public areas in the vicinity of brownfields commonly have heavy metal contamination significantly above background levels and occasionally above residential remediation triggers. These results indicate that brownfields redevelopment initiatives should proceed with caution. The appropriate remediation goals or restrictions must be imposed to control urban exposure to heavy metal contamination.     

Mitigation of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil via Successive Pig Slurry Application

This study evaluates heavy metal removal associated with phytomass management in a Typic Hapludox after three applications of pig slurry. Like humic acids in pig slurry were characterized through physics and chemical spectroscopy technics. Heavy metal levels were determined in ration that was offered to pigs, anaerobically digested pig slurry, and plant tissues from pig slurry-fertilized black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) intercrop. Soil contamination was evaluated by the pseudo-total heavy metal levels in six soil layers and the bioavailable levels in the top soil layer. Results indicate that the ration is the origin of heavy metals in the pig slurry. The approximate levels in the ration were as follows (mg kg^?1): Cu 23.9, Zn 92.02, 153.15, Mn 30.98, Ni 0.23, Pb 10.75, Cr 0.34, Co 0.08, and Cd 0.05. The approximate levels of these metals in the pig slurry were as follows (mg kg^?1): Cu 71.08, Zn 345.67, Fe 83.02, Mn 81.71, Ni 1.13, Pb 4.35, Co 0.28, and Cd 0.16. Like humic acids contained 55% aliphatic chains, 14% oxygenated aliphatic chains, and 15% carboxyls, demonstrating their high capacity for interaction with heavy metals by forming soluble complexes. Soil contamination was indicated by the accumulation of heavy metals in the six soil layers in relation to the applied pig slurry dose (ranged as follows (mg kg^?1): Cu 110 to 150, Zn 50 to 120, Ni 20 to 40, and Pb 12 to 16) and as bioavailable forms (levels ranged as follows (mg kg^?1): Cu < 1, Zn 1.0–1.5, Ni 0.1–1.5, and Pb 1.9–6.3). The positive correlation between heavy metal accumulation in the plants and soil bioavailable heavy metal levels and the lowest heavy metal levels under higher intensity of phytomass removal demonstrate the ability of phytomass management to reduce soil contamination.     

珠江口桂山岛表层沉积物中重金属的分布特征及潜在生态危害评价

于2011年8月采集了珠江口桂山岛海域12个站点的表层沉积物, 对沉积物中重金属的含量进行了测定。结果表明, 桂山岛沉积物中重金属含量与国内外港湾相比属于中等水平, Pb、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mn平均含量分别为40.06、31.29、14.17、30.67、100.18、599.76 mg/kg。富集系数法和 Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法评价表明:桂山岛沉积物各重金属元素的富集顺序为Cu﹥Pb﹥Zn﹥Mn﹥Cr﹥Ni, 其中Cu、Pb、Zn和Mn富集系数大于1;该海域重金属潜在生态风险总体上处于低水平, 从空间上看, S11危害最为严重。进一步通过主成分分析研究沉积物中重金属的来源, 发现前2个主成分贡献率分别为44.38%、42.61%, 表明重金属主要有2个来源:工业和生活污水排放、岩石的自然风化与侵蚀过程。     

我国农田生态系统重金属的循环与调控

本文系统分析了我国农田土壤重金属的含量状况,探讨了农田生态系统中重金属的输入、输出及其平衡.农田生态系统中重金属存在一定的累积效应,但整体上超标风险较小,而部分作物、特别是蔬菜可能存在一定的超标风险.在采矿区和冶炼厂周边地区,以及废弃物利用强度较大的农区,土壤和作物中重金属超标的风险较大,是普通农区的十倍甚至数十倍以上.针对我国农田重金属污染现状,提出了调控农田生态系统重金属循环的有效措施,并对相关领域今后的研究进行了展望.     

山东省部分水岸带土壤重金属含量及污染评价

为了解山东省水岸带土壤重金属的含量特征和污染状况,于2010年9月—10月采集了39个水岸带土壤样品,分析了土壤中Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg的含量以及土壤的pH值、粒度和有机质,采用单因子指数法、综合指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对水岸带土壤重金属污染进行了评价,并利用相关分析和聚类分析对其来源进行了初步的解析。结果表明：水岸带土壤的pH值为5.67—8.66,主要呈碱性;有机质的平均含量为9.39 g/kg,土壤粒度主要以砂粒和粉粒为主,其平均体积百分比分别为50.33%和38.48%,平均粒径为89.69 μm;Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和Hg的平均含量为53.03 mg/kg、10.33 mg/kg、24.96 mg/kg、18.38 mg/kg、56.13 mg/kg、0.142 mg/kg、22.48 mg/kg和0.020 mg/kg。各水岸带土壤重金属的含量均符合《土壤环境质量标准》（GB15618-1995）二级标准。以山东省土壤元素背景值为评价标准,水岸带土壤重金属总体表现为轻度污染和轻微生态风险,其中Cd和Hg是主要的污染因子,其对潜在生态危害指数的平均贡献率分别为46.8% 和33.6%。洙赵新河、廖河、门楼水库和东平湖水岸带土壤重金属污染及潜在生态危害明显高于其他水源地。源解析的结果表明：水岸带土壤重金属的含量受自然源和人为源的双重影响,人为源主要包括地表径流、工业废气、垃圾和交通运输等。     

土壤重金属生物毒性研究进展

世界范围内土壤重金属污染不断加重,由污染所带来的问题以及如何治理污染已经受到人们越来越多的关注.土壤重金属将对土壤生物产生影响,而土壤生物在重金属的胁迫下也会产生不同的响应.综述了国内外近年来土壤重金属生物毒性的研究进展,介绍了土壤重金属污染对陆地生态系统中植物、动物和微生物生长的影响;土壤重金属生物毒性的影响因素;土壤重金属生物毒性的研究方法;土壤重金属生物毒性的预测模型,最后提出了问题和展望.     

Simultaneous hyperaccumulation of multiple heavy metals by Helianthus annuus grown in a contaminated sandy-loam soil

Phytoremediation is a promising means for the treatment of contamination arising from heavy metal spills. Although several species have been identified as hyperaccumulators, most of the studies were performed with only one heavy metal. Experiments were conducted with two cultivars of H. annuus exposed to different combinations of metal contamination (30 mg/kg Cd, Cr, Ni, As, and/or Fe). Cultivar efficiency was based on total metal uptake, as well as translocation and selectivity of each metal. The results for each cultivar were also compared after 0.1 g/kg or 0.3 g/kg EDTA was added to enhance metal bioavailability. The key finding was that H. annuus achieved hyperaccumulator status for multiple metals simultaneously: Cd, Cr, and As.     

Population Changes of Soil Microbial Communities Induced by Hydrocarbon and Heavy Metal Contamination

Substrate utilization tests with Biolog® plates were used to obtain information on shifts in community composition and on changes in the metabolic diversity and activity of microorganisms in soil polluted with hydrocarbons. and/or heavy metals. Differences between the patterns of substrate utilization of endogenous microorganisms of pristine and contaminated soils were investigated by multivariate analysis. Population changes and shifts in metabolic diversity were observed both after hydrocarbon pollution or heavy metal contamination. The overall activity on the 95 Biolog® Gram-negative (GN) substrates correlated well with the respiration rate of the soil. Soils contaminated with hydrocarbons showed higher metabolic potentials than the corresponding controls. In contrast, heavy metal pollution caused both lower metabolic activity and a loss in diversity. The Biolog® assay was found to be suitable to describe changes in functional diversity of soils caused by hydrocarbon contamination or heavy metal stress.     

Sources and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal(loid)s in Agricultural Soils of Huzhou,China

To identify sources of heavy metal(loid) (HM) contamination in agricultural soils of Huzhou, surface soil samples were sampled from 89 different agricultural regions in 2012. Concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s, along with pH, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN), and soil organic matter (SOM), were determined. Ecological risk was then assessed using a modified Hakanson ecological risk index, and the sources of contamination were determined using principal component analysis (PCA). Mean concentrations of heavy metal(loid)s were 10.26, 23.21, 83.75, 22.81, 0.25, 61.86, 33.03, and 0.15 mg kg^?1 for As, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Hg, respectively. Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, Hg, and Pb were correlated positively with TP and there were obvious positive correlations among Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, and Cd. Risk index (RI) values varied from 39 to 1246 with a mean value of 137. Enrichment of Pb, Zn, Cu, and especially Cd can be attributed to excessive use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers containing heavy metals, as well to surface irrigation and natural soil formation. While the ecological risk of most agricultural soils in Huzhou is low, it is recommended that the use of phosphate and nitrogen fertilizers be restricted and production technology be improved to reduce the heavy metal(loid) concentrations. Results suggest that the Chinese environmental quality standard for soil should be revised to better address heavy metal(loid) contamination.