人脐带间充质干细胞作为维持人胚胎干细胞生长饲养层细胞的研究

目的寻找可以维持人胚胎干细胞未分化生长的人源性细胞作为饲养层细胞,从而解决使用鼠源性细胞作为饲养层带来的安全问题。方法尝试以人脐带间充质干细胞作为饲养层细胞来培养人胚胎干细胞,检验其是否可以维持人胚胎干细胞的未分化生长状态。用胶原酶消化法分离人脐带间充质干细胞,光镜下观察细胞形态;流式细胞仪检测其表面标志;诱导人脐带间充质干细胞向成骨细胞和脂肪细胞进行分化。将人胚胎干细胞系H1接种于丝裂霉素C灭活后的人脐带间充质干细胞上,每隔5d进行一次传代。培养20代后,对人胚胎干细胞特性进行相关检测,包括细胞形态、碱性磷酸酶染色、相关多能性基因的表达、分化能力。结果从人脐带中分离出的间充质干细胞为梭形,呈平行排列生长或漩涡状生长;细胞高表达CD44、CD29、CD73、CD105、CD90、CD86、CD147、CD117,不表达CD14、CD38、CD133、CD34、CD45、HLA-DR;具有分化成脂肪细胞和成骨细胞的潜能。人胚胎干细胞在人脐带间充质干细胞饲养层上培养20代后,继续保持人胚胎干细胞的典型形态,碱性磷酸酶染色为阳性,免疫荧光染色显示OCT4、Nanog、SSEA4、TRA-1-81、TRA-1-60的表达为阳性,SSEA1表达为阴性,体外悬浮培养可以形成拟胚体。结论人脐带间充质干细胞可以作为人胚胎干细胞的饲养层细胞,支持其生长,并维持其未分化生长状态。     

骨形态发生蛋白9定向诱导多潜能干细胞成骨分化

为确认和评价骨形态发生蛋白9(bone morphogenetic protein 9, BMP9)定向诱导多潜能干细胞成骨分化的能力,以鼠间充质干细胞C3H10、小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(mouse embryonic fibroblasts,MEFs)和骨髓基质细胞(bone marrow stromal cell, BMSC)三种多潜能干细胞为目标细胞,用重组腺病毒的方法将BMP9导入细胞,通过荧光素酶报告基因实验、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)定量测定、钙盐沉积实验、real time PCR、动物实验和组织化学染色等方法,观察BMP9对于多潜能干细胞成骨分化的定向诱导作用．结果提示,BMP9能诱导C3H10、MEFs和BMSC细胞ALP的表达,且具有剂量依赖性．BMP9在体外能够促进C3H10细胞和MEFs细胞的钙盐沉积．经BMP9刺激后,C3H10细胞成骨相关基因ALP、Runx2、骨桥素(osteopontin, OPN)和骨钙素(osteocalcin, OC)的mRNA水平均增加．荧光素酶报告基因实验证实,BMP9可以活化Smad和成骨关键基因Runx2．动物实验和组织化学染色检查显示,BMP9可以诱导C3H10细胞在裸鼠皮下异位成骨,因此,BMP9具有定向诱导多潜能干细胞成骨分化的能力．     

组蛋白修饰对胚胎干细胞分化过程[]的调控机制

选用人类胚胎干细胞系和由人类胚胎干细胞系分化来的神经干细胞系为研究对象,分析组蛋白修饰对胚胎干细胞分化过程的调控作用。得到了两种细胞系差异表达基因转录起始位点侧翼区域内八种组蛋白修饰的分布模式,以及组蛋白修饰功能簇。研究表明在两类细胞系中,八种组蛋白修饰谱分布模式一致,且呈现两种分布类型; H3K27ac,H3K4me3和H3K9ac组成的功能簇是保守的;H3K27me3,H3K36me3和H3K79me1组成的功能簇以及H3K9me3和H3K27me3组成的功能簇在胚胎干细胞向神经干细胞分化的过程中消失。结果揭示了组蛋白修饰对胚胎干细胞系向神经干细胞系分化过程的部分调控机制,为该分化过程分子调控机制的研究提供部分重要的理论基础。     

胚胎干细胞的基因转录调控

胚胎干细胞作为一种具有多潜能性和自我更新能力的细胞,在人类等高等生物发育中占有重要地位;基于这一特性,胚胎干细胞在临床上具有极其广阔的应用前景。转录因子OCT4、SOX2和NANOG通过调节胚胎干细胞的基因转录,对其多潜能性和自我更新能力具有关键性的调控作用。对这一作用机制的研究,将对人类早期发育的了解和胚胎干细胞的临床应用具有积极意义。     

维生素A酸受体γ基因表达及其对ES细胞分化和凋亡的影响

本文以小鼠胚胎干细胞ES-5细胞为实验模型,研究了RARγ基因表达对RA诱导ES细胞分化的影响。通过把构建质粒pSG5-RARγ-neo转染ES-5细胞,获得了过度表达RARγ基因的ES-γ细胞系。ES-γ细胞保持了ES细胞的干细胞特点。体内分化潜能的研究表明,ES-γ细胞仍然保持分化多潜能性的特点,能分化形成各种组织结构,但与ES-5细胞相比,观察不到软骨组织,而肌肉组织和鳞状上皮细胞构成的角质化囊状结构较丰富。体外诱导分化研究表明,ES-γ细胞分化方向受到干扰,向成纤维样细胞分化。这些结果表明RARγ基因参与了RA诱导ES细胞分化的过程,而且RARγ基因的表达变化影响了RA诱导ES细胞分化的细胞类型。在研究中还发现,ES细胞在RA诱导分化过程中,同时还发生了细胞凋亡现象。细胞凋亡的发生与RA浓度相关,而RARγ基因的过度表达使细胞凋亡明显加剧。这些结果表明RARγ基因可能也参与了RA诱导ES细胞凋亡的过程。     

SOX9的表达在诱导肝细胞向胰腺干祖样细胞转化中的意义研究

目的:研究SOX9的表达在诱导肝细胞向胰腺干祖样细胞转化过程中的意义.方法:分离培养小鼠原代肝细胞,包装、浓缩表达OCT4的慢病毒并感染肝细胞,使用RT-PCR监测慢病毒感染后肝细胞中SOX9的表达,并根据SOX9表达情况尝试向胰腺干祖样细胞诱导.使用PCR和免疫荧光鉴定生成的胰腺干祖样细胞.结果:肝细胞感染OCT4-慢病毒后,肝细胞内颗粒逐渐释出,细胞折光性增强.SOX9表达从第6d持续至第8d.从SOX9阴性的第4d开始向胰腺诱导,无集落样的胰腺干祖样细胞生成,RT-PCR检测其标志物CK19为阴性;从SOX9阳性的第6d开始向胰腺诱导,可见集落样生长的胰腺干祖样细胞,RT-PCR检测CK19为阳性,免疫荧光染色显示CK19表达在胞浆中.结论:肝细胞向胰腺干祖样细胞转化过程中SOX9的表达提示了“兼性肝细胞”的出现,此细胞具有向胰腺谱系诱导分化的潜能,这为进一步生成有功能的胰岛内分泌细胞和实现糖尿病的细胞替代治疗提供了理论和实验依据.     

人胚胎干细胞和拟胚体基因表达谱的初步分析

利用人类全基因组Affymetrix芯片检测人胚胎干细胞与其自发分化7d的拟胚体之间的差异表达基因.结果显示:与未分化的人胚胎干细胞相比.在分化7d的拟胚体中表达下调2倍及以上的已知和未知基因共有1100个,表达上调2倍及以上的已知或未知基因共有2283个.利用Gostat对这些差异表达基因进行功能分析,发现它们分别与细胞的生物代谢过程、信号传导通路、系统发育、细胞分化、分子功能及亚细胞组分相关.胚胎干细胞具有自我更新能力,是研究早期胚胎发育理想的细胞模型,因此对差异表达基因的功能研究有助于了解维持人胚胎干细胞自我更新的分子机制以及胚胎发育早期的分子事件.     

人胚胎干细胞向生殖细胞分化的研究进展

小鼠胚胎干细胞体外已成功诱导分化为配子细胞,人胚胎干细胞理论上也具备分化为生殖细胞的潜能。本文从影响人胚胎干细胞体外向生殖系分化的基因调控和干细胞小生境（niche）方面进行综述,并指出胚胎干细胞在生殖医学及不孕治疗中的研究方向和应用前景。     

LincRNA1230抑制小鼠胚胎干细胞向神经前体细胞分化

胚胎干细胞是一类具有多向分化潜能的细胞.胚胎干细胞可以模拟体内发育过程,在无外界信号分子刺激的情况下,自发向神经前体细胞分化.有研究表明,这一体外发育过程受神经分化相关转录因子和表观遗传修饰的共同调控,然而该过程中的分子机制尚不清楚.本研究发现长链非编码RNA1230(LincRNA1230)参与了小鼠(Mus musculus)胚胎干细胞向神经前体细胞的分化过程.在小鼠的胚胎干细胞中过表达LincRNA1230可以显著抑制其神经分化效率;反之,干扰LincRNA1230可以提高分化效率.进一步研究表明,LincRNA1230通过结合Wdr5,降低神经分化相关基因启动子区H3K4me3的修饰水平,从而抑制相关基因的表达活性.这些发现揭示了LincRNA1230在小鼠胚胎干细胞神经分化过程中的重要作用.     

小分子物质对维持胚胎干细胞未分化状态的调控作用

胚胎干细胞作为一种具有多潜能和高度自我更新能力的种子细胞,己被广泛地应用于医学研究领域。在体外培养条件下,胚胎干细胞可被诱导分化为三个胚层来源的组织细胞,故被看作为最具有应用前景的种子细胞。近年来,对于在体外培养条件下如何维持胚胎干细胞的多能性即使其较长时期的处于未分化状态成为研究热点,其中一些天然存在或人工合成的小分子物质可通过作用于某些特定的靶信号通路,调控胚胎干细胞的分化命运。本文概述了几种小分子物质的最新研究进展,并对小分子物质在成体多分化潜能胚胎样干细胞分化调控方面的应用前景进行评述。     

Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Cells with Corneal Keratocyte Phenotype

Corneal transparency depends on a unique extracellular matrix secreted by stromal keratocytes, mesenchymal cells of neural crest lineage. Derivation of keratocytes from human embryonic stem (hES) cells could elucidate the keratocyte developmental pathway and open a potential for cell-based therapy for corneal blindness. This study seeks to identify conditions inducing differentiation of pluripotent hES cells to the keratocyte lineage. Neural differentiation of hES cell line WA01(H1) was induced by co-culture with mouse PA6 fibroblasts. After 6 days of co-culture, hES cells expressing cell-surface NGFR protein (CD271, p75NTR) were isolated by immunoaffinity adsorption, and cultured as a monolayer for one week. Keratocyte phenotype was induced by substratum-independent pellet culture in serum-free medium containing ascorbate. Gene expression, examined by quantitative RT-PCR, found hES cells co-cultured with PA6 cells for 6 days to upregulate expression of neural crest genes including NGFR, SNAI1, NTRK3, SOX9, and MSX1. Isolated NGFR-expressing cells were free of PA6 feeder cells. After expansion as a monolayer, mRNAs typifying adult stromal stem cells were detected, including BMI1, KIT, NES, NOTCH1, and SIX2. When these cells were cultured as substratum-free pellets keratocyte markers AQP1, B3GNT7, PTDGS, and ALDH3A1 were upregulated. mRNA for keratocan (KERA), a cornea-specific proteoglycan, was upregulated more than 10,000 fold. Culture medium from pellets contained high molecular weight keratocan modified with keratan sulfate, a unique molecular component of corneal stroma. These results show hES cells can be induced to differentiate into keratocytes in vitro. Pluripotent stem cells, therefore, may provide a renewable source of material for development of treatment of corneal stromal opacities.     

Mesenchymal differentiation propensity of a human embryonic stem cell line

Objectives: To characterize basal differentiation tendencies of a human embryonic stem (hES) cell line, KCL‐002. Materials and methods: In vitro specification and differentiation of hES cells were carried out using embryoid body (EB) cultures and tests of pluripotency and in vivo differentiation were performed by teratoma assays in SCID mice. Real‐time PCR, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and histological analyses were used to identify expression of genes and proteins associated with the ectodermal, endodermal and mesodermal germ layers. Results: Undifferentiated KCL‐002 cells expressed characteristic markers of pluripotent stem cells such as Nanog, Sox‐2, Oct‐4 and TRA 1‐60. When differentiated in vitro as EB cultures, expression of pluripotency, endodermal and ectodermal markers decreased rapidly. In contrast, mesodermal and mesenchymal markers such as VEGFR‐2, α‐actin and vimentin increased during EB differentiation as shown by qPCR, immunostaining and flow cytometric analyses. Teratoma formation in SCID mice demonstrated the potential to form all germ layers in vivo with a greater proportion of the tumours containing mesenchymal derivatives. Conclusions: The data presented suggest that the KCL‐002 hES cell line is pluripotent and harbours a bias in basal differentiation tendencies towards mesodermal and mesenchymal lineage cells. Characterizing innate differentiation propensities of hES cell lines is important for understanding heterogeneity between different cell lines and for further studies aimed at deriving specific lineages from hES cells.     

Hemato-endothelial differentiation from lentiviral-transduced human embryonic stem cells retains durable reporter gene expression under the control of ubiquitin promoter

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are able to give rise to a variety of cell lineages under specific culture condition. An effective strategy for stable genetic modification in hES cells may provide a powerful tool for study of human embryogenesis and cell-based therapies. However, gene silences are documented in hES cells. In current study, we investigated whether genes controlled under ubiquitin promoter are expressed during hematopoietic-endothelial differentiation in hES cells. Undifferentiated hES cells (H1) were transduced by lentivirus encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene under ubiquitin promoter. GFP-expressing hES cells (GFP-H1) were established after several rounds of mechanical selection under fluorescence microscope. GFP gene was stably expressed in hES cells throughout prolonged (> 50 passages) cultivation, and in differentiated embryo body (EB) and teratoma. Hematopoietic and endothelial markers, including KDR (VEGFR2), CD34, CD31, Tie-2, GATA-1 and GATA-2, were expressed at similar levels during hES cell differentiation in parent hES cells and GFP-H1 hES cells. CD34⁺ cells isolated from GFP-H1 hES cells were capable to generate hematopoietic colony-forming cells and tubular structure-forming cells. Differentiated GFP-EB formed vasculature structures in a semi-solid sprouting EB model. These results indicated that a transgene under ubiquitin promoter in lentiviral transduced hES cells retained its expression in undifferentiated hES cells and in hES-derived hematopoietic and endothelial cells. With the view of embryonic mesodermal developing events in humans, genetic modification of hES cells by lentiviral vectors provides a powerful tool for study of hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis.     

Trophoblast differentiation defect in human embryonic stem cells lacking PIG-A and GPI-anchored cell-surface proteins

Pluripotent human embryonic stem (hES) cells can differentiate into various cell types derived from the three embryonic germ layers and extraembryonic tissues such as trophoblasts. The mechanisms governing lineage choices of hES cells are largely unknown. Here, we report that we established two independent hES cell clones lacking a group of cell surface molecules, glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs). The GPI-AP deficiency in these two hES clones is due to the deficiency in the gene expression of PIG-A (phosphatidyl-inositol-glycan class A), which is required for the first step of GPI synthesis. GPI-AP-deficient hES cells were capable of forming embryoid bodies and initiating cell differentiation into the three embryonic germ layers. However, GPI-AP-deficient hES cells failed to form trophoblasts after differentiation induction by embryoid body formation or by adding exogenous BMP4. The defect in trophoblast formation was due to the lack of GPI-anchored BMP coreceptors, resulting in the impairment of full BMP4 signaling activation in the GPI-AP-deficient hES cells. These data reveal that GPI-AP-enhanced full activation of BMP signaling is required for human trophoblast formation.     

Altered patterns of differentiation in karyotypically abnormal human embryonic stem cells

Upon prolonged culture, human embryonic stem (hES) cells undergo adaptation, exhibiting decreased population doubling times and increased cloning efficiencies, often associated with karyotypic changes. To test whether culture adaptation influences the patterns of differentiation of hES cells, we compared the expression of genes indicative of distinct embryonic lineages in the embryoid bodies produced from two early passage, karyotypically normal hES cell lines, and two late passage, karyotypically abnormal hES cell lines. One of the abnormal lines was a subline of one of the normal early passage lines. The embryoid bodies from each of the lines showed evidence of extensive differentiation. However, there were differences in the expression of several genes, indicating that the culture adapted hES cells show altered patterns of differentiation compared to karyotypically normal hES cells. The loss of induction of alphafetoprotein in the culture-adapted cells was especially marked, suggesting that they had a reduced capacity to produce extra-embryonic endoderm. These changes may contribute to the growth advantages of genetically variant cells, not only by reflecting an increased tendency to self renewal rather than to differentiate, but also by reducing spontaneous differentiation to derivatives that themselves may produce factors that could induce further differentiation of undifferentiated stem cells.     

Differential Expression of Epigenetic Modulators During Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Although the progression of aging and the diseases associated with it are extensively studied, little is known about the initiation of the aging process. Telomerase is down-regulated early in embryonic differentiation, thereby contributing to telomeric attrition and aging. The mechanisms underlying this inhibition remain elusive, but epigenetic studies in differentiating human embryonic stem (hES) cells could give clues about how and when DNA methylation and histone deacetylation work together to contribute to the inactivation of hTERT, the catalytic subunit of telomerase, at the onset of the aging process. We have confirmed the differentiation status of cultured hES colonies with morphological assessment and immunohistochemical stainings for pluripotent stem cells. In hES cells with varying degrees of differentiation, we have shown a stronger association between hES differentiation and expression of the epigenetic regulators DNMT3A and DNMT3B than between genetic modulators of differentiation such as c-MYC. We also propose a new model system for analyses of stem cell regions, which are differentially down-regulating the expression of hTERT and the actions of epigenetic modulators such as the DNMTs and histone methyltransferases.     

The effects of culture on genomic imprinting profiles in human embryonic and fetal mesenchymal stem cells

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells and fetal mesenchymal stem cells (fMSC) offer great potential for regenerative therapy strategies. It is therefore important to characterize the properties of these cells in vitro. One major way the environment impacts on cellular physiology is through changes to epigenetic mechanisms. Genes subject to epigenetic regulation via genomic imprinting have been characterized extensively. The integrity of imprinted gene expression therefore provides a measurable index for epigenetic stability. Allelic expression of 26 imprinted genes and DNA methylation at associated differentially methylated regions (DMRs) was measured in fMSC and hES cell lines. Both cell types exhibited monoallelic expression of 13 imprinted genes, biallelic expression of six imprinted genes, and there were seven genes that differed in allelic expression between cell lines. fMSC s exhibited the differential DNA methylation patterns associated with imprinted expression. This was unexpected given that gene expression of several imprinted genes was biallelic. However, in hES cells, differential methylation was perturbed. These atypical methylation patterns did not correlate with allelic expression. Our results suggest that regardless of stem cell origin, in vitro culture affects the integrity of imprinted gene expression in human cells. We identify biallelic and variably expressed genes that may inform on overall epigenetic stability. As differential methylation did not correlate with imprinted expression changes we propose that other epigenetic effectors are adversely influenced by the in vitro environment. Since DMR integrity was maintained in fMSC but not hES cells, we postulate that specific hES cell derivation and culturing practices result in changes in methylation at DMRs.Key words: genomic imprinting, embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, differentiation, methylation, epigenetic stability