中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究 Ⅱ. 中国蕨科

利用扫描电镜对国产中国蕨科Sinopteridaceae植物9属61种6变种的孢子进行了观察。结果表明,该科植物的孢子可分为3种类型：(1)孢子球形,三裂缝;周壁较厚,疏松地包在孢子之外;外壁光滑,表面纹饰由周壁形成,呈网状、嵴状、刺状或皱状。除金粉蕨属Onychium和珠蕨属Cryptogramma外,该科其他属的植物都具此类型孢子。(2)孢子钝三角形,三裂缝;周壁较薄,由周壁和外壁共同形成表面轮廓,表面具疣状或颗粒状纹饰。具此类型孢子的只有珠蕨属。(3)孢子钝三角形,三裂缝,沿裂缝两侧各有一脊状隆起或瘤状纹饰;周壁薄,由外壁形成表面纹饰的基本轮廓;具赤道环、近极脊和远极脊。具此类型孢子的只有金粉蕨属。另外,从孢粉学的角度对该科的分类和系统演化进行了探讨。     

中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究IV. 金星蕨科2

利用扫描电镜对中国产金星蕨科Thelypteridaceae 14属50种植物孢子形态进行了研究。孢子单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形、阔椭圆形或近圆形,赤道面观为肾形或圆形。极轴长为16.8-40.5 um,赤道轴长为12.8-58 um。根据表面纹饰,孢子可分为7种类型。(1)平滑:周壁表面光滑,少纹饰,如延羽卵果蕨Phegopteris decursive-pinnata。(2)网状纹饰:周壁外层形成绳索状条纹交织成网,如紫柄蕨属Pseudophegopteris。(3)环状纹饰:周壁外层形成由绳索状丝构成的环,排列在周壁表面呈网状、不规则网状或分散的网状。如方秆蕨属Glaphyropteridopsis和针毛蕨属Macrothelypteris的针毛蕨M. oligophlebia。(4)具流苏的翅状纹饰:周壁向外形成薄片状翅,翅的边缘流苏状或具齿,片连接成网状或拟网状。如金星蕨属Parathelypteris的海南金星蕨P. subimmersa、光脚金星蕨P. japonica、钝角金星蕨P. angulariloba,钩毛蕨属Cyclogramma的耳羽钩毛蕨C. auriculata,针毛蕨属Macrothelypteris的大部分种类和毛蕨属Cyclosorus的部分种类。(5)具穿孔的脊状纹饰:周壁向外形成高或低、窄或宽的脊状纹饰连接成网状或拟网状,脊上具大小不一的穿孔。如金星蕨属、龙津蕨属Mesopteris、凸轴蕨属Metathelypteris和卵果蕨P. connectilis。(6)鸡冠状纹饰:周壁形成的短翅或短的片状脊,呈鸡冠状。如毛蕨属Cyclosorus的大部分种类。(7)刺状纹饰:周壁表面形成各种刺状纹饰,如茯蕨属Leptogramma、圣蕨属Dictyocline、沼泽蕨属Thelypteris、普通假毛蕨Pseudocyclosorus subochthodes、钩毛蕨属的大部分种类和毛蕨属Cyclosorus的部分种类。根据孢子形态特征,对本科的一些属的关系进行了探讨。     

中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究Ⅲ.金星蕨科1.毛蕨属

利用扫描电镜对中国产毛蕨属51种植物孢子形态进行了研究。结果表明：该属孢子为单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为肾形,由周壁形成表面纹饰。表面纹饰可分为3种类型：(1)周壁具流苏状的翅状纹饰,表面有突起或穿孔,有19种属于此类型;(2)鸡冠状纹饰,有11种属于此类型;(3)刺状纹饰,有10种属于此类型。另外有11种具有上述纹饰的混合纹饰,被认为是中间类型。孢子的形态特征可作为该属的分类学和孢粉学研究的资料。     

秦岭耳蕨属孢子形态研究

本文在经典分类基础上,就秦岭地区常见的7种耳蕨属(Polystichum)植物,采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对其孢子形态进行了系统的观察。在扫描电镜下,从形态和周壁纹饰上可将孢子分为两种类型:一种是周壁具明显的褶皱,其表面分布稀疏或较密集的小瘤状或小疣状突起,无穿孔;另一种周壁较薄,褶皱具明显穿孔,穿孔大小及形状不一致,周壁表面有颗粒状或小刺状突起。研究表明,孢子形态、周壁纹饰在种间具有明显差异,从而可为本属种间分类提供孢粉学依据。     

中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究V. 铁角蕨科

利用扫描电镜对国产铁角蕨科Aspleniaceae 8属59种植物的孢子形态进行了观察。铁角蕨科植物孢子为单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形、宽椭圆形或近圆形;赤道面观为肾形、半圆形、宽椭圆形、椭圆形或近圆形。极轴长17-41 μm,赤道轴长23-60 μm。外壁光滑。周壁较厚,由周壁形成孢子的表面纹饰。主要纹饰类型有6种: (1)窗孔状纹饰。铁角蕨属Asplenium的厚叶铁角蕨A. griffithianum、北京铁角蕨A. pekinense、肾羽铁角蕨A. humistratum属于此种类型。(2)脊状纹饰。铁角蕨属的假大羽铁角蕨A. pseudolaserpitiifolium、毛轴铁角蕨A. crinicaule等7种属于此种类型。(3)翅状纹饰。铁角蕨属有14种属于此种类型,如江南铁角蕨A. loxogrammioides、齿果铁角蕨A. cheilesorum等;细辛蕨Boniniella cardiophylla、过山蕨Camptosorus sibiricus、水鳖蕨Sinephropteris delavayi、对开蕨Phyllitis scolopendrium、疏脉苍山蕨Ceterachopsis paucivenosa和药蕨Ceterach officinarum也属于此种类型。(4)翅脊状纹饰。有铁角蕨属的21种和巢蕨属Neottopteris的6种属于此种类型。(5)角状纹饰。阔足巢蕨N. latibasis属此类型。(6)丝毛状纹饰。只有阔基苍山蕨Ceterachopsis latibasis属此类型。从孢粉学的角度对该科的分类和系统演化进行了探讨。     

中国介蕨属孢子形态的研究

采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对国产介蕨属Dryoathyrium 14种植物及宁陕蛾眉蕨Lunathyri- um ningshenense 的孢子形态进行了观察。介蕨属孢子单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为半 圆形或肾形。根据其周壁褶皱隆起形成的表面纹饰,介蕨属孢子可分为3种类型：第一种类型的周壁 具有网状或拟网状脊状纹饰,具此类型的种有翅轴介蕨D．pterorachis,中华介蕨D．chinense,朝鲜介蕨 D．coreanum;第二种类型的周壁具有裂片状、弯裂片状或瘤状突起,具此类型的种有介蕨D．boryanum, 陕甘介蕨D．confusum,无齿介蕨D．edentulum,鄂西介蕨D.henryi,华中介蕨D．okuboanum,川东介 蕨D．stenopteron,刺毛介蕨D．setigerum,绿叶介蕨D．viridifrons;第三类型的周壁具有刺状、不规则 棒状或乳头状突起,具此类型的种有直立介蕨D．erectum,镰小羽介蕨D．falcatipinnulum,蛾眉介蕨D． unifurcatum。宁陕蛾眉蕨的孢子形态与朝鲜介蕨D．coreanum 十分相似,支持将前者作为后者的异名的分类处理。     

中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究Ⅷ.岩蕨科

利用扫描电镜对中国产岩蕨科(Woodsiaceae)3属18种植物孢子进行了观察。结果表明,孢子单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形或宽椭圆形,赤道面观为半圆形或超半圆形;极轴长32～50μm,赤道轴长43～61μm;外壁表面光滑,由周壁形成孢子表面纹饰的轮廓,根据表面纹饰,孢子可分为5种类型:(1)片状纹饰:周壁表面形成疏密不一的片状褶皱,并连成网状;(2)脊状纹饰:周壁表面形成脊状褶皱,并连成网状;(3)翅脊状纹饰:周壁表面具脊状褶皱,并连成网状,脊的顶端具流苏状不明显的低翅;(4)翅状纹饰:周壁外层形成翅状纹饰,翅的边缘较薄;(5)丝毛状纹饰:周壁结构疏松,由细丝交织成立体网状。上述孢粉学特征表明,岩蕨科是一个自然的类群,其3属的亲缘关系较近,都是岩蕨科的合理成员。     

中国蕨类植物孢子形态的研究Ⅹ.水龙骨科

用扫描电镜对国产水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)19属54种1变种1变型和国外产水龙骨科1属6种植物的孢子进行了观察.结果表明:该科植物的孢子为单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为肾形或豆形,外壁较厚,光滑或形成疣状、波纹状或不规则块状纹饰,周壁较薄,具瘤状、颗粒状纹饰或光滑具附属物.根据孢子表面的纹饰可分为6种类型:(1)疣状纹饰,如东北多足蕨(Polypodium virginianum L.)和友水龙骨[Polypodiodes amoena (Wall.ex Mett.) Ching]等;(2)瘤状纹饰,如石韦[Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farwell]和石蕨[Saxiglossum angustissimum (Gies.) Ching]等;(3)颗粒状纹饰,如狭叶毛鳞蕨(Tricholepidium angustifolium Ching)和紫柄假瘤蕨[Phymatopteris crenatopinnata (C.B.Clarke) Pic.Serm.]等;(4)波纹状纹饰,如瓦韦[Lepisorus thunbergianus (Kaulf.) Ching]和伏石蕨(Lemmaphyllum microphyllum C.Presl)等;(5)不规则块状纹饰,如有边瓦韦(Lepisorus marginatus Ching)和江南星蕨[Microsorum fortunei (T.Moore) Ching]等;(6)光滑具附属物,如丝带蕨[Drymotaenium miyoshianum (Makino) Makino]和瘤蕨[Phymatosorus scolopendria (Burm.) Pic.Serm.]等.从孢粉学的角度探讨了该科的属间系统演化关系,认为水龙骨科可能具有4条不同的演化路线,并对其与近缘科的关系进行了探讨.     

中国蹄盖蕨属植物孢子形态的研究

利用扫描电子显微镜对我国产蹄盖蕨属44种植物的孢子进行了观察。结果表明,该属孢子形态为单裂缝,两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为豆形。外壁表面光滑,由周壁形成表面纹装饰。根据周壁的结构和表面纹饰,可分为两种类型;一是周壁外层发达,形成粗大的脊状纹饰,有11种属此类型;二是周壁外层很薄或不完全发育,由周壁内层或中层形成表面纹饰,有33种属此类型纹饰。本文还就本属的孢子形态特征以及与本属的属下分类关系、本属与邻近属的关系等进行了讨论。     

鳞毛蕨科的孢子形态研究

对鳞毛蕨科及其相近类群的19属65种的孢子形态进行了光学显微镜观察,并对其中12属30种进行了扫描电镜观察。鳞毛蕨科的孢子左右对称,极面观为椭圆形、近球形,赤道观为肾形,极轴/赤道轴的比值为0.60～0.86;单缝孢,裂缝长度约为孢子全长的1/2～3/4,属中至大型孢子。鳞毛蕨科具有多样性的外壁纹饰:不仅包括刺状、瘤状、颗粒状、脊状、窗孔状、耳状、片状及翅状等几种基本类型,而且还存在一些中间过渡类型。根据孢子形态特征,对本科的属间关系进行了探讨。孢子形态特征的相似性支持假复叶耳蕨属、肉刺蕨属、球盖蕨科与鳞毛蕨属的近缘关系,黔蕨属与复叶耳蕨属间的近缘关系。玉龙蕨属的两个种的孢子纹饰与耳蕨属的部分种一致,支持将玉龙蕨属作为耳蕨属的异名处理。拟贯众属独特的翅状纹饰支持将其从鳞毛蕨科中分离出去。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.