镉和锌在皖景天细胞内的分布及化学形态

运用差速离心法和化学试剂逐步提取法,分析了Cd和Zn在皖景天根、茎和叶的亚细胞分布及其化学形态.结果表明:10 μmol·L^-1 Cd处理下,Cd在皖景天细胞内的主要分布位点是其可溶部分;在100 μmol·L^-1 Cd处理下,Cd在根中主要分布在细胞壁、茎中主要分布在细胞壁和可溶部分、叶中超过90%的Cd分布在可溶部分.高Cd浓度处理时,皖景天根、茎和叶的细胞壁中Cd分布比例增加,而可溶部分Cd分布比例相对减少.在1和800 μmol·L^-1 Zn处理条件下,Zn在皖景天根、茎和叶的主要分布位点是可溶部分;高Zn浓度处理时,皖景天叶、茎和根的可溶部分和细胞壁中Zn的分布比例无明显变化.细胞器中Zn和Cd分布都很少.Cd在皖景天根、茎和叶内主要以氯化钠提取态和水提取态存在,Zn在皖景天根、茎和叶内以多种化学形态存在.     

镉对超富集植物滇苦菜抗氧化系统的影响

采用水培实验,研究镉(Cd)对一种新发现的Cd超富集植物——滇苦菜抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,中、低浓度Cd(1-10μmol.L-1)处理下滇苦菜生物量与对照无显著差异,而高浓度Cd(50-100μmol.L-1)抑制了滇苦菜的生长,整株生物量比对照降低了72%和86%。10μmol.L-1Cd处理下地上部Cd浓度达到270mg·kg-1(干重),转运系数为1.41,符合超富集植物的特征。滇苦菜地上部Cd富集浓度最高达3919mg·kg-1,且64%-87%的Cd分布在地上部。中、低浓度Cd(1-10μmol.L-1)胁迫下,滇苦菜的丙二醛(MDA)和H2O2含量、超氧阴离子自由基(O2.-)产生速率及各抗氧化酶活性与对照没有显著差异。但高浓度Cd(50-100μmol.L-1)胁迫下,地上部MDA、H2O2含量和O2.-产生速率比对照分别提高了5-17、1.6-6倍和2.9-7.2倍,地下部分别提高了1-5、1.4倍和9.5-11倍。同时,高浓度Cd处理下地上部和地下部超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及地上部谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著上升,但谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化不明显。研究表明,滇苦菜对Cd有较强的富集和转运能力。中、低浓度Cd处理未对滇苦菜造成明显的氧化胁迫,高浓度Cd处理时滇苦菜地上部与地下部均受到氧化胁迫,但对抗氧化胁迫的响应方式不同。     

蒺藜苜蓿叶片光合作用对盐胁迫的响应

为阐明蒺藜苜蓿(Medicago truncatula)叶片光合效率对盐胁迫的响应规律,明确其土壤盐分阈值,该研究以盆栽蒺藜苜蓿幼苗为研究对象,采用加盐的方式人工模拟盐胁迫环境,设置不同浓度NaCl处理(0、50、100、150、200、250、300、400mmol·L-1),利用Li-6400便携式光合测定仪分析了蒺藜苜蓿幼苗光合效率参数对土壤盐分浓度的响应特征。结果表明:(1)蒺藜苜蓿叶片净光合速率(Pn)和光合作用特征参数等具有明显的土壤盐分临界效应。在NaCl浓度为100~200mmol·L-1时,蒺藜苜蓿可维持较高光合生产力,此盐分范围内适宜的光合有效辐射(PAR)为600~1 300μmol·m-2·s-1,出现Pn最大值(20.7μmol·m-2·s-1)的NaCl浓度为150mmol·L-1,对应PAR为1 200μmol·m-2·s-1左右。(2)在NaCl浓度150mmol·L-1时,随着NaCl浓度的增加,表观量子效率(AQY)、光补偿点(LCP)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和最大光合速率(Pnmax)逐渐增大;在NaCl浓度为150mmol·L-1时,AQY、Rd和Pnmax分别达到最大值0.030、0.605 7μmol·m-2·s-1、19.4μmol·m-2·s-1,而LCP达到最小值19.8μmol·m-2·s-1。(3)NaCl浓度为150mmol·L-1可作为导致蒺藜苜蓿净光合速率下降的气孔限制和非气孔限制因素的转折点,并且随着NaCl浓度升高,其光合速率由气孔限制转为非气孔限制的PAR降低。以上结果表明,蒺藜苜蓿对盐胁迫具有较强的适应性,在较高盐分浓度下可获得较高的光合生产力。     

外源水杨酸对镉胁迫甜瓜幼苗生长与光合气体交换和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以甜瓜品种‘哈密绿’为试验材料,采用基质栽培方式,研究了10~200μmol·L-1外源水杨酸(SA)对镉胁迫(100mg·L-1 Cd2+)下甜瓜幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,以探讨外源SA调控Cd2+胁迫伤害的可行性。结果显示:Cd2+胁迫能显著影响甜瓜幼苗的生长和相关光合指标。适宜浓度外源SA能不同程度缓解甜瓜幼苗所受Cd2+胁迫伤害,并以100μmol·L-1 SA处理效果最好,其显著促进了幼苗生长,提高了叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs),以及PSⅡ最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ天线转化效率(Fv′/Fm′)、实际光化学效率(ФPSⅡ)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP)和光化学反应能量(P);显著降低了初始荧光(F0)、非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)、天线热耗散能量(D)和非光化学反应耗散能量(E)。研究表明,外源SA缓解甜瓜幼苗Cd2+胁迫伤害具有剂量效应,以100μmol·L-1 SA的效果最好,有利于甜瓜幼苗在Cd2+胁迫下光合作用的维持,提高光合电子传递效率和对光能的捕获与转换,降低Cd2+胁迫对植物的损伤,从而促进生长。     

镉胁迫对不同甘蓝基因型光合特性和养分吸收的影响

以2个耐镉(Cd)性不同的甘蓝品种为材料,研究了不同Cd浓度(0、20、50、100μmol.L-1)对甘蓝植株生长、叶片光合特性和养分吸收的影响.结果表明:Cd敏感品种在低浓度Cd(20μmol.L-1)处理下生长受到明显抑制,叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、PSⅡ光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ光合电子传递量子效率(ΦPSⅡ)及地上部、根系干质量显著降低;Cd耐性品种在高浓度Cd(50和100μmol.L-1)处理下生长和光合特性受到显著影响;Cd胁迫降低了甘蓝叶片叶绿素a和b含量,尤其对叶绿素a的影响较大,进而抑制了叶片光合能力.Cd胁迫显著降低了植株对Mn的吸收,抑制了Mg和Fe从根部向地上部的转运,且Cd敏感品种受抑制幅度更大;Cd胁迫促进了Cd耐性品种对P和S的吸收,而Cd敏感品种相反.因此,Cd胁迫下甘蓝敏感品种叶片Mn、Fe、Mg、S和P含量的降低是影响其叶片光合作用,进而抑制植株生长的重要生理原因.     

NaCl胁迫及钙调节对青钱柳根部组织离子分布的影响

运用X-射线微区分析法研究了NaCl胁迫及钙调节下,青钱柳〔Cyclocarya paliurus(Batal.)Iljinskaja〕幼苗根部组织中离子的浓度和分布情况。结果表明,3.0和5.0 g.L-1NaCl胁迫下,青钱柳幼苗根部各层组织中Na 和Cl-的相对含量增加,K 、Ca2 和Mg2 的相对含量降低;5.0 g.L-1NaCl胁迫下加入3.0 g.L-1Ca(NO3)2后,Na 的相对含量降低,K 的相对含量增加,Cl-的相对含量变化较小。随NaCl浓度的升高,中柱和皮层中Cl-的相对含量增高;Na 大部分沉积在皮层及表皮上;K 由皮层进入中柱的比率增大;Ca2 由表皮进入皮层的比率减少,由皮层进入中柱的比率增大。5.0 g.L-1NaCl胁迫下加入高浓度Ca(NO3)2后,Cl-的分布比率变化不明显;Na 由表皮进入皮层的比率增加,从皮层进入中柱的比率下降;K 和Ca2 的分布比率变化不明显。高浓度NaCl胁迫破坏了青钱柳幼苗根部的离子平衡,加入外源Ca(NO3)2(1.0~3.0 g.L-1)后,缓解作用不明显。     

外源NO处理对四种桉树幼苗铝胁迫抗性的影响

为探究外源一氧化氮(NO)对铝胁迫下桉树幼苗耐铝性的影响，该研究以4种3月生桉树幼苗(巨桉、尾叶桉、圆角桉、尾巨桉)为对象，将硝普钠(SNP)作为外源NO供体，采用水培法，研究不同浓度NO(0、50、100、200、400、800μmol·L^-1)对120 mg·L^-1铝胁迫条件下桉树幼苗的ROS、抗氧化酶活性和有机渗透调节物质含量等生理指标的影响，并比较4种桉树在NO处理下的耐铝性差异。结果表明：(1)铝胁迫下添加适宜浓度外源NO (50μmol·L^-1≤NO≤200μmol·L^-1),可促使4种桉树提高可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量、抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性，清除体内的ROS和降低MDA的积累，提高抗铝性，但在高浓度的NO(≥800μmol·L^-1)处理下桉树幼苗的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量降低，表现出胁迫反应。(2)NO对于敏感型桉树的耐铝性有较强的提升作用，对耐受型桉树的耐铝性提升不明显，在NO的作用下4种桉树的抗铝性最终趋于一致。(3)SOD、M...     

镉锌复合污染对龙葵苗期生长和镉锌累积特性的影响

采用营养液培养法研究了苗期龙葵(Solanumnigrum L.)对镉锌复合污染的反应及其对镉锌的吸收和积累特性.结果表明:(1)高浓度镉(200μmol·L-1)、锌(500μmol·L-1)胁迫使苗期龙葵植株生长受到严重抑制,但低浓度镉锌复合处理的部分植株生物量甚至超过了对照.(2)添加锌对苗期龙葵地上部镉积累有显著的影响(P<0.05);当锌浓度为100μmol·L-1时,镉积累量达到峰值,其中的100Cd/100Znμmol·L-1处理组合的镉积累量为所有处理中的最大值(地上部积累量高达171.31μg·plant-1);当锌浓度增加到500μmol·L-1时,植株体内镉积累量则呈现下降趋势.(3)添加镉对苗期龙葵地上部锌积累也有显著的影响(P<0.05);当镉浓度达50μmol·L-1时,根、茎、叶中锌积累量均达到最高值;当镉浓度为200μmol·L-1时,各处理单株地上部锌积累量最低.(4)从植株整体的镉、锌积累量来看,苗期龙葵地上部镉积累量最高达根系的14.67倍,而其锌积累量最高达根系的13.59倍.研究发现,龙葵幼苗根系、茎和叶中镉、锌含量随营养液中镉、锌浓度的增加而显著增加(P<0.05);添加锌在一定程度上缓解了镉对苗期龙葵的毒害效应,低浓度锌还可以提高植株对镉的吸收和积累;添加镉在一定程度上增强了植株对锌的耐受性和吸收富集能力;植株地上部的镉、锌积累量明显高于根系.     

外源NO对水分胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗氧化损伤的缓解效应

以苹果属植物平邑甜茶水培幼苗为试验材料,采用20%PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫,进行了外源NO对水分胁迫下平邑甜茶幼苗氧化损伤的缓解效应研究。结果表明:100~500μmol·L-1外源硝普钠(SNP,NO供体)处理,能在一定程度上提高渗透胁迫下平邑甜茶叶片内SOD、POD、CAT、APX活性和ASA含量,不同程度减轻20%PEG-6000胁迫对平邑甜茶幼苗活性氧的累积和氧化损伤,其中以300μmol·L-1 SNP处理缓解效应最佳,而相对高浓度的700μmol·L-1 SNP处理则不能起到缓解作用,反而有一定的毒害作用。     

水稻幼苗根对羧基化多壁碳纳米管复合镉胁迫的生长生理响应

为了探究羧基化多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs-COOH)复合镉(Cd)胁迫对植物生长生理的影响,采用液体培养方法,以水稻(Oryza sativa L.)为受试作物,测定了0~12.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH、10μmol·L-1Cd单一和复合处理水稻幼苗21天后根生长、氧化损伤、抗氧化酶活性及根中Cd含量的变化。结果表明:(1)MWCNTs-COOH单一处理,根长、根鲜重均低于对照,并表现出先升高后降低的趋势,当其浓度达到12.0 mg·L^-1时,较对照分别下降了9.3%和15.2%,且低于10μmol·L^-1Cd单一处理;而复合处理组水稻幼苗根长、根鲜重、干重皆低于对应的单一处理;(2)MWCNTs-COOH单一胁迫下,水稻根的超氧自由基(O2-·)明显积累,并伴随着超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,3.0和6.0mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH处理下,SOD、POD活性最高;(3)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd胁迫下,水稻根的SOD、POD活性大均低于单一处理组,而丙二醛(MDA)及羰基化蛋白含量均显著高于单一处理;(4)MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd后,水稻幼苗根尖细胞死亡加剧,其中,10μmol·L-1Cd与12.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH复合处理的根尖根冠区细胞伊文斯蓝染色最深;(5)1.5~6.0 mg·L^-1MWCNTs-COOH复合Cd处理水稻幼苗后,其根中Cd含量呈上升趋势,且在6.0 mg·L^-1浓度处理时达到最大值303.30μg·g-1;高浓度MWCNTs-COOH及其与Cd的复合均对水稻根产生毒性效应。     

Rapid stomatal responses to humidity

The response of leaf conductance in apple to rapid changes in atmospheric humidity was studied using a continuous flow porometer. Leaf-air vapour pressure difference was changed by adjusting the humidity of the inlet air or by altering the flow rate of the air through the chamber. The time course of the response of leaf conductance to leaf-air vapour pressure difference was monitored for periods up to 10 min using a chart-recorder. There were significant changes in leaf conductance within seconds of changing humidity. These were attributed to alterations in stomatal aperture.Abbreviations E evaporation rate - g leaf conductance - PAR photosynthetically active radiation     

Mapping the interaction sites of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus nidulans</Emphasis> phytochrome FphA with the global regulator VeA and the White Collar protein LreB

Aspergillus nidulans senses red and blue-light and employs a phytochrome and a Neurospora crassa White Collar (WC) homologous system for light perception and transmits this information into developmental decisions. Under light conditions it undergoes asexual development and in the dark it develops sexually. The phytochrome FphA consists of a light sensory domain and a signal output domain, consisting of a histidine kinase and a response regulator domain. Previously it was shown that the phytochrome FphA directly interacts with the WC-2 homologue, LreB and another regulator, VeA. In this paper we mapped the interaction of FphA with LreB to the histidine kinase and the response regulator domain at the C-terminus in vivo using the bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay and in vitro by co-immunoprecipitation. In comparison, VeA interacted with FphA only at the histidine kinase domain. We present evidence that VeA occurs as a phosphorylated and a non-phosphorylated form in the cell. The phosphorylation status of the protein was independent of the light receptors FphA, LreB and the WC-1 homologue LreA.     

The role of vole populations in prevalence of the parasite (Echinococcus multilocularis) in foxes

Effects of population fluctuation of the gray-sided vole(Clethrionomys rufocanus) on the prevalence (infection rates) of the parasiteEchinococcus multilocularis in red fox(Vulpes vulpes) populations was investigated from 1985 to 1992 in eastern Hokkaido (Abashiri, Nemuro, and Kushiro area), Japan. This parasite needs two hosts to complete its life cycle; the gray-sided vole as its intermediate host and the red fox as its final host. We found that: (1) Infection rates in foxes depended on the current-year abundance of voles in all three study areas, particularly in Abashiri. (2) In addition to this direct density-dependence, delayed density-dependence between the infection rate and the prior-year abundance of voles was detected in Nemuro and in Kushiro. (3) The regional differences in density-dependence pattern were related to regional differences in the winter food habits of red foxes: in Abashiri the proportion of voles in the fox’s diet greatly decreases in winter, while the proportion remains high in winter in Nemuro and in Kushiro, probably because of shallower snowpack. These results suggest that infection rates in foxes in Abashiri were less influenced by the prior-year prevalence, since the infection cycle might be interrupted in winter, when voles became less important in fox’s diet. In contrast, the state of the prevalence may carry over from year to year in Nemuro and in Kushiro, because red foxes continue to eat a considerable amount of voles throughout year. The regionally contrasted results for the relationship between infection rate in foxes and vole abundance were parallel to the regional difference in fluctuation pattern of vole populations, which are highly variable in Abashiri area, but less variable in Kushiro-Nemuro area. Drastic change in vole populations appears to affect the host-parasite system.     

Local variation in diapause characteristics of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

Summary Diapause characteristics of nine local populations of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acarina: Tetranychidae) occurring on rose in central Japan were investigated. The percentage of females that entered diapause at 18° C and 9L: 15D photoperiod ranged between 0 and 77%. In addition, both photoperiodic and temperature responses varied widely among these populations. We suggest that temperature response might be a better trait than photoperiodic response for selection among local populations. Females in diapause survived –24° C better than those that were not. However, no difference in cold hardiness among these populations was found. The mite responded rapidly to artificial selection for low and high diapause percentage. The response was asymmetrical, being easier in the direction of low diapause percentage. Reciprocal and back crosses using selected low and high diapause percentage cultures showed that the genetic control of diapause was complicated. Neither the lowdiapause nor the high-diapause trait dominated over the other. However, the low-diapause trait seemed to be stronger. The results of this study suggest that variation in diapause response is maintained by (1) adaptation to local environments and (2) the complexity of the genetics of diapause. Such variation may provide the genetic raw material for natural selection and is a prerequisite for the extension of ecological range.     

Altered SOS induction associated with mutations in recF, recO and recR

The SOS system of Escherichia coli aids survival following damage to DNA by promoting DNA repair while cell division is delayed. Induction of the SOS response is dependent on RecA and also on the product of recF. We show that normal induction also requires the products of recO and recR. SOS induction was monitored using a sfiA-lacZ fusion strain. Induction was delayed to a similar degree by mutation in recF, recO or recR. A similar effect was observed following overexpression of RecR from a recombinant recR ⁺plasmid. We show that the overexpression of RecR also reduces the UV resistance of a recBC sbcBC strain and of a sfiA strain, but not of a rec ⁺ sfiA ⁺strain. The implications of these data for the kinetics of DNA repair are discussed.     

Inter- and intraspecific alarm response in the termiteMacrotermes subhyalinus (Rambur)

Summary In laboratory studies we analysed the reaction of aMacrotermes subhyalinus (Rambur) colony in contact with a small group of test termites placed at the head of a gallery system. As test termites we usedMacrotermes subhyalinus of the same nest,Macrotermes subhyalinus of a foreign nest and the related sympatric speciesMacrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman).Contact with an introduced group of foragers evokes a significant recruitment of workers and minor soldiers. The intensity of the response depends on the test groups we introduced. The highest recruitment results withM. bellicosus andM. subhyalinus from a foreign nest. During the recruitment the increase in the number of minor soldiers is greater than the increase in the number of workers, and as a result, the relative proportion of the soldiers in the population leaving the nest is significantly higher than before.Direct observations at the place of contact show thatM. bellicosus individuals are immediately attacked and killed. In the case ofM. subhyalinus from a foreign nest, not all individuals are killed; some are only intensively examined with the antennae or seized with the mandibles.M. subhyalinus from the same nest are rarely attacked. Mostly they are antennally inspected or enter the gallery system unhindered.The recruitment of termites from the nest is released by major workers which, after contact with the test termites, run back into the nest and provoke an alarm by tactile stimuli. On their way back into the nest the major workers, in all probability, lay a pheromone trail which leads the outgoing alarmed termites towards the place of contact.     

米槁幼苗光合作用及光响应曲线模拟对干旱胁迫的响应

为阐明米槁光合作用对干旱胁迫的响应规律与适应机制,以一年生米槁幼苗为研究对象,进行盆栽试验研究设置3种不同土壤含水量梯度,利用Li-6400便携式光合作用系统测定干旱胁迫下的光合生理指标及光响应过程,光响应曲线模拟采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、指数模型和直角双曲线修正模型进行拟合并对比,以期选出适用于干旱环境下的光响应模型。结果表明(1)光响应曲线模型对干旱胁迫下米槁幼苗的光合作用拟合中直角双曲线、非直角双曲线和指数模型适用于低光合有效辐射(PAR),但拟合光响应参数与实测值相差大,只有直角双曲线修正模型能够很好的拟合各个处理且拟合参数比较精确米槁幼苗。(2)光合作用的表观量子效率(Φ)小于一般植物的光合量子效率,则其对弱光的光能利用效率相对较低。(3)在较强的光合有效辐射条件下,严重干旱胁迫下的米槁净光合速率P_n显著下降,出现了明显的光抑制现象;中度胁迫下净光合速率(P_n)、最大净光合速率(P_(nmax))、光补偿点(LSP)最大,米槁具有较宽的抗旱适应范围,有一定的抗旱性;严重胁迫下P_n、P_(nmax)、LSP降低,蒸腾速率(T_r)与气孔导度(G_s)下降幅度更大,但仍具有较高的水分利用效率(WUE),米槁在严重的干旱胁迫下光合机构受到一定的损伤,但自身可以通过生理调节来积极适应不良环境,减少光合机构伤害。(4)综合来看,在人工管理或种植米槁时,为了适应米槁生长发育,建议土壤含水量保持在23.05%到14.92%之间。     

Early subcellular responses of susceptible and resistant Vitis taxa to feeding by grape phylloxera Daktulosphaira vitifoliae

Species, varieties, and hybrids of Vitis are differently susceptible to feeding by the aphid Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch) (Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae). The differing levels of susceptibility were examined in Vitis riparia × V. rupestris cv. C-3309, V. vinifera × V. labrusca cv. Weiβe Amerikaner, and V. vinifera cv. Portugieser Weiβherbst by characterizing early subcellular changes to aphid feeding. We examined the fifth and sixth layers of mesophyll parenchyma between 3 and 48 h after introducing neonate nymphs of D. vitifoliae on to those leaves. In the susceptible variety C-3309, activated and metaplasied cells appeared in 3–6 h of feeding by D. vitifoliae and developed into nutritive tissue in the next 24–48 h. On the contrary, cells of the resistant variety Portugieser Weiβherbst accumulated phenolic materials indicating a hypersensitive response; those of Weiβe Amerikaner showed a mixed response of developing a nutritive tissue and a concurrent accumulation of phenolic materials especially in cells away from the nutritive tissue, indicating that this hybrid could tolerate D. vitifoliae. Galls developed on the leaves of C-3309 in 21 days, whereas no gall development occurred on the leaves of Portugieser Weiβherbst and Weiβe Amerikaner. D. vitifoliae nymphs introduced on the leaves of Portugieser Weiβherbst died in 3–4 days, whereas on the leaves of Weiβe Amerikaner, nymphs lived up to 21 days. Thus early subcellular changes in leaf tissues determined the feeding activity of nymphs on leaves and the susceptibility of plants to insect feeding.

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Zusammenfassung  Bl?tter verschiedener Rebsorten reagieren unterschiedlich auf den Befall mit der Reblaus Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch). Hier wurde die Reaktion der Sorten Vitis riparia × V. rupestris cv. C-3309, V. vinifera × V. labrusca cv. Weiβe Amerikaner und V. vinifera cv. Portugieser Weiβherbst (kurz: C-3309, Weiβe Amerikaner und Portugieser Weiβherbst) verglichen, um die unterschiedliche Empfindlichkeit zu verstehen. Dazu wurden frühe subzellul?re Ver?nderungen der Blattgewebe in aseptischen Dualkulturen aus Vitis und D. vitifoliae charakterisiert. Da die Stechborsten der jungen Nymphen von D. vitifoliae bis in die fünfte oder sechste Mesophyllschicht von C-3309 eindringen, wurden Zellen dieser Schichten bei allen drei Rebsorten 3–48 Stunden nach Zugabe der Nymphen beobachtet. Bei der Sorte C-3309 erfolgte eine Differenzierung von aktivierten und metaplasierten Zellen 3–6 Stunden nach dem Befall. In den folgenden 24–48 Stunden entwickelten sich diese Zellen zu einem N?hrgewebe; somit erfolgte eine kompatible Reaktion. Im Gegensatz dazu zeigten die Zellen der Sorte Portugieser Weiβherbst eine hypersensitive Reaktion mit Akkumulation phenolischer Verbindungen. Zellen der Sorte Weiβe Amerikaner reagierten sowohl mit der Bildung von N?hrzellen als auch mit der Akkumulation phenolischer Verbindungen ausserhalb der N?hrzellen; dies ist ein Zeichen für Toleranz. Die Entwicklung typischer Gallen erfolgte in 21 Tagen ausschliesslich an den Bl?ttern der Sorte C-3309. An Portugieser Weiβherbst starben die Nymphen innerhalb von 3–4 Tagen ab, an Bl?ttern von Weiβe Amerikaner überlebten sie bis zum 21 Tag, ohne dass eine Gallbildung erfolgte. Die frühen subzellul?re Ver?nderungen der Blattgewebe bestimmten somit die Frasst?tigkeit der Nymphen und die Empfindlichkeit der drei Rebsorten auf den Insektenbefall.

     

白色念珠菌胞外囊泡的组成及其功能研究进展

念珠菌病指念珠菌属引起的急性、亚急性或慢性感染,通常累及皮肤、黏膜,也可累及内脏和各个系统器官,可造成严重后果,是目前发病率最高的深部真菌病.白色念珠菌是念珠菌种中最为常见的一种机会致病性真菌,近来,越来越多的研究证实了白色念珠菌的细胞外囊泡对其致病性具有重要的作用,它参与重要蛋白、遗传物质的转运,影响白色念珠菌的耐药...