医疗数据开放方法及策略研究

医疗数据开放可为患者、医技人员和医学科研人员等提供所需医疗信息。医疗数据开放有助于提升数据价值,改善信息透明度。文章介绍了国内外医疗数据开放研究和应用现状,在辨析共享数据、公开数据和开放数据三者区别与联系的基础上,阐述了医疗数据开放的方法,并对如何开放医疗数据提出相关对策与建议。     

Alternative Reproductive Tactics in Spiders

The comparative study of reproduction at the level of populationand individual is a relatively recent development in spiderresearch. Such study is necessary to describe and examine alternativereproductive tactics. Female spider tactics are related to adaptationsfor a carnivorous mode of feeding. Being the larger of the sexes,the female has the alternative of mating with or preying uponattending males. In web building spiders, which are generallysolitary, other female alternatives are related to characteristicsof a web used in prey capture. These alternatives include differentresponses when defending the web, and individually buildingthe web so that it does or does not contact another. Tacticsmay vary in communal species which build a sheet-like structure,as females may remain in the colony or emigrate and establisha small web. Male spiders usually search for females, and matingoccurs on or near a female retreat or web. A male may show differentalternatives in mate searching, demonstrate various courtshipand copulatory tactics, copulate or feed on the female's preywhile she feeds, and guard the female after mating or departand search for another female. Certain characteristics of femalesare related to these male alternatives, these characteristicsbeing: larger size and longer life expectancy as compared withthe male, carnivorous feeding, and sexual receptivity. Maleweb spiders may also use alternatives while defending positionon the female web. These alternatives are related to the designand placement of the web, and occasional web abandonment bythe female. Relevant literature is reviewed and research suggested.     

Body Size and Reproductive Tactics in Varanid lizards

Body size and female reproduction in the water adult females larger than 500 mm SVL and 32 adult males Ledong, Hainan under permit to our laboratory in Hainan monitor lizard （Varanus salvator） were studied. Forty-two larger than 400 mm SVL were donated by local people in in 2013 and 2014. The largest male and female measured 745 and 755 mm SVL, respectively. The mean SVL was greater in adult females than in adult males. Males had larger heads （head width） than females of the same SVL. The smallest reproductive female in our sample was 565 mm SVL. Females produced a single clutch of 17.1 （10-23） pliable-shelled eggs per breeding season stretching from mid-June and mid-September. Clutch size and clutch mass were all positively related to female SVL. However, there was no significant linear relationship between egg mass and female SVL. Larger females generally produced more eggs, and thus heavier clutches than did smaller ones. There was no significant linear relationship between relative clutch mass and female SVL. Phylogenetic generalized least squares （PGLS） analysis, accounting for phylogenetic relationships, showed that clutch size was positively correlated with mean maternal SVL in varanid lizards. PGLS analysis showed that phylogenetic relationships did not affect clutch （or/and egg） mass and the SVL although there were significant linear relationship between clutch （or/and egg） mass and mean maternal SVL. Therefore, we could draw some general conclusions about the body size and reproductive tactics in varanid lizards that larger females generally produced more eggs, larger eggs and thus heavier clutches than did smaller ones.     

猪戊型肝炎病毒防控及研究策略分析

戊型肝炎为人畜共患病病原, 猪是主要的病毒储库。我国猪场戊肝病毒流行情况复杂, 猪感染率高, 同一地点存在3型或/和4型两种基因型混合污染。病毒存在基因重组和准种现象, 为病毒遗传进化提供了遗传基础。当前猪戊肝感染人的主要媒介为污染的猪肉及其制品, 其他感染机制和途径还有待进一步阐明。应加强对猪HEV与猪场其他流行病原体相互关系的研究, 同时应加强猪HEV相关信息的积累分析包括对猪HEV感染特性和遗传特性进行实时监测, 将猪HEV流行情况纳入兽医公共卫生预警体系, 实现常态跟踪。     

医疗器械库存策略模型的研究

针对医疗器械库存管理的现状,建议采用Silver Meal算法、供应商库存管理（VMI）库存策略,分别对低值、高值器械进行管理,来降低整个医疗物资供应链的库存成本,减少＂牛鞭效应＂的影响,提高供货及时性和准确性,大大改善供应链运作效率。     

桓仁滑蜥生殖行为及生殖策略的研究

桓仁滑蜥（Scincella huanrensis）系卵胎生,1年生殖1次,生殖季节为7月下旬到8月上旬。平均每只雌蜥产仔4．556（2～6）只。雌蜥的分娩在洞穴中进行,分娩时间可持续60-90min,仔蜥在产出时卵膜已破裂。雌性采取的是高投入的生殖策略,平均生殖投入率0．436（0．212～0．526）。相关性回归分析表明：窝仔数与雌蜥体重、体长和生殖投入呈正相关关系;生殖投入与雌蜥的体重和体长不相关;幼蜥的体长、体重与窝仔数呈负相关关系。     

红豆树研究现状及濒危保护建议

红豆树Ormosia hosiei为国家Ⅱ级重点保护野生植物,中国特有种。多生于低海拔常绿阔叶林中,对生存环境要求严格,种群分布狭窄。种子结实率低,结实年龄迟且不稳定,野外自然更新能力较差。由于该物种具有极高的经济价值和开发利用前景,人类干扰及盗伐现象严重,致其分布范围收缩且野外种群数量减少,是一个正在逐步衰亡的物种。文中从种群与生态位、材性、生理、种子萌发技术、育苗技术、混交林造林技术、濒危原因等方面的研究进行综述,并由此提出保护对策。     

南滑蜥繁殖行为和繁殖策略的研究

南滑蜥Scincella reevesii 系温暖气候区卵胎生蜥蜴,每年繁殖1次,繁殖季节为5月下旬到6月上旬.平均每只繁殖雌蜥产仔6(3～9)条.雌蜥分娩持续时间为30～ 60 min,仔蜥在产出时包被卵膜.南滑蜥雌体采取高投入的繁殖策略,平均繁殖投入为0.359,平均窝仔投人为0.247.相关性回归分析表明,窝仔数、窝仔重与雌蜥体长呈正相关关系,幼仔重与雌蜥体长不相关;窝仔数与雌蜥的繁殖投入及窝仔投入均成正相关,与分娩时的能耗投入不相关,与幼仔投入成显著负相关.     

Textual Tactics of Identification

In this article we merge de Certeau's theory of strategies and tactics with more recent work on socially situated identities to investigate how youth in one eighth-grade reading class withstood and resisted identities of "being remedial." On the basis of observational and interview data collected during a year-long ethnographic study, we illustrate how students used various texts to participate in official school practices while subverting those practices.     

宏基因组学:基本策略及在医学研究领域中的可能应用

宏基因组学（metagenomics）的提出是分子生物学领域的一个重要进展。在自然生境中有大量不可培养微生物的存在,无法通过培养法进行研究,而宏基因组学的策略则突破了这一束缚。宏基因组学是从生境中取得全部微生物的基因组,并进行系统研究的方法。该文介绍宏基因组学的基本情况,并着重探讨其在医学研究领域中的可能应用。     

Alternative Mating Tactics and Evolutionarily Stable Strategies

Difficulties with applying Evolutionarily. Stable Strategy (ESS)methodology and terminology to alternative mating behaviors(in which some males in local populations adopt strikingly different,often non-competitive, behavioral patterns) are reviewed. Definitionsfor "tactic" (behavioral phenotype) and "strategy" (evolvedset of rules for expressing tactics) are given. Inconsistentand incorrect applications of "mixed," "pure," and "conditional"ESSs are discussed. Cases of condition-dependent alternative mating tactics arereviewed. Because most alternative behaviors are condition dependent,neither their population-wide nor individual fitness contributionsare expected to equal the fitness contributions of "primary"tactics. Individuals should, however, switch tactics at "equalfitness points." A particular conditional tactic will persistwhen its maintenance cost (genetic or physiological) is lessthan its fitness contribution. In only exceptional cases arethe fitness contributions of tactics expected to be equal: 1)genetic polymorphisms, 2) stochastic "mixed" ESSs, 3) frequency-dependentchoice and, 4) arbitrary assessment. Although alternative tacticsmay occur in cases of genetic polymorphism or genetic equipotence,most mating tactics probably occur when continuous heritablevariation in underlying conditional strategy exists. Selectionfor genetically influenced "roles" (genetic background) mayalso uncover apparent heritability.     

Cognitive Representations and Cognitive Processing of Team-Specific Tactics in Soccer

Two core elements for the coordination of different actions in sport are tactical information and knowledge about tactical situations. The current study describes two experiments to learn about the memory structure and the cognitive processing of tactical information. Experiment 1 investigated the storage and structuring of team-specific tactics in humans’ long-term memory with regard to different expertise levels. Experiment 2 investigated tactical decision-making skills and the corresponding gaze behavior, in presenting participants the identical match situations in a reaction time task. The results showed that more experienced soccer players, in contrast to less experienced soccer players, possess a functionally organized cognitive representation of team-specific tactics in soccer. Moreover, the more experienced soccer players reacted faster in tactical decisions, because they needed less fixations of similar duration as compared to less experienced soccer players. Combined, these experiments offer evidence that a functionally organized memory structure leads to a reaction time and a perceptual advantage in tactical decision-making in soccer. The discussion emphasizes theoretical and applied implications of the current results of the study.     

蛋白多肽类药物长效化技术研究策略

多肽/蛋白质类药物普遍存在体内半衰期短的问题,使其应用受到了限制。近年来,蛋白质半衰期的研究取得了很大的进展,许多技术已经被提出并测试延长治疗性蛋白的作用时间,如与其他蛋白基因融合(免疫球蛋白域或血清蛋白,如白蛋白)、与聚合物结合(PEG化修饰、聚唾液酸化、HEP化等)。这些技术主要基于本身较长的半衰期及循环机制调控以延长多肽/蛋白质类药物的半衰期。针对上述的多种长效化方式及相关产品进行了综述与讨论,以期为此类药物的长效化研究提供思路。     

脑肿瘤靶向递药策略及其研究进展

脑肿瘤严重威胁人类生命,其特有的屏障结构阻碍了药物有效进入。以脑胶质瘤为例,对现有脑肿瘤主要靶向策略作一简要综述, 并提出了脑肿瘤靶向递药的新理念——系统靶向（或全过程靶向）递药,即集脑肿瘤发生发展各阶段特征靶向策略于一体,设计对脑肿瘤 发生发展各阶段具有靶向功能的纳米递药系统,以实现更为有效的脑肿瘤靶向治疗目标。     

大肠癌筛查新策略及研究进展

大肠癌是全世界最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,由于其发病率和死亡率较高严重影响了人类健康。由于大肠癌的发病是缓慢渐进的,早期进行有效的筛查可以延长患者的寿命及改善其生活质量并达到预防和治疗的目的。近几年,随着分子生物学及基因组学的不断发展,出现了许多新的筛查方法,这为大肠癌的防治提供了更多的机会,也给患者及其家庭带来了生命的曙光。目前国内外对大肠癌筛查新方法相关方面的研究尚不多,综述也较少。现就近几年国内外大肠癌的一些筛查新策略及研究进展综述如下。