用斜面法分离厌氧微生物

描述了一种在斜面上分离厌氧微生物的方法,包括培养基、稀释细菌悬浮液的点样和菌落的挑取等。用此法长出的菌落形态清晰可见,便于分离。此法简便、易行,亦可用于观察厌氧菌的斜面培养特征和菌种保藏。     

获取有机物厌氧降解产甲烷过程中关键功能类群——互营细菌培养物

互营代谢是微生物之间的重要种间互作关系之一,参与互营代谢的微生物广泛存在于土壤、淡水和海水沉积物、厌氧消化反应器、动物肠道和极端环境中(如地下油藏),在有机物厌氧降解转化为二氧化碳和甲烷的过程中发挥着关键性的作用。研究互营细菌的物质代谢和能量传递的分子机制,对认识缺氧环境中的元素生物地球化学循环具有重要意义,也为解决全球能源危机、缓解气候变暖提供理论指导。但是,互营细菌生长缓慢、对氧气敏感,其分离培养的难度大。本文主要回顾了互营细菌的分离策略及其生理生化特征,展望了互营细菌分离培养的发展趋势,并指出以高通量筛选与定向分离相结合的方法,获得具有特定生理生态学功能的互营细菌,是互营微生物资源和分类学研究的发展方向。     

微生物单细胞分离方法研究进展

自然界中大多数微生物处于未培养状态,被称为“微生物暗物质”。随着微生物单细胞分离方法的不断更新,利用新技术、新方法应对微生物纯培养的挑战获得了重要进展,这些新的分离及培养策略对推动微生物资源学的发展具有重要意义。尽管宏基因组学和基因组学数据相关成果日益增多,但微生物单细胞的分离与培养对于系统研究微生物的生态功能、遗传进化等仍至关重要。本文主要概述了目前使用的或正在研发的膜扩散培养法、微流控分选、荧光激活细胞分选、单细胞拉曼分选、光镊技术、显微操作技术等单细胞分离技术的原理与应用,及其在微生物单细胞分离和培养方面的优点与不足,同时展望了这些单细胞分离技术未来的发展和应用前景。     

含油污泥微生物处理技术研究

针对胜利油田现河采油厂和滨南采油厂联合站罐底污泥的含油污泥进行了微生物处理技术研究工作。主要是利用微生物分离含油污泥的油、泥和降解污泥中的污染物的性能,达到油泥分离和污染物降解的目的。经过了微生物的分离、筛选和诱导培养,选育到了合适的菌株,利用该菌株对含油污泥经厌氧处理后再进行好氧脱油实验,对污泥中脱出原油进行回收。结果表明：所选菌株可以使含油23000mg/kg的含油污泥在4h内脱油到。10100mg/kg,脱油率达到53．4％;微生物降解实验中,随着时间的延长,油去除率越高,降解效果越明显,当处理时间为60d处理后的污泥达到排放标准。     

单细胞分选技术在微生物分离与培养中的应用与展望

自然界相当多的微生物是未培养的,对这些"微生物界暗物质"进行研究,对于研究微生物的进化过程,充分利用微生物资源具有重要意义。对未培养微生物的分离与培养已成为当前国际研究热点,本文对显微操作、荧光活化分选、微流控分选、光镊技术、激光诱导向前转移等可用于微生物分离与培养的技术原理、发展历程进行简单介绍,对比分析了每种分选技术的优点与不足,重点阐述了激光诱导向前转移技术应用于微生物分离的技术优势,并进一步对未来应用于未培养微生物的研究进行了初步展望。     

贝壳砂改良土壤中反硝化细菌的分析

【目的】通过对一处经过长期使用贝壳砂进行改良的土壤中的反硝化细菌的多样性和细菌分离分析,研究该土壤中反硝化细菌的组成特征。【方法】采用454焦磷酸测序的方法分析了土壤样品中微生物群落的组成,选用Giltay培养基培养、鉴定从土壤中挑选的分离物的反硝化能力,并对具有反硝化能力的微生物进行了16S rRNA基因鉴定。【结果】该土壤样品中占据优势地位的为Proteobacteria、Acidobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Chloroflexi等门的微生物,属的水平上则有近70%尚未确立分类地位。所分离的细菌中,共得到12株厌氧条件下具有较高硝酸盐去除效率的微生物,分属Pseudomonas、Aeromonas、Serratia和Acinetobacter,均为γ变形菌纲的微生物。【结论】该土壤中具有较高的微生物多样性,包括很多未知类型的微生物和众多类型的反硝化细菌;分离到了11株具有反硝化能力的菌株,可用于该土壤的反硝化过程的进一步研究。     

未培养微生物分离培养技术研究进展

自然环境中的微生物具有多样性高的特点,而99%的微生物使用传统的方法仍然是"不可培养的",并且能被培养的小部分微生物不能够代表微生态的多样性。因此,确定新的微生物物种和功能仍然是目前的重要任务。本文将综述基于调整培养基、考虑微生物间相互作用、捕获分离培养、高通量分离培养来分离培养微生物群体中的未培养微生物的方法,及功能性研究的进展情况。     

新疆十红滩砂岩型铀矿床中微生物多样性

微生物在矿床的形成过程中起着重要的作用。本文对新疆十红滩铀矿床不同亚带容矿层中的微生物进行了分离、鉴定、计数。结果表明：容岩矿石中存在不同种类的好氧和厌氧微生物,其分布随地质特征的变化呈现明显的规律性,氧化带微生物种类和数量较多,好氧的铁细菌为其中的优势菌群;氧化-还原过渡带好氧菌与厌氧菌共存,但好氧菌种类有所减少;还原带中主要的微生物类群为厌氧的硫酸盐还原菌。研究结果对于指导铀矿的开采技术、铀污染治理等有重要意义。     

口腔未培养微生物分离培养策略的研究进展

口腔微生物是人体微生物组的重要组成部分,其群落组成丰富且独特。现有研究显示,口腔微生物与龋病、牙周炎等口腔健康问题有直接的联系,因而具有重要的研究价值。随着高通量测序技术的发展,人们对口腔中未培养微生物多样性的认识不断加深,这进一步催生对微生物分离培养技术需求的增加。为此,本文将围绕口腔未培养微生物及其分离培养策略的研究进展,首先介绍口腔中未培养微生物的研究现状;其次分析口腔微生物分离培养中可能的限制因素;最后综述微生物分离培养技术发展及其在口腔未培养微生物研究中的应用。全文旨在为口腔未培养微生物的分离培养提供思路和技术参考。     

昆虫肠道微生物分离培养策略及研究进展

昆虫肠道作为一种特殊生境,生存着多种多样的共生微生物,并且肠道内的很多微生物与自然界其他生境的微生物种类显著不同。基于对纯培养微生物的研究,科学家们发现,肠道微生物与昆虫营养、生长发育及免疫等功能密切相关。因此,分离培养是发现微生物新种类、新基因和新功能的基础。然而,自然界可培养的微生物大约只占总数的1%。为了能够对更多的微生物进行分离和培养,近二十年来,微生物学家们发展了诸多新的培养技术和策略并利用它们从昆虫肠道分离出了很多新的难培养微生物。这些新的微生物种类极大地丰富了我们对肠道共生微生物生理作用与功能的认识。以此为基础,本文综述了昆虫肠道微生物分离培养的策略及研究进展,并对未来该领域的发展进行了展望。     

High Throughput BAC DNA Isolation for Physical Map Construction of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

With the aim of constructing a physical map of sorghum, we developed a rapid, high throughput approach for isolating BAC DNA suitable for restriction endonuclease digestion fingerprinting, PCR- based STS-content mapping, and BAC-end sequencing. The system utilizes a programmable 96 channel liquid handling system and associated accessories that permit bacterial cultivation and DNA isolation in 96-well plate format. This protocol details culture conditions that optimize bacterial growth in deep-well plates and criteria for BAC DNA isolation to obtain high yields of quality BAC DNA. The system is robust, accurate, and relatively cost-effective. The BAC DNA isolation system has been tested during efforts to construct a physical map of sorghum.     

Components of reproductive isolation between the monkeyflowers Mimulus lewisii and M. cardinalis (Phrymaceae)

Evolutionists have long recognized the role of reproductive isolation in speciation, but the relative contributions of different reproductive barriers are poorly understood. We examined the nature of isolation between Mimulus lewisii and M. cardinalis, sister species of monkeyflowers. Studied reproductive barriers include: ecogeographic isolation; pollinator isolation (pollinator fidelity in a natural mixed population); pollen competition (seed set and hybrid production from experimental interspecific, intraspecific, and mixed pollinations in the greenhouse); and relative hybrid fitness (germination, survivorship, percent flowering, biomass, pollen viability, and seed mass in the greenhouse). Additionally, the rate of hybridization in nature was estimated from seed collections in a sympatric population. We found substantial reproductive barriers at multiple stages in the life history of M. lewisii and M. cardinalis. Using range maps constructed from herbarium collections, we estimated that the different ecogeographic distributions of the species result in 58.7% reproductive isolation. Mimulus lewisii and M. cardinalis are visited by different pollinators, and in a region of sympatry 97.6% of pollinator foraging bouts were specific to one species or the other. In the greenhouse, interspecific pollinations generated nearly 50% fewer seeds than intraspecific controls. Mixed pollinations of M. cardinalis flowers yielded >75% parentals even when only one-quarter of the pollen treatment consisted of M. cardinalis pollen. In contrast, both species had similar siring success on M. lewisii flowers. The observed 99.915% occurrence of parental M. lewisii and M. cardinalis in seeds collected from a sympatric population is nearly identical to that expected, based upon our field observations of pollinator behavior and our laboratory experiments of pollen competition. F1 hybrids exhibited reduced germination rates, high survivorship and reproduction, and low pollen and ovule fertility. In aggregate, the studied reproductive barriers prevent, on average, 99.87% of gene flow, with most reproductive isolation occurring prior to hybrid formation. Our results suggest that ecological factors resulting from adaptive divergence are the primary isolating barriers in this system. Additional studies of taxa at varying degrees of evolutionary divergence are needed to identify the relative importance of pre- and postzygotic isolating mechanisms in speciation.     

家畜类腔前卵泡体外分离方法及其影响因素研究进展

回顾腔前卵泡体外分离方法的研究历史,着重论述牛、羊、猪等家畜的腔前卵泡体外分离方法及其影响因素,以期为建立一种更为有效的分离方法提供理论基础.     

Trace DNA from insect skins: a comparison of five extraction protocols and direct PCR on chironomid pupal exuviae

Insect skins (exuviae) are of extracellular origin and shed during moulting. The skins do not contain cells or DNA themselves, but epithelial cells and other cell‐based structures might accidentally attach as they are shed. This source of trace DNA can be sufficient for PCR amplification and sequencing of target genes and aid in species identification through DNA barcoding or association of unknown life stages. Species identification is essential for biomonitoring programs, as species vary in sensitivities to environmental factors. However, it requires a DNA isolation protocol that optimizes the output of target DNA. Here, we compare the relative effectiveness of five different DNA extraction protocols and direct PCR in isolation of DNA from chironomid pupal exuviae. Chironomidae (Diptera) is a species‐rich group of aquatic macroinvertebrates widely distributed in freshwater environments and considered a valuable bioindicator of water quality. Genomic DNA was extracted from 61.2% of 570 sampled pupal exuviae. There were significant differences in the methods with regard to cost, handling time, DNA quantity, PCR success, sequence success and the ability to sequence target taxa. The NucleoSpin^® Tissue XS Kit, DNeasy^® Blood and Tissue kit, and QuickExtract^? DNA Extraction Solution provided the best results in isolating DNA from single pupal exuviae. Direct PCR and DTAB/CTAB methods gave poor results. While the observed differences in DNA isolation methods on trace DNA will be relevant to research that focuses on aquatic macroinvertebrate ecology, taxonomy and systematics, they should also be of interest for studies using environmental barcoding and metabarcoding of aquatic environments.     

CONTRIBUTION OF MULTIPLE ISOLATING BARRIERS TO REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION BETWEEN A PAIR OF PHYTOPHAGOUS LADYBIRD BEETLES

Reproductive isolation between species may often be attained by multiple isolating barriers, but the components are rarely studied in animal taxa. To elucidate the nature of multiple isolating barriers, we quantified the strength of three premating barriers, including ecologically based ones (seasonal, habitat, and sexual), two postmating–prehatching barriers (reduced egg hatchability and conspecific sperm precedence [CSP]), and one posthatching barrier, including four components of F₁ hybrid reduced fitness, between two phytophagous ladybird beetles, Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata and H. pustulosa . We detected five positive barriers (habitat isolation, sexual isolation, reduced egg hatchability, CSP, and reduced egg hatchability in backcrosses of F₁ hybrids). None of these barriers entirely prevents gene exchange when it acts alone, but jointly they generate nearly complete reproductive isolation even between sympatric populations. Host fidelity contributed most strongly to reproductive isolation by reducing interspecific hybridization through several important types of ecological isolation, including microspatial, habitat, and seasonal isolation. The existence of multiple isolating barriers likely helps keep reproductive isolation stable and robust, by complementing changes in the strength of leaky barriers. This complementarity of multiple isolating barriers yields the concept of robustness of reproductive isolation, which is important when considering the long-term maintenance of species boundaries in coexisting species pairs.     

COMPONENTS OF REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION BETWEEN ORCHIS MASCULA AND ORCHIS PAUCIFLORA

Studies of the strength and nature of reproductive isolation (RI) between species can greatly contribute to our understanding of speciation. Although the role of RI in speciation is well recognized, there is a dearth of information on the contributions of different barriers between related plant species. Here, we estimated multiple components of RI between two Mediterranean orchid sister species (Orchis mascula and Orchis pauciflora), disentangling the strength and absolute contributions of seven different isolating mechanisms. Our survey includes one prepollination, two postpollination prezygotic (pollen–stigma incompatibility, conspecific pollen precedence), two intrinsic postzygotic (embryo mortality and hybrid sterility) and two extrinsic postzygotic (hybrid habitat differentiation and hybrid pollination) isolating mechanisms. We found strong RI between the investigated species, although none of the barriers were able to completely impede gene flow. Five isolating mechanisms contributed positively to the maintenance of species boundaries. Contrary to most surveys of isolating mechanisms, our data speak against a clear predominance of prepollination or of prezygotic barriers but confirm the emerging pattern of multiple barriers contributing to the maintenance of species integrity. These findings suggest an allopatric condition during early phases of species divergence. We discuss our data in the wider context of previous studies carried out in this orchid group by using a comparative approach.     

Hybrid chickadees are deficient in learning and memory

Identifying the phenotypes underlying postzygotic reproductive isolation is crucial for fully understanding the evolution and maintenance of species. One potential postzygotic isolating barrier that has rarely been examined is learning and memory ability in hybrids. Learning and memory are important fitness‐related traits, especially in scatter‐hoarding species, where accurate retrieval of hoarded food is vital for winter survival. Here, we test the hypothesis that learning and memory ability can act as a postzygotic isolating barrier by comparing these traits among two scatter‐hoarding songbird species, black‐capped (Poecile atricapillus) and Carolina chickadees (Poecile carolinensis), and their naturally occurring hybrids. In an outdoor aviary setting, we find that hybrid chickadees perform significantly worse on an associative learning spatial task and are worse at solving a novel problem compared to both parental species. Deficiencies in learning and memory abilities could therefore contribute to postzygotic reproductive isolation between chickadee species. Given the importance of learning and memory for fitness, our results suggest that these traits may play an important, but as yet overlooked, role in postzygotic reproductive isolation.     

Strong asymmetry in the relative strengths of prezygotic and postzygotic barriers between two damselfly sister species

One of the longest debates in biology has been over the relative importance of different isolating barriers in speciation. However, for most species, there are few data evaluating their relative contributions and we can only speculate on the general roles of pre- and postzygotic isolation. Here, we quantify the absolute and cumulative contribution of 19 potential reproductive barriers between two sympatric damselfly sister species, Ischnura elegans and I. graellsii, including both premating (habitat, temporal, sexual and mechanical isolation) and postmating barriers (prezygotic: sperm insemination success and removal rate, oviposition success, fertility, fecundity; postzygotic: hybrid viability, hybrid sterility and hybrid breakdown). In sympatry, total reproductive isolation between I. elegans females and I. graellsii males was 95.2%, owing mostly to a premating mechanical incompatibility (93.4%), whereas other barriers were of little importance. Isolation between I. graellsii females and I. elegans males was also nearly complete (95.8%), which was caused by the cumulative action of multiple prezygotic (n= 4, 75.4%) and postzygotic postmating barriers (n= 5, 7.4%). Our results suggest that premating barriers are key factors in preventing gene flow between species, and that the relative strengths of premating barriers is highly asymmetrical between the reciprocal crosses.     

Intrinsic reproductive isolating mechanisms in the maintenance of a hybrid zone between ecologically divergent subspecies

Understanding factors involved in maintaining stable hybrid zones is important for predicting the ultimate fate of the interacting taxa, but the relative importance of mechanisms such as ecological selection and intrinsic reproductive isolation remains unclear. Most studies of reproductive isolation in hybrid zones have focused either on zones with strongly bimodal patterns in genotype or phenotype frequencies, with relatively strong isolation, or unimodal zones with relatively weak isolation, whereas less is known about more intermediate classes of hybrid zone. Here, we utilize a hybrid zone of this intermediate type occurring between northern and southern subspecies of Atlantic killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus, to identify isolating mechanisms playing a role in maintaining this type of zone. The two subspecies differ in environmental tolerance, and we found some evidence of microhabitat preference between subspecies within a small tidal creek at the centre of the hybrid zone. There was also an association between sex, mitochondrial genotype and habitat within this creek. Fertilization success did not differ between consubspecific and heterosubspecific crosses, but hatching success was significantly lower for crosses involving southern males and northern females, and crosses between southern females and northern males had altered developmental rates. Southern females and northern males showed patterns consistent with positive assortative mating. Together, these results indicate a role for a combination of factors including assortative mating and/or early hybrid inviability in the maintenance of this hybrid zone and suggest that hybrid zones with intermediate levels of reproductive isolation are likely to be maintained by multiple interacting isolating mechanisms.     

The genetic basis of behavioral isolation between Drosophila mauritiana and D. sechellia

Understanding how species form is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. Identifying the genetic bases of barriers that prevent gene flow between species provides insight into how speciation occurs. Here, I analyze a poorly understood reproductive isolating barrier, prezygotic reproductive isolation. I perform a genetic analysis of prezygotic isolation between two closely related species of Drosophila, D. mauritiana and D. sechellia. I first confirm the existence of strong behavioral isolation between D. mauritiana females and D. sechellia males. Next, I examine the genetic basis of behavioral isolation by (1) scanning an existing set of introgression lines for chromosomal regions that have a large effect on isolation; and (2) mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) that underlie behavioral isolation via backcross analysis. In particular, I map QTL that determine whether a hybrid backcross female and a D. sechellia male will mate. I identify a single significant QTL, on the X chromosome, suggesting that few major-effect loci contribute to behavioral isolation between these species. In further work, I refine the map position of the QTL to a small region of the X chromosome.