天山1号冰川底部沉积层产β-半乳糖苷酶低温菌株的系统发育分析及生理多样性

[目的]通过对天山1号冰川底部沉积层冻土中细菌的分离和产β-半乳糖苷酶低温菌株的筛选,了解天山冻土微生物的物种多样性,并对产β-半乳糖苷酶低温菌株的系统发育和生理多样性进行分析.[方法]以乳糖为主要碳源,X-Gal为显色剂,分离筛选出产低温β-半乳糖苷酶菌株.对细菌常规生理生化实验、最适生长温度、耐盐性、药物敏感性进行测定.根据16S rRNA基因序列初步确定产β-半乳糖苷酶低温菌种的系统进化地位,并采用BOX-PCR指纹图谱技术对16S rRNA基因高度同源性的菌株进一步区分.[结果]分离到90株可培养低温菌中25株可产β-半乳糖苷酶,其中76％为革兰氏阳性菌.依据生长温度,产酶菌株80％为嗜冷菌,20％为耐冷菌.在系统发育上,产酶菌株隶属于4个类群,其中肠球菌属(Enterococcus)占26％,短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)占22％,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)占13％.[结论]天山1号冰川底部沉积层冻土中产β-半乳糖苷酶的低温细菌具有比较丰富的物种和生理多样性.     

芦笋老茎堆肥中嗜热细菌的分离与鉴定

利用稀释涂布法对芦笋老茎堆肥不同发酵阶段6个样品中的嗜热细菌进行分离,并采用16S rDNA序列分析方法对分离得到的菌落形态有明显区别的22株细菌进行鉴定.根据16S rDNA序列分析结果,22株细菌菌株中13株属于芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus),1株属于类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus),4株属于假黄色单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas),1株属于肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),1株属于副球菌属(Paracoccus),1株属于短芽胞杆菌属(Brevibacillus),菌株D-b2在GenBank数据库中未找到与其相似的已知细菌属的序列,分类地位待定.从以上鉴定结果可以看出,芦笋老茎堆肥中的优势嗜热细菌主要是芽胞杆菌(Bacillus spp.)和假黄色单胞菌(Pseudoxanthomonas spp.).     

北极海泥菌群的分离鉴定及生物学特性的初步研究

对从北极冰川海面下1500-4000m处的海泥样品中分离的8株冷适应细菌进行了生理特征和分子生物学研究。其中5株嗜冷菌、3株耐冷菌,利用16SrDNA通用引物对5株嗜冷菌基因组DNA进行扩增,测序得到其部分16SrDNA序列。经Blast调出与菌株16SrDNA同源的序列,按照Neighbor-Joining方法构建16SrDNA系统发育树。对8株细菌进行酶检测试验,结果表明其中有部分细菌产低温酶:N014产淀粉酶,R151产明胶酶,P371产纤维素酶。研究结果为进一步开发利用冷适应微生物产物提供参考依据。     

印度块菌-云南松菌根际土壤细菌的种群组成和群落结构

以印度块菌-云南松菌根际土壤细菌为研究对象,研究其种群组成和结构特征。(1)稀释平板法分离得到印度块菌-云南松菌根际土壤细菌的纯培养菌株,对菌株的16S rRNA序列测序分析,对测序的菌株数量和得到的OTUs数量绘制物种累积曲线,当物种累积曲线趋于平缓时,对OTUs进行系统发育分析,揭示可培养细菌的种群组成和结构特征。(2)对印度块菌-云南松菌根际土壤细菌16S rRNA基因的V3—V4区进行高通量测序,分析全部细菌类群的种群组成和结构特征。(1)分离得到菌根际可培养细菌793株,分属于3个属的61个OTUs,其中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)序列占总序列的86%,不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)序列占总序列的9.8%,链霉菌属(Streptomyces)序列占总序列的6.5%。假单胞菌是印度块菌-云南松菌根际土壤可培养细菌的绝对优势类群。(2)高通量测序得到菌根际细菌序列8937条,分属于20个门、198属、2073个OTUs。隶属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)的OTUs占总OTUs的65.9%,变形菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门细菌是印度块菌-云南松菌根际土壤细菌的优势细菌。隶属于黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)和假黄色单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomona)的OTUs占总OTUs的33%,黄杆菌属、根瘤菌属和假黄色单胞菌属细菌是印度块菌-云南松菌根际土壤细菌的优势属。印度块菌-云南松菌根际土壤可培养细菌多样性较低,假单胞菌属细菌占据绝对优势地位。印度块菌-云南松菌根际土壤细菌类群具有较高的多样性,物种种类丰富,优势菌群集中。     

北欧海海水可培养细菌多样性

【目的】为了解北欧海表层海水可培养细菌多样性与所在水文环境的关系。【方法】利用2216E、R2A和海水培养基对该海域暖流区、寒流区、海盆区及交汇区等多个区域不同站位的表层海水样品中的可培养细菌进行分离培养,通过16S r RNA基因测序对分离的菌株进行分类鉴定,并构建系统发育树进行系统发育分析。【结果】从北欧海表层海水中共分离到407株细菌,通过RFLP分析选取其中154株进行测序,结果表明此154株细菌分属于3个门,18个属,27个种。3个门包括变形菌门、厚壁菌门和放线菌门,优势属为假交替单胞菌属、嗜冷杆菌属等,优势种为食琼脂假交替单胞菌、海雪嗜冷杆菌等,并分离到闪烁交替单胞菌等多株嗜冷菌。比较不同区域的微生物多样性可以看出,γ-变形菌纲的细菌在各个区域均占较高比例。交汇区的细菌多样性最高,分离到了10个不同属的细菌,而海盆区细菌多样性最低,只分离到了4种。除了海盆区外,其他3个区域的样品中都分离到了特有的类群。【结论】从以上结果可以看出,北欧海域有较为丰富的微生物资源,且交汇区微生物多样性较其他区域高。     

南极抗细菌活性菌株的筛选及系统发育分析

分别以大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、青枯假单胞菌、绿脓假单胞菌和苏云金芽孢杆菌为指示菌,采用琼脂扩散法对实验室保存的580株极地细菌进行了抗菌活性菌株的筛选与活性验证,从中筛选出4株对上述指示菌株具有明显抗菌效果的活性菌株,其编号分别为97、Z11、Z18及Z19,并对其生长曲线、抗菌活性曲线和系统发育地位进行研究。结果表明,4株菌均在培养24 h后进入指数生长期,菌株97在培养48 h后达到稳定期,而菌株Z11、Z18及Z19在培养60 h后达到稳定期。抗菌活性分别在培养84、96、72和72 h时达到最高。系统发育分析表明,该4株菌分别属于伦黑墨氏菌属(Rheinheimera)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)。     

天山一号冰川底部沉积层产蛋白酶耐低温菌株的筛选及其系统发育

[目的]通过对天山一号冰川底部沉积层耐低温菌的分离和其中产蛋白酶菌株的筛选,了解冰川微生物生理多样性和系统发育多样性,为高效低温蛋白酶生物技术的研发奠定基础.[方法]采用稀浓度的R2A、TSB平板涂布分离可培养细菌,通过脱脂乳选择性培养基筛选产蛋白酶的耐低温菌株.对分离菌株表型特征、生理生化特性、最适生长温度、耐盐性、产酶性能进行了比较,结合16S rRNA基因序列同源性分析确定产蛋白酶菌株的多样性和系统进化地位,通过BOX-PCR指纹技术分析16S rRNA基因序列高相似度的近缘菌株的遗传差异.[结果]从125株分离物中筛选到27株产蛋白酶的耐低温菌株,其中21株为适冷菌,仅6株菌为专性嗜冷菌,革兰氏阴性菌居多,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)菌株占40.7％.产酶菌株隶属于5个系统发育类群、9个属,其中γ-Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria、CFB(Cytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides)为优势类群.[结论]天山1号冰川底部沉积层冻土中产蛋白酶的耐低温细菌多样性较丰富,本研究筛选得到的同属近缘种群较多,其产酶性状存在差异,适合开展微生物种群的生物地理学研究.     

不同产地美花石斛内生细菌分离及促生潜力比较

对采自广西、云南和广东的美花石斛(Dendrobium loddigesii Rolfe)野生植株根、茎和叶内的内生细菌进行分离并测定其促生特性,采用扩增核糖体DNA限制性酶切分析(ARDRA)与UPGMA聚类分析相结合的方法对内生细菌菌株进行分类并确定优势属;在此基础上,对具有解磷、解钾和产生长素能力的菌株进行促生潜力评价。结果显示:从不同产地美花石斛植株不同部位共分离得到67株内生细菌菌株,其分布呈现出组织与地区的特异性;其中,来源于广西的植株中菌株数量最多(42株),分离自茎的菌株数量最多(34株)。67株内生细菌菌株可分为31个ARDRA簇,经16S rDNA序列比对鉴定为12个属,包括假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)、嗜冷杆菌属(Psychrobacter)、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、涅斯捷连科氏菌属(Nesterenkonia)、副球菌属(Paracoccus)、泛菌属(Pantoea)和沙雷氏菌属(Serratia),其中芽孢杆菌属、微杆菌属和肠杆菌属为优势属;来源于广西的植株中内生细菌的丰度与多样性均高于其他两地。在67株内生细菌菌株中,有30株菌株具有解无机磷和解有机磷的双重能力、22株具有解钾能力、24株具有产生长素能力,其中仅8株菌株兼具3种促生能力。组培实验结果显示:在培养基中接种1×106CFU·mL-1芽孢杆菌DLB20菌株,对株高2~3 cm和3~4 cm的美花石斛试管苗生长有促进作用,且更有利于株高3~4 cm试管苗的生根,表明具有解磷、解钾和产生长素能力的菌株对美花石斛试管苗有一定的促生潜力。     

四川海螺沟冰川土样芽胞杆菌资源分析

【背景】芽胞杆菌(Bacillus-like)是一类能形成具有强抗性芽胞且可在多种极端环境下存活的细菌,其产生的多种功能代谢产物在多种领域具有重要研究价值。由于冰川低温、寡营养的独特生态环境,其存在的芽胞杆菌可能具有特殊性,因此研究冰川芽胞杆菌有利于发掘新基因、丰富芽胞杆菌多样性。【目的】了解四川海螺沟冰川土壤芽胞杆菌资源,为挖掘芽胞杆菌新资源提供基础。【方法】采用纯培养法分离获得冰川土壤芽胞杆菌资源,利用16S r RNA基因进行系统发育分析,测定代表性菌株的生理生化特性并采用类平均法和欧氏距离模型进行聚类分析。【结果】共筛选到可培养细菌44株,经16S r RNA基因鉴定确定其中36株为芽胞杆菌,隶属于4个属的19个种,分别为芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)11个种24株、类芽胞杆菌属(Paenibacillus)2个种3株、短芽胞杆菌属(Brevibacillus)4个种5株和赖氨酸芽胞杆菌属(Lysinibacillus)2个种4株,其中以芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势属。分离菌中仅3株芽胞杆菌可在4°C生存,7株能在50°C生长,大部分菌株在30°C下生长良好;有74%菌株能耐碱,有37%菌株能在无盐条件下生长。根据生理生化结果,采用类平均法和欧氏距离模型进行聚类分析,可分为3组,分别包含7种、4种和6种芽胞杆菌。第1组均可以水解七叶灵和利用葡萄糖,第2组均不能水解七叶灵和利用葡萄糖,第3组仅能共同利用葡萄糖。【结论】四川海螺沟冰川土壤蕴藏着较为丰富的芽胞杆菌资源,为芽胞杆菌新资源挖掘提供了资源保障。     

盐地碱蓬内生中度嗜盐菌的分离与系统发育多样性分析

为了了解东营滨海盐地碱蓬植株内生中度嗜盐菌的多样性,采用传统分离鉴定技术和基于16S rRNA序列分析对样品中可培养细菌的多样性进行研究。根据其生理生化特征、16S rRNA序列测定和系统发育分析,分离获得的15株内生菌可分为4个类群,涉及Halomonadaceae科的Chromohalobacter属、Kushneria属、Halomonas属以及Bacillaceae科的Bacillus属。类群I中4菌株的16S rRNA序列与Chromohalobacter israelensis的最高相似性为95%。类群II共7株菌,归属于Kushneria属,是碱蓬内生中度嗜盐菌中的优势类群。类群III菌株的16S rRNA序列与一株尚无明确分类地位的Gammaproteobacteria亚门耐盐固氮细菌Haererehalobacter sp.JG11的相似性为99%。类群IV中的芽孢杆菌的16S rRNA序列与已知细菌的相似性为96%,很可能代表了Bacillus属的新种。各种水解酶类的分析表明,在分离的15株菌中有3株菌产蛋白酶,14株产酯酶,8株产DNA酶,11株产半乳糖苷酶,14株产脲酶。研究结果揭示,盐地碱蓬中存在较为丰富的中度嗜盐菌多样性和系统发育多样性,并且潜藏着较多的新的微生物类群。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.