昆虫病原斯氏和异小杆线虫对各种非共生微生物的信息反应(英文)

非线虫共生细菌 (Bacillussubtilis ,B .thuringiensis,Pseudomonasfluorescens ,Micromonosporapur purea,Rhizopusdelemar ,Pseudomonasaeruginosa ,Streptomycesvenezuelae ,Streptomycesantibioticus ,Penicilliumcitrnum ,Ganodermalucidum ,Agaricusbisporus,Pleurotusostreatus,Rhizobiumlegumi unosarum和Photobacteriumphosphoreum)的培养液以及其上清液、斜纹夜蛾 (Spodopteralitura)昆虫细胞系用于引诱无菌SteinernemacarpocapsaeA2 4和HeterorhabditisbacteriophoraH0 6发育。上述培养物均未能诱导H .bacteriophoraH0 6发育。虽然P .phosphoreum菌液可致死A2 4线虫 ,但是其上清液可诱导线虫发育。无菌S .carpocapsaeA2 4线虫可利用斜纹夜蛾昆虫细胞繁殖 ,产生下一代感染期线虫。结果进一步说明 ,引诱H .bacteriophoraH0 6发育的化学信息物质比S .carpocapsaeA2 4的专一。     

PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF β‐GLUCOSIDASE FROM GREATER WAX MOTH Galleria mellonella L. (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)

The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, is one of the most ruinous pests of honeycomb in the world. Beta‐glucosidases are a type of digestive enzymes that hydrolytically catalyzes the beta‐glycosidic linkage of glycosides. Characterization of the beta‐glucosidase in G. mellonella could be a significant stage for a better comprehending of its role and establishing a safe and effective control procedure primarily against G. mellonella and also some other insect pests. Laboratory reared final instar stage larvae were randomly selected and homogenized for beta‐glucosidase activity assay and subsequent analysis. The enzyme was purified to apparent homogeneity by salting out with ammonium sulfate and using sepharose‐4B‐l ‐tyrosine‐1‐naphthylamine hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purification was 58‐fold with an overall enzyme yield of 29%. The molecular mass of the protein was estimated as ca. 42 kDa. The purified beta‐glucosidase was effectively active on para/ortho‐nitrophenyl‐beta‐d ‐glucopyranosides (p‐/o‐NPG) with Km values of 0.37 and 1.9 mM and Vmax values of 625 and 189 U/mg, respectively. It also exhibits different levels of activity against para‐nitrophenyl‐β‐d ‐fucopyranoside (p‐NPF), para/ortho‐nitrophenyl β‐d ‐galactopyranosides (p‐/o‐NPGal) and p‐nitrophenyl 1‐thio‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside. The enzyme was competitively inhibited by beta‐gluconolactone and also was very tolerant to glucose against p‐NPG as substrate. The Ki and IC₅₀ values of δ‐gluconolactone were determined as 0.021 and 0.08 mM while the enzyme was more tolerant to glucose inhibition with IC50 value of 213.13 mM for p‐NPG.     

THE EVOLUTION OF SPITE: POPULATION STRUCTURE AND BACTERIOCIN‐MEDIATED ANTAGONISM IN TWO NATURAL POPULATIONS OF XENORHABDUS BACTERIA

Spite occurs when an individual harms itself in the act of harming other individuals. Such behaviors were once assumed to be of limited evolutionary importance, as the conditions for the evolution of spite were thought to be too restrictive. Recent theoretical work, however, suggests that spatial population structure, which allows local competition among genotypes, could favor the evolution of spite. One of the clearest examples of spite is the costly production and release by bacteria of toxins (called bacteriocins) that can kill unrelated strains of the same species. Here, we establish the existence of spatial structure in two natural populations of bacteriocin‐producing bacteria. Specifically, relatedness decreased with increasing spatial distance between the field isolates. In addition, toxin‐mediated inhibitions were found only between isolates that were collected more than 1 m apart and that were generally less than 80% similar in their genomic fingerprints. Taken together, the results suggest that the bacteria are spatially structured, with mixing of genotypes and spiteful interactions at the boundaries between demes.     

THE PEST STATUS OF BEMISIA TABACI IN CHINA AND NON‐CHEMICAL CONTROL STRATEGIES*

Abstract Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has been considered as a serious pest in all of tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. B. tabaci first recorded as early as in 1940s in China and has been reported as a pest of various crops in 22 provinces or cities. But only recently it has become a severe problem for vegetable and ornamental crops in Guangdong and Beijing. In China B. tabaci is known to transmit at least 5 plant viruses, including tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), tomato leaf curl virus (TomLCV), squash leaf curl virus (SqLCV‐C). So far, approximately 18 parasitoids, 17 predators and 1 pathogenic fungus were recorded in China. This paper presents an overview of B. tabaci as a pest and virus vector in China, with special attention given to non‐chemical control strategies.     

DIFFERENCE IN PROBING BEHAVIOUR OF TEA APHID ON VEGETATIVE PARTS OF TEA PLANT AND NON‐HOST PLANTS*

Abstract Electrical penetration graph (EPG) investigation showed that the secreting (El) and sucking (E2) times of tea aphid stylet in tea phloem were much longer than that on non‐host plants such as soybean and wheat. However, non‐feeding wave (np) was shorter than that on soybean and wheat. Duration of both El and E2 of stylet in tea phloem of 1st leaf, bud, 4th leaf and tender stem occupied 30.2%, 22.3%, 9.2% and 8.2% of the total experimental time, respectively. E2 wave was accompanied by honeydew secretion, with a time lag. Tea aphid preferred the tender parts, in which amino acids and other nutritional components were very rich. While the stylet of hungry tea aphid was forced to pierce phlom of non‐host plant (soybean or wheat), El and E2 waves were also produced, but the action of stylet could be disrupted by tea shoot volatile (10–6 V/V linalool, etc.) emitted near to the antennae. It was considered that before and under probing tea aphid made use of olfactory clues.     

COMPARISON OF RESISTANCE TO LIGHT STRESS IN TOXIC AND NON‐TOXIC STRAINS OF MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA (CYANOPHYTA)1

Blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing occur frequently in many freshwater ecosystems around the world, but the role of environmental factors in promoting the growth and determining the proportion of toxic and non‐toxic strains still requires more investigation. In this study, four strains (toxic CPCC299 & FACHB905 and non‐toxic CPCC632 & FACHB315) were exposed to high light (HL) condition, similar to light intensity found at the surface of a bloom, to evaluate their sensitivity to photoinhibition. We also estimated their capacity to recover from this HL stress. For all strains, our results showed an increased inhibition of the photosynthetic activity with HL treatment time. When comparing the extent of photoinhibition between strains, both toxic strains were more resistant to the treatment and recovered completely their photosynthetic capacity after 3 h, while non‐toxic strains needed more time to recover. For toxic strains, the rETR under HL was higher compared to the rETR under low light (LL) control condition despite 50% photoinhibition. This suggests that the detrimental effect of high light (HL; up to 2 h) is outweighed by their higher photosynthetic potential. This conclusion did not stand for non‐toxic strains, and indicates their preference for LL environment. We also demonstrated that a LL/HL cycle induced a 259% increase in cell yield for a toxic strain and a decrease by 22% for a non‐toxic strain. This also indicates that toxic strains have higher tolerance to HL in a fluctuating light environment. Our data demonstrated that difference of sensitivity to HL between strains can modify the competitive outcome between toxic and non‐toxic strains and may affect bloom toxicity.     

PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESPONSE OF ‘CAROLINA’ CUCUMBER TO SIMULATED AND ACTUAL STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELI-DAE) DEFOLIATION*

Abstract Field studies were conducted in 1995 to compare the photosynthesis response between simulated striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.), defoliation and actual A. vittatum defoliation in ‘Carolina’ cucumber. Six simulated defoliation levels (0%–100%)were used over 5 timings of defoliation (first true leaf to harvest). Plots were defoliated with scissors twice each week throughout each timing interval, and defined as continuous defoliation. In addition to continuous defoliation, one-time simulated defoliation treatments were imposed using the same timing treatments but only 4 defoliation levels (0, 25, 50, and 100%). Two cage studies, with A. vittatum adults, were used to provide estimates of actual insect defoliation injury. Beetles were placed in cages for 2 weeks at densities of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 10/plant and net photosynthetic rates were measured. No significant differences (P <0. ⁰⁵ were detected in pho-tosynthetic rates between simulated and actual insect defoliation treatments. Also, few significant differences in photosynthetic rates were detected between damaged and undamaged leaves in the simulated insect defoliation study. Results indicated that the simulated insect defoliation procedure appeared to accurately reflect the growth response of ‘Carolina’ cucumber subjected to actual A. vittatum defoliation, and that simulated defoliation results should be appropriate for developing economic injury levels for A. vittatum on cucumber.     

EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE TO A MULTIPLE‐HERBIVORE COMMUNITY: GENETIC CORRELATIONS,DIFFUSE COEVOLUTION,AND CONSTRAINTS ON THE PLANT'S RESPONSE TO SELECTION

Although plants are generally attacked by a community of several species of herbivores, relatively little is known about the strength of natural selection for resistance in multiple‐herbivore communities—particularly how the strength of selection differs among herbivores that feed on different plant organs or how strongly genetic correlations in resistance affect the evolutionary responses of the plant. Here, we report on a field study measuring natural selection for resistance in a diverse community of herbivores of Solanum carolinense. Using linear phenotypic‐selection analyses, we found that directional selection acted to increase resistance to seven species. Selection was strongest to increase resistance to fruit feeders, followed by flower feeders, then leaf feeders. Selection favored a decrease in resistance to a stem borer. Bootstrapping analyses showed that the plant population contained significant genetic variation for each of 14 measured resistance traits and significant covariances in one‐third of the pairwise combinations of resistance traits. These genetic covariances reduced the plant's overall predicted evolutionary response for resistance against the herbivore community by about 60%. Diffuse (co)evolution was widespread in this community, and the diffuse interactions had an overwhelmingly constraining (rather than facilitative) effect on the plant's evolution of resistance.     

DIFFERENT PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF FOUR MARINE SYNECHOCOCCUS STRAINS (CYANOPHYCEAE) TO NICKEL STARVATION UNDER IRON‐REPLETE AND IRON‐DEPLETE CONDITIONS1

Synechococcus species are important primary producers in coastal and open‐ocean ecosystems. When nitrate was provided as the sole nitrogen source, nickel starvation inhibited the growth of strains WH8102 and WH7803, while it had little effect on two euryhaline strains, WH5701 and PCC 7002. Nickel was required for the acclimation of Synechococcus WH7803 to low iron and high light. In WH8102 and WH7803, nickel starvation decreased the linear electron transport activity, slowed down Q_A reoxidation, but increased the connectivity factor between individual photosynthetic units. Under such conditions, the reduction of their intersystem electron transport chains was expected to increase, and their cyclic electron transport around PSI would be favored. Nickel starvation decreased the total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of WH8102 and WH7803 by 30% and 15% of the control, respectively. The protein‐bound ⁶³Ni of the oceanic strain WH8102 comigrated with SOD activity on nondenaturing gels and thus provided additional evidence for the existence of active NiSOD in Synechococcus WH8102. In WH7803, it seems likely that nickel starvation affected other metabolic pathways and thus indirectly affected the total SOD activity.