中国云南人间鼠疫流行区十种小兽体表蚤类群落的比较(英文)

本文将某一种小兽 (小型哺乳动物 )宿主体表的全部蚤作为一个特定的蚤类群落 ,在此基础上运用模糊聚类分析方法对云南人间鼠疫流行区 10种小兽体表的蚤类群落之间的相似性进行了比较。研究结果表明 ,在动物分类上比较接近的、隶属同一属 (鼠属 )的黄胸鼠、大足鼠和斯氏家鼠体表 3种蚤类群落之间的相似性较大 ,在模糊聚类的谱系图上明显聚为一类。动物分类上距离较远、隶属不同属的微尾、臭、灰麝、中华姬鼠、滇绒鼠、社鼠和锡金小鼠体表的 7种蚤类群落之间的相似性较小。结果提示 ,宿主因素可能是影响体表寄生蚤群落之间相似性大小的一个主要因子 ,当宿主在动物分类上彼此接近时 ,其体表寄生蚤群落的相似程度就比较高 ,当宿主在动物分类上距离较大时 ,其体表蚤类群落的相似程度就比较低。本文中不同属小兽体表寄生蚤类形成了不同的群落类型。     

中国云南部分小兽体表吸虱昆虫群落相似性及群落分类研究(英文)

应用系统聚类分析方法对云南省境内24种主要小型哺乳动物(小兽)体表吸虱昆虫群落相似性及群落分类进行了研究。研究中将每一种小兽体表的所有吸虱昆虫定义为一个相应的吸虱群落单位。结果表明,小兽体表吸虱群落结构简单,物种多样性很低。多数小兽有固定的吸虱种类寄生,其吸虱的宿主特异性高。在动物分类上隶属同一个属的小兽,其体表吸虱群落相似程度高,在系统聚类分析中大多被归为一类。在动物分类上近缘的小兽,其体表吸虱群落相似,优势虱种相同或相似,此情形尤其表现在鼠属、白腹鼠属、姬鼠属和绒鼠属。吸虱群落相似性大小与相应小兽宿主在动物分类地位上的近缘性高低呈现高度一致。从生态学角度来看,吸虱昆虫与其所寄生的小兽宿主动物之间存在密切的协同进化关系。     

SIMILARITY COMPARISON AND CLASSIFICATION OF SUCKING LOUSE COMMUNITIES ON SOME SMALL MAMMALS IN YUNNAN, CHINA

Abstract  The similarity and classification of sucking louse communities on 24 species of small mammals were studied in Yunnan Province, China, through a hierarchical cluster analysis. All the louse species on the body surface of a certain species of small mammals are regarded as a louse community unit. The results reveal that the community structure of sucking lice on small mammals is simple with low species diversity. Most small mammals usually have certain louse species on their body surface; there exists a high degree of host specificity. Most louse communities on the same genus of small mammals show a high similarity and are classified into the same group based on hierarchical cluster analysis. When the hosts have a close affinity in taxonomy, the louse communities on their body surface would tend to be similar with the same or similar dominant louse species (as observed in genus Rattus, Niviventer, Apodemus and Eothenomys ). The similarity of sucking louse communities is highly consistent with the affinity of small mammal hosts in taxonomy. The results suggest a close relationship of co-evolution between sucking lice and their hosts.     

中国云南小兽体表革螨的群落相似性

运用系统聚类分析方法对中国云南省境内17种主要小型哺乳动物(小兽)体表革螨群落相似性进行研究,每一种小兽体表的所有外寄生革螨被定义为一个相应的革螨群落。运用SPSS11.5软件完成17种革螨群落的相似性比较。研究结果表明:小兽体表革螨群落结构复杂,物种多样性高;隶属同一个属的小兽体表的革螨群落相似程度高,在系统聚类分析中聚为一类;大多数革螨群落相似性大小与相应小兽宿主在动物分类上的近缘性高低呈现高度一致,但也有一些革螨群落是例外的。这说明小兽体表革螨群落不仅受小兽宿主分类地位的影响,可能还受宿主生境的影响     

吸虱昆虫群落数量分类及其与小兽宿主的协同进化关系

以云南省16种主要小兽宿主体表吸虱群落为分类单元,以基于共54个群落特征变量的各群落优势虱种的相对优势度D_r、染虱率R_L、虱指数I_L、总染虱率R_LT和总虱指数I_LT及各群落的结构参数（平均丰富度 、平均均匀度 、平均多样性指数 及平均优势度指数 ）来探讨云南省吸虱昆虫与其宿主协同进化的关系。运用SPSS12.0统计软件中的系统聚类分析,对16种主要小兽宿主体表吸虱群落进行数量分析。结果将16种小兽宿主体表吸虱群落分为8个类群。隶属同一个属的小兽,其体表吸虱群落相似程度高,在系统聚类分析中聚为一类; 大多数吸虱群落相似性大小与相应小兽宿主在动物分类上的近缘性高低呈高度一致。结果提示： 吸虱昆虫与其所寄生的小兽宿主存在同步进化的关系,特定的小兽宿主,其体表吸虱群落的构成比较稳定,宿主动物的近缘关系越近,其体表吸虱群落的相似性越高,这是吸虱昆虫与小兽宿主协同进化的一个重要生态学证据。     

中国云南部分人间鼠疫流行区蚤类区系调查(英文)

归纳了中国云南 13个人间鼠疫流行区的调查资料 ,对调查疫区的蚤类区系进行了研究。总计捕获12 0 77只小兽 ,隶属啮齿目、食虫目及攀目 3个目中的 9科、2 9属、4 7种。从小兽体表共采获 9369只蚤 ,经分类鉴定 ,隶属 5科、18属、33种。 33种蚤及 4 7种小兽宿主均按其分类阶元详细列于文末。结果表明 ,山区蚤及小兽宿主的种数明显多于坝区。坝区农耕地的优势种相对简单 ,优势种地位突出 ,黄胸鼠及印鼠客蚤分别是最重要的宿主及蚤种 (构成比分别为 83 2 7%和 75 32 % )。山区的优势种相对较复杂 ,优势种的种类较多 ,但其构成比较低 ( 10 96%～ 4 7 95% )。黄胸鼠及绒鼠为山区地带的两种优势宿主 ,缓慢细蚤、端凹栉眼蚤、印鼠客蚤、偏远古蚤及短突栉眼蚤为山区地带的 5种优势蚤种。多数蚤种可寄生两种以上的小兽宿主 ,但其所寄生的主要宿主并不多。结果提示 ,作为疫区主要媒介的印鼠客蚤及其所对应的主要寄生宿主 (黄胸鼠 )在坝区突出的优势种地位 ,似可解释近年疫区的鼠疫病人主要出现在坝区的原因     

喜马拉雅山南坡小型兽类体外寄生蚤类群落的研究

１９９２－０５－０８、１９９３－０６－０７和１９９４－０６－０７分别在喜马拉雅山南坡,西藏亚东县、错那县和隆子县捕获小型兽类,采集蚤类标本,共获蚤１８０５只,经鉴定它们隶属于４科２２属４６种。以该地区小型兽类作为研究对象,计算其染蚤指数和蚤类群落相似性指数,并对宿主动物体外寄生蚤群落进行主成分分析。结果表明：宿主动物的生境对其体外寄生蚤群落相似性起决定作用,而宿主动物的分类地位亦有一定的影响。     

舟山岛东部地区小型兽类的群落组成与动态分析

１９９０年７月至１９９２年１２月在浙江舟山岛东部地区每月定点调查小型兽类的群落组成和数量动态。该地区可划分为室内、房周围、稻田区、山地和山林等五类生境的５个小兽群落。群落相似性指数以稻田区的黑线姬鼠＋黄毛鼠群落与山地的黑线姬鼠＋黄毛鼠群落最高,多样性指数和均匀性指数以房周围臭Ｑｕ＋黄毛鼠＋褐家鼠群落最高。各群落的全年数量动态可分为双峰型（室内和山地生境）与单峰型（其余３种生境）。对各群落种类组成的     

Distribution of gamasid mites on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China

An investigation of gamasid mites on the body surface of small mammals was carried out in Yunnan Province of China from 1990 to 2004. The small mammal hosts were captured from 25 counties which represent five geographical subregions, namely Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Southern Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Eastern Plateau Subregion of Yunnan, Western Plateau Subregion of Yunnan and Southern Moun- tainous Subregion of Yunnan. The captured 10 803 small mammal hosts belong to nine families, 29 genera and 52 species in four orders （Rodentia, Insectivora, Scandentia and Lagomorpha）. A total of 68 571 gamasid mites were collected from the body surface of the captured small mammal hosts and all the gamasid mites were identified to 10 families, 33 genera and 112 species. This paper lists all the mite species, together with their taxonomic position （genera and families） and their corresponding hosts. Much more mite species were found in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains than in other geographical subregions. The total individuals of mites and small mammals in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains are also the most plentiful in the five geographical subregions. Three dominant mite species and three dominant small mammal hosts were determined as the dominant species in the investigated areas of Yunnan Province. The dominant hosts are Rattus flavipectus （which accounts for 34.85% of the total individuals）, Apodemus chevrieri （13.43%） and Rattus norvegicus （10.40%） while the dominant gamasid mite species are Laelaps nuttalli （Hirst, 1915） （27.84%）, Laelaps echidninus （Berlese, 1887） （18.38%） and Laelaps guizhouensis （Gu et Wang, 1981） （14.79%）. The results showed the high species diversity of gamasid mites in Yunnan Province and the uneven distribution feature in different subregions.     

Abundances and host relationships of chigger mites in Yunnan Province,China

This paper reports on ectoparasitic chigger mites found on small mammals in Yunnan Province, southwest China. Data were accumulated from 19 investigation sites (counties) between 2001 and 2009. A total of 10 222 small mammal hosts were captured and identified; these represented 62 species, 34 genera and 11 families in five orders. From the body surfaces of these 10 222 hosts, a total of 92 990 chigger mites were collected and identified microscopically. These represented 224 species, 22 genera and three subfamilies in the family Trombiculidae (Trombidiformes). Small mammals were commonly found to be infested by chigger mites and most host species harboured several species of mite. The species diversity of chigger mites in Yunnan was much higher than diversities reported previously in other provinces of China and in other countries. A single species of rodent, Eothenomys miletus (Rodentia: Cricetidae), carried 111 species of chigger mite, thus demonstrating the highest species diversity and heaviest mite infestation of all recorded hosts. This diversity is exceptional compared with that of other ectoparasites. Of the total 224 mite species, 21 species accounted for 82.2% of all mites counted. Two species acting as major vectors for scrub typhus (tsutsugamushi disease), Leptotrombidium scutellare and Leptotrombidium deliense, were identified as the dominant mite species in this sample. In addition to these two major vectors, 12 potential or suspected vector species were found. Most species of chigger mite had a wide range of hosts and low host specificity. For example, L. scutellare parasitized 30 species of host. The low host specificity of chigger mites may increase their probability of encountering humans, as well as their transmission of scrub typhus among different hosts. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that similarities between different chigger mite communities on the 18 main species of small mammal host did not accord with the taxonomic affinity of the hosts. This suggests that the distribution of chigger mites may be strongly influenced by the environment in which hosts live.     

川西南地区小型兽类型体外寄生革螨群落研究

1987年7月－1988年11月在川西南地区共采集到小型兽类体外革螨32种,178只,高山姬鼠,大耳姬鼠和社鼠体外寄生革螨群落结构复杂,生物多样性指数较高,在这些革螨群落中,如厩真厉螨为高山姬鼠和大耳姬鼠的优势种,福建厉螨为社鼠的优势种,毒厉螨为褐家和阳金小鼠的优势种,松鼠真厉螨为橙腹松鼠的优势种,金氏厉螨为黑腹绒鼠的优势种,臊鼠赫刺螨为灰麝鼯的优势种,而其余12种小型兽类革螨群落的优势种不明显。     

Mammal density and patterns of ectoparasite species richness and abundance

Patterns of species richness, prevalence and abundance of ectoparasites have rarely been investigated at both the levels of populations and species of hosts. Here, we investigated the effects in changes in small mammal density on species richness, abundance and prevalence of ectoparasitic fleas. The comparative analyses were conducted for different small mammal species and among several populations during a long-term survey. We tested the hypothesis that an increase in host density should be linked with an increase in parasite species richness both among host species and among populations within host species, as predicted by epidemiological models. We also used host species density data from literature. We found that host density has a major influence on the species richness of ectoparasite communities of small mammals among host populations. We found no relationship between data of host density from the literature and parasite species richness. In contrast with epidemiological hypotheses, we found no relationships between abundance, or prevalence, and host density, either among host species or among host populations. Moreover, a decrease in abundance of fleas in relation with an increase in host density was observed for two mammal species (Apodemus agrarius and A. flavicollis). The decrease or the lack of increase in flea abundance in relation with an increase in host density suggests anti-parasitic behavioural activities such as grooming.     

Drivers of flea (Siphonaptera) community structure in sympatric wild carnivores in northwestern Mexico

Host identity, habitat type, season, and interspecific interactions were investigated as determinants of the community structure of fleas on wild carnivores in northwestern Mexico. A total of 540 fleas belonging to seven species was collected from 64 wild carnivores belonging to eight species. We found that the abundances of some flea species are explained by season and host identity. Pulex irritans and Echidnophaga gallinacea abundances were significantly higher in spring than in fall season. Flea communities on carnivore hosts revealed three clusters with a high degree of similarity within each group that was explained by the flea dominance of E. gallinacea, P. simulans, and P. irritans across host identity. Flea abundances did not differ statistically among habitat types. Finally, we found a negative correlation between the abundances of three flea species within wild carnivore hosts. Individual hosts with high loads of P. simulans males usually had significantly lower loads of P. irritans males or tend to have lower loads of E. gallinacea fleas and vice‐versa. Additionally, the logistic regression model showed that the presence of P. simulans males is more likely to occur in wild carnivore hosts in which P. irritans males are absent and vice‐versa. These results suggest that there is an apparent competitive exclusion among fleas on wild carnivores. The study of flea community structure on wild carnivores is important to identify the potential flea vectors for infectious diseases and provide information needed to design programs for human health and wildlife conservation.     

SPECIES DIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF SUCKING LICE IN YUNNAN, CHINA

Abstract  On the basis of investigating 9 counties (towns) in Yunnan Province of China, the species diversity and community structure of sucking lice on the body surface of small mammal hosts are studied in the paper. Species richness ( S ) is used to stand for the species diversity. The calculation of community diversity index and evenness are based on Shannon-Wiener's method. 2 745 small mammals captured from the investigated sites belong to 10 families, 25 genera and 41 species in 5 orders (Rodentia, Insectivora, Scandentia, Logomorpha and Carnivora) while 18165 individuals of sucking lice collected from the body surface of the small mammal hosts are identified into 4 families, 6 genera and 22 species. The species of sucking lice are much less than the species of their hosts. Most species of small mammals have their fixed sucking lice on their body surface. One species of small mammals usually have few species of sucking lice (1 to 4 species). The close species of the hosts in the taxonomy are found to have the same or similar dominant species of sucking lice on their body surface. The results reveal that the species diversity of sucking lice on small mammals is very low with a very simple community structure. The results also imply there may be a close co-evolution relationship between the lice and the hosts.     

中国云南吸虱昆虫物种多样性及群落结构研究(英文)

在对云南省9个县(市)抽样调查的基础上,本文对境内小型哺乳动物(小兽)体表吸虱昆虫物种多样性及群落结构进行了研究。物种多样性用物种丰富度表示,多样性指数及均匀度计算采用Shannon-Wiener方法。所捕获的2745只小兽经分类鉴定隶属啮齿目、食虫目、攀目、兔形目和食肉目5个目中的10科、25属、41种。从各种小兽宿主体表共采集到吸虱昆虫18165只,经分类鉴定隶属4科、6属、22种,其种类明显少于宿主种类。几乎每种小兽宿主体表都有固定的吸虱种类寄生,但吸虱种类数很少(1-4种)。动物分类上接近的宿主,其体表的优势吸虱种类基本相同。研究结果表明,小型哺乳动物体表吸虱昆虫的物种多样性很低,群落结构十分简单。研究同时提示,吸虱昆虫与小兽宿主之间可能存在高度一致的协同进化关系。     

中国云南洱海周边小兽体表吸虱多样性

在2003—2004年对云南大理洱海周边小兽体表寄生吸虱进行了调查,诱捕小兽3303只,隶属4目7科、15属、21种,共收集14635只吸虱,共计5科、6属、21种。调查点位于洱海周边3个不同方位,恰好处于无量山（洱海东部）、哀牢山（洱海南部）和苍山（洱海西部）3座山的连接地段,由于洱海的天然隔离使这3个方位形成了同地域（经度、纬度、海拔和动物地理区划相同）异生境的地理景观。此项研究的目的是调查同地域异生境里小兽体表吸虱在物种多样性、丰富度、群落结构、相似性和分布。结果表明吸虱的物种多样性低,群落结构简单。吸虱的丰富度、分布和物种多样性随着宿主和生境的不同而存在着显著的差异,这可能暗示着生态环境影响着吸虱和它相对应的小兽宿主的构成和分布。某种宿主经常有某种固定的吸虱,在动物分类上近缘关系较近的小兽宿主,其体表昆虫群落相似性较高。洱海周边不同方位同种小兽宿主上的吸虱物种相同,这个结果强烈暗示着吸虱与其对应宿主之间有明显的协同进化关系。     

Resource partitioning by small mammals in lowland heath communities of south-eastern Australia

Habitat selection by seven species of small mammals was investigated in three areas of heathland in Victoria. A total of 12 120 trapnights over 22 months was used to assess preference for different vegetation groups formed by clustering trap sites on (a) floristic and (b) structural criteria. Rattus lutreolus proved to have both floristic and structural requirements. Seasonal changes in distribution in relation to rainfall appeared to be dependent on soil type. Greatest movement occurred on sandy podzol soils. Pseudomys shortridgei selected the most diverse vegetation types. Rattus fuscipes preferred wet, structurally complex vegetation. Mus musculus appeared to fill the niche of Antechinus minimus and partially replace A. stuartii and A. flavipes when Antechinus spp. were absent. M. musculus seems to commonly fill three niches in these heathlands: fossorial insectivore, scansorial insectivore and immediate post-fire omnivore. A small mammal community structure of five major food niches may be common to both heathland and forest communities of south-eastern Australia.     

Anthropogenic disturbance and the risk of flea-borne disease transmission

Anthropogenic disturbance may lead to the spread of vector-borne diseases through effects on pathogens, vectors, and hosts. Identifying the type and extent of vector response to habitat change will enable better and more accurate management strategies for anthropogenic disease spread. We compiled and analyzed data from published empirical studies to test for patterns among flea and small mammal diversity, abundance, several measures of flea infestation, and host specificity in 70 small mammal communities of five biomes and three levels of human disturbance: remote/wild areas, agricultural areas, and urban areas. Ten of 12 mammal and flea characteristics showed a significant effect of disturbance category (six), biome (four), or both (two). Six variables had a significant interaction effect. For mammal-flea communities in forest habitats (39 of the 70 communities), disturbance affected all 12 characteristics. Overall, flea and mammal richness were higher in remote versus urban sites. Most measures of flea infestation, including percent of infested mammals and fleas/mammal and fleas/mammal species increased with increasing disturbance or peaked at intermediate levels of disturbance. In addition, host use increased, and the number of specialist fleas decreased, as human disturbance increased. Of the three most common biomes (forest, grassland/savanna, desert), deserts were most sensitive to disturbance. Finally, sites of intermediate disturbance were most diverse and exhibited characteristics associated with increased disease spread. Anthropogenic disturbance was associated with conditions conducive to increased transmission of flea-borne diseases.     

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF HOPLOPLEURA PACIFICA (ANOPLURA: HOPLOPLEURIDAE) ON ITS DOMINANT RAT HOST, RATTUS FLAVIPECTUS IN YUNNAN, CHINA

Hoplopleura pacifica is a dominant species of ectoparasitic sucking lice on the body surface of a common rat species, Rattus flavipectus in Yunan province of China. To illustrate the spatial distribution pattern of H. pacifica among the individuals of R. flavipectus, Iwao's linear regression method and a significance test of random deviation for the method were used, and a regression equation was established in the light of Iwao's method. The established equation is M*= 12.10 + 4.76M (r= 0.75, P < 0.01) where both α and β are considerably higher than 0 and 1, the border values for determining spatial pattern of populations. The calculated F value is F= 6.07 (P < 0.05) in the significance test of random deviation. The spatial distribution pattern of H. pacifica among the individuals of R. flavipectus is of aggregated distribution. The result suggests that the individuals of H. pacifica have a tendency to congregate together and form different individual groups instead of evenly distributing on the body surface of every rat host.     

钱塘江河口滩涂围垦区农田小型兽类群落结构的初步研究

1987年8月和1989年8月,作者根据钱塘江河口滩涂不同年份进行围垦农田的土壤特性和不同农作物的生长地的条件,选择7个不同的样区,调查各样区内小型兽类的群落组成和数量比例,划分相应的群落,群落中的相似性指数以群落C与D最高,多样性指数和均匀度指数以群落E最高。黄毛鼠的分布与土壤的盐度及有机质C/N值之间有极显著的相关性。