大鼠皮层听-视多感觉神经元和听-视信息整合

应用常规电生理技术,研究SD大鼠皮层听-视多感觉神经元的分布和听-视信息整合.共记录到130个听-视双模态神经元,其中65个A-V型神经元,28个v-A型神经元和37个a-V型神经元.这些双模态神经元主要分布于听区的背侧,听皮层和视皮层的交界处,具有明显的区域性,呈条带状分布,v-A型神经元较多地位于近听皮层一侧,a-V型神经元则主要位于近视皮层一侧,A-V型神经元位于两者之间.在条带中,双模态神经元分布不均一,有片状分布趋势.双模态神经元的听-视信息整合效应分为增强型、抑制型和调制型.整合效应与声-光组合刺激的时间间隔有关,其中75%的神经元获得最大整合效应的时间间隔在30～50ms之间.研究结果提示,大鼠皮层存在听-视多感觉神经元分布区,这些神经元遵循存在于其他动物相关脑区多感觉信息整合规律,参与听-视感觉信息整合.     

大鼠脑前扣带皮层(ACC)兴奋性与厌恶情绪的行为-电生理学观察*

目的:探讨激活大鼠ACC脑区的阿片受体降低伤害刺激引起厌恶情绪的作用。方法:将实验大鼠随机分为7组,完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)+生理盐水(NS)组,生理盐水(NS)+生理盐水(NS)组,生理盐水(NS)+μ-阿片受体激动剂([DAla², NMe-Phe⁴, Gly-ol⁵]enkephinlin, DAMGO)组,完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)+ 0.01/0.04/0.2/1 μg/μl DAMGO组(n=6)。实验周期为3 d,第1日测量基础值,第2日预先通过ACC区域给药1 μl,然后将0.08 ml完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)注射到大鼠左后脚掌,第3日观察大鼠的CPA反应、缩足反射潜伏期(PWL)和ACC脑区的电活动。结果:①皮下注射CFA的大鼠,注射前与注射后相比,PWL明显减少(P＜0.05);②在笼具痛侧,CFA组大鼠停留的时间明显少于非痛侧(P＜0.05);③在ACC脑区预先注射0.04/0.2/1 μg/μl DAMGO可明显减弱C-CPA反应(P＜0.05);④在ACC脑区预先注射0.04/0.2/1 μg/μl DAMGO可以降低CFA诱发ACC脑区放电频率的增加(P＜0.05)。结论:激活了大鼠ACC脑区上的μ-阿片受体可以降低伤害性刺激诱发的厌恶情绪的发生。     

幼年大鼠皮层听-视多感觉神经元和听-视信息整合

应用常规电生理学细胞外记录技术,研究了生后3周龄幼年大鼠皮层听-视双模态神经元及听-视信息整合特性,并与成年动物进行对照。在听皮层的背侧,听皮层和视皮层的交界处,即颞-顶-枕联合皮层区,共记录到了324个神经元,其中45个为听-视双模态神经元,占13.9%,远低于成年动物双模态神经元所占比例(42.8%)。这些双模态神经元可分为A-V型,v-A型和a-V型3种类型。根据它们对听-视信息的整合效应,可分为增强型、抑制型和调制型。整合效应与给予的声和光组合刺激的时间间隔有关,以获得整合效应的时间间隔范围为整合时间窗,幼年动物的平均整合时间窗为11.9 ms,远小于成年动物的整合时间窗(平均为23.2 ms)。结果提示,与单模态感觉神经元对模态特异性反应特性一样,皮层听-视双模态神经元生后有一个发育、成熟的过程。研究结果为深入研究中枢神经元多感觉整合机制提供了重要实验资料。     

mGluRs调节皮层-纹状体突触可塑性与运动防治帕金森病的研究进展

皮层-纹状体谷氨酸(glutamate,Glu)能通路的异常兴奋是帕金森病(Parkinson'sdisease,PD)的关键病理基础.代谢性谷氨酸受体(metabotropic glutamate receptors,mGluRs)可通过调节突触前Glu释放和突触后传递调控皮层-纹状体突触可塑性,是PD临床治疗的重要...     

丘脑-皮层感觉通路上的反馈调节

皮层投射到丘脑的纤维数量约为丘脑至皮层的纤维数量的10倍,因此许多研究者都认为这一庞大的反馈网络必然在感觉信息的加工过程中发挥着重要的作用,而越来越多的证据也显示,来自皮层的反馈调节在修整丘脑反应方面起到了非常关键的作用.本文即从解剖学和生理学的角度对皮层.丘脑反馈调节的相关研究做一简要综述.     

皮层-基底神经节环路功能性连接与PD运动防治的神经可塑性机制研究进展

帕金森病(Parkinson's Disease,PD)是一种以运动功能障碍为主要临床症状的神经退行性疾病,皮层-基底神经节环路功能性连接异常是PD运动障碍发生发展的病理基础。运动疗法防治PD的神经可塑性机制可能与该环路的结构与功能重塑有关。本文拟以皮层-基底神经节环路为切入点,分别从皮层-基底神经节环路功能性连接与运动调控、皮层-基底神经节环路功能性连接异常与PD、皮层-基底神经节环路功能性连接重塑与PD运动防治三方面对该领域的相关研究进行综述。     

γ—氨基丁酸在联合皮层抑制C类纤维皮层诱发电位效应中的作用

电刺激猫大脑皮层前外侧回联合区(ALA)对隐神经C类纤维传入引起的体感皮层(SI)诱发电位(C-CEP)有明显的抑制作用;侧脑室注射γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)能使C-CEP的幅值显著变小,潜伏期延长,表明GABA对C-CEP也有抑制作用;侧脑室注射GABA受体拮抗剂荷包牡丹硷后,电刺激ALA对C-CEP的抑制作用明显减弱,提示内源性GABA的释放可能参与大脑皮层联合区对C-CEP的调制过程。     

初级运动皮层与帕金森病

初级运动皮层(primary motor cortex,M1),在精细运动执行中起非常重要的作用,同时在皮质-基底神经节-丘脑-皮质神经通路中也发挥重要的作用.本文结合当前研究进展,围绕M1区神经元构筑、突触投射及多巴胺受体分布及帕金森病(Parkinson's disease,PD)后神经元电生理学变化等方面阐述M1...     

《自然一神经科学》：焦虑情绪与大脑前扣带皮层有关

近日在《自然一神经科学）（Nature Neuroscience）杂志上发表的一项研究表明，对猴子大脑前扣带皮（pACC）的电流刺激会增加消极决策的概率。但服用抗焦虑药物可阻碍这种影响。这项研究揭示了pACC是如何导致病理学行为的。Graybiel等人提供两种奖励给猴子选择，其中较大的奖励伴随着对猴子的眼睛不停地吹气，较小的奖励则没有。     

爬行动物皮层的细胞构筑与纤维联系

大脑进化到爬行动物阶段,端脑开始占据大脑的绝大部分,成为处理信息的高级中枢.皮层是爬行动物端脑的一个主要组成部分,与哺乳动物的大脑皮层相似,它位于端脑的表面,覆盖整个脑室下结构,参与各种信息的处理,嗅觉、视觉、听觉、学习和记忆都跟它相关.本文就爬行动物皮层的分区、细胞构筑、纤维联系等最近的研究进展进行介绍.     

糖皮质激素在慢性疼痛中的双重作用机制

糖皮质激素(glucocorticoid,GC)是下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal,HPA)轴分泌的最终效应激素,通过与糖皮质激素受体(glucocorticoid receptors,GR)结合行使功能。研究发现,GC在慢性疼痛中表现双重作用,内源性GC作为抗炎类固醇通过募集免疫细胞、抑制激酶通路、调节神经胶质细胞在部分类型的神经病理性疼痛及炎性痛中发挥抑痛作用,但在应激情况下,GC水平异常升高参与中枢神经系统神经元的凋亡、兴奋、记忆等,通过调控不同的信号反应或微环境促进病理性疼痛。本文综述GC在慢性疼痛中的作用,了解其发挥镇痛或致痛的双重作用机制。     

小胶质细胞在神经病理性疼痛中的作用

神经病理性疼痛对患者的生理和心理健康都有着极大的影响。近几年来的研究表明,外周神经炎症或损伤激活的小胶质细胞通过表达及释放一系列介质分子,在神经病理性疼痛的产生和传递通路中发挥重要的调制作用。激活的小胶质细胞与神经元之间信息交互传递从而影响痛敏行为的这一崭新模式极大地推进了人们对于疼痛的理解。同时也为以小胶质细胞作为靶点,开辟镇痛药物治疗的新方法提供了理论依据。     

Mechanical Allodynia Circuitry in the Dorsal Horn Is Defined by the Nature of the Injury

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Religious Coping with Chronic Pain

This study examined the role of religious and nonreligious cognitive-behavioral coping in a sample of 61 chronic pain patients from a midwestern pain clinic. Participants described their chronic pain and indicated their use of religious and nonreligious cognitive-behavioral coping strategies. Results supported a multidimensional conceptualization of religious coping that includes both positive and negative strategies. Positive religious coping strategies were associated significantly with positive affect and religious outcome after statistically controlling for demographic variables. In contrast, measures of negative religious coping strategies were not associated significantly with outcome variables. Several significant associations also were found between nonreligious cognitive-behavioral coping strategies and outcome variables. The results underscore the need for further research concerning the contributions of religious coping in adjustment to chronic pain. Practitioners of applied psychophysiology should assess their chronic pain patients' religious appraisals and religious coping as another important stress management strategy.     

P2X7受体在病理性疼痛中的研究进展

病理性疼痛主要包括组织损伤或炎症引起的炎症痛、神经系统损伤或疾病引起的神经病理性疼痛和恶性肿瘤及治疗引起的癌症痛三大类。病理性疼痛对常规的镇痛药物反应不理想,迫切需要寻找新的对病理性疼痛更有效和更特异的治疗手段。P2X7受体作为离子通道型嘌呤能受体,在炎症痛、神经病理性疼痛和癌症痛中都具有重要作用。靶向P2X7受体的新药物将为病理性疼痛的治疗带来新的希望。该文综述了P2X7受体在三类病理性疼痛中的研究进展。     

Pain Facilitation and Activity-Dependent Plasticity in Pain Modulatory Circuitry: Role of BDNF-TrkB Signaling and NMDA Receptors

Pain modulatory circuitry in the brainstem exhibits considerable synaptic plasticity. The increased peripheral neuronal barrage after injury activates spinal projection neurons that then activate multiple chemical mediators including glutamatergic neurons at the brainstem level, leading to an increased synaptic strength and facilitatory output. It is not surprising that a well-established regulator of synaptic plasticity, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), contributes to the mechanisms of descending pain facilitation. After tissue injury, BDNF and TrkB signaling in the brainstem circuitry is rapidly activated. Through the intracellular signaling cascade that involves phospholipase C, inositol trisphosphate, protein kinase C, and nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases; N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are phosphorylated, descending facilitatory drive is initiated, and behavioral hyperalgesia follows. The synaptic plasticity observed in the pain pathways shares much similarity with more extensively studied forms of synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), which typically express NMDA receptor dependency and regulation by trophic factors. However, LTP and LTD are experimental phenomena whose relationship to functional states of learning and memory has been difficult to prove. Although mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in pain pathways have typically not been related to LTP and LTD, pain pathways have an advantage as a model system for synaptic modifications as there are many well-established models of persistent pain with clear measures of the behavioral phenotype. Further studies will elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain sensitization and further our understanding of principles of central nervous system plasticity and responsiveness to environmental challenge.     

慢性疼痛治疗的研究进展

慢性疼痛是临床常见的病症,给患者和社会都带来极大的负担。其发病机制受生理、心理和社会等多种因素的影响较为复杂,因此,慢性疼痛的治疗一直是临床上的一大难题。单一的治疗手段往往不能取得令人满意的效果,目前常采用多手段联合的方式来治疗慢性疼痛,常见的包括药物治疗、心理治疗、介入治疗以及自我管理等。针对不同类型的慢性疼痛甚至同一类型的不同病人其治疗方案也不尽相同,近年来兴起的跨学科康复计划为慢性疼痛的治疗指明了方向。本文就慢性疼痛治疗的研究进展进行了综述,以期为临床实践提供更多参考和理论依据。     

齐考诺肽——新一类治疗慢性疼痛的药物

在过去的40年里,治疗严重慢性疼痛一直没有理想的药物。随着对离子通道与疼痛的深入研究,现已研发出一个具有全新作用机制的肽类药物齐考诺肽（ziconotide）,它通过阻断N型钙离子通道而达到镇痛的目的。目前,齐考诺肽在欧美国家已上市,其对慢性疼痛镇痛的疗效和安全性得到确证。以N型钙离子通道为靶标研发新型慢性疼痛镇痛药受到药理研究者和临床工作者的广泛重视,这为无成瘾性镇痛药的研究指出了新的发展方向。简要阐述了齐考诺肽的结构、主要药理作用机制、应用现状及前景等。     

Chronic Constriction of the Sciatic Nerve and Pain Hypersensitivity Testing in Rats

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of the population^1,2. Symptoms include spontaneous (tingling, burning, electric-shock like) pain, dysaesthesia, paraesthesia, allodynia (pain resulting from normally non-painful stimuli) and hyperalgesia (an increased response to painful stimuli). The sensory symptoms are co-morbid with behavioural disabilities, such as insomnia and depression. To study chronic neuropathic pain several animal models mimicking peripheral nerve injury have been developed, one of the most widely used is Bennett and Xie''s (1988) unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)³ (Figure 1). Here we present a method for performing CCI and testing pain hypersensitivity.CCI is performed under anaesthesia, with the sciatic nerve on one side exposed by making a skin incision, and cutting through the connective tissue between the gluteus superficialis and biceps femoris muscles. Four chromic gut ligatures are tied loosely around the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals, to just occlude but not arrest epineural blood flow. The wound is closed with sutures in the muscle and staples in the skin. The animal is then allowed to recover from surgery for 24 hrs before pain hypersensitivity testing begins.For behavioural testing, rats are placed into the testing apparatus and are allowed to habituate to the testing procedure. The area tested is the mid-plantar surface of the hindpaw (Figure 2), which falls within the sciatic nerve distribution. Mechanical withdrawal threshold is assessed by mechanically stimulating both injured and uninjured hindpaws using an electronic dynamic plantar von Frey aesthesiometer or manual von Frey hairs⁴. The mechanical withdrawal threshold is the maximum pressure exerted (in grams) that triggers paw withdrawal. For measurement of thermal withdrawal latency, first described by Hargreaves et al (1988), the hindpaw is exposed to a beam of radiant heat through a transparent glass surface using a plantar analgesia meter^5,6. The withdrawal latency to the heat stimulus is recorded as the time for paw withdrawal in both injured and uninjured hindpaws. Following CCI, mechanical withdrawal threshold, as well as thermal withdrawal latency in the injured paw are both significantly reduced, compared to baseline measurements and the uninjured paw (Figure 3). The CCI model of peripheral nerve injury combined with pain hypersensitivity testing provides a model system to investigate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents to modify chronic neuropathic pain. In our laboratory, we utilise CCI alongside thermal and mechanical sensitivity of the hindpaws to investigate the role of neuro-immune interactions in the pathogenesis and treatment of neuropathic pain.     

Sigma-1受体在慢性疼痛中的调节作用及其神经机制

Sigma-1受体(sigma-1 receptor,Sig-1R)属于配基依赖性的分子伴侣蛋白质,广泛表达于神经系统的多个区域,并可通过结合多种类型的阳离子通道及G蛋白偶联受体(G-protein-coupled receptors,GPCRs)对它们介导的细胞内效应进行调控,或是在内质网和线粒体相关膜结构上对细胞内...