Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

黑鸢消化系统形态学的初步研究

对黑鸢消化系统的形态学作了初步的观察与研究,结果表明：黑鸢舌尖钝圆,舌根分叉,叉粘膜上具有尖端指向后方的栉状突;食管宽而扁,无明显可见的嗉囊;肌胃无明显的类角质膜;肠道长是体长2．3倍,小肠较发达,K1275mm,古肠道总长的93．6％,具有不发达的双侧盲肠：胰腺短而厚、并与蛇雌、毛脚鸢的消化系统进行了比较。     

抗凋亡因子Survivin研究进展

Survivin是在肿瘤组织及胚胎中发现的一类细胞因子,它是IAPs(inhibitorsofapoptosisprotein)家族的成员之一,具有其独特的分子结构和组织表达特异性,在细胞中参与细胞周期的调控,主要在细胞周期的G2/M期通过抑制caspase-3及caspase-7的活性发挥作用.Survivin在细胞中的活性可能受p53的调节.Survivin也是胚胎发育早期过程中调节细胞分裂分化的一类重要的因子.对Survivin的研究对于肿瘤治疗的研究及揭示胚胎早期的发育机制有重要的意义.     

杨树幼苗器官蒸腾生态边界层结构的研究

利用氚水(³H₂O)作为示踪剂,测定杨树(69杨)叶、茎及整株等器官的蒸腾生态边界层厚度并探索植物的蒸腾与环境的关系。结果表明杨树嫩叶的叶面蒸腾率大于叶背蒸腾率;叶缘区蒸腾率大于中脉间蒸腾率。幼苗单叶器官的蒸腾生态边界层厚度为5-6cm.全株苗木的蒸腾边界层厚度为24cm.     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

白族手掌主线分布的研究

目的:研究300名正常白族人的手掌主线分布,为人类学、医学、遗传学提供正常参数。方法:在知情同意手续下,捺印调查对象的手纹。结果:A主线,Ⅲ型占96%、Ⅴ型2.17%、Ⅰ型1.83%;B主线,Ⅴ型93%、Ⅶ型7%;C主线,Ⅴ型44.5%、Ⅶ型40.67%、Ⅸ型11.67%、O型3.16%;D主线,Ⅸ型47%、Ⅶ型46%、Ⅺ型7%。主线分布以35′5″7、35′79、35″79为主(占76.67%)。39.67%的个体双手主线对称分布,以35′5″7为主(15%)。MLI平均为6.25±1.37,MLIT为22.52±3.00,二者均为男性大于女性(P0.05)。3.17%的个体缺失c三叉。结论:白族人的手掌主线和其他民族有共性又有其特异性。     

灰胸薮鹛消化系统形态的初步研究

对灰胸薮鹛（Liocichla omeiensis）消化系统的形态学作了初步观察,结果表明,灰胸薮鹛舌前端有刺毛状结构,后端有一排尖端后指的栉状突,且中间小两边大;雄鸟在舌前端正中央还有一“v”形的凹缺,深约2．5mm;雌鸟食道颈段长为13．2mm,雄鸟为17．5mm;嗉囊雌鸟长7．5mm,雄鸟长8．4mm;食道胸段雌鸟长15．5mm,雄鸟长14．7mm;肌胃发达,具角质膜,腺胃乳突短而小;肠道长与体长基本相等,小肠较发达,雌鸟长153．7mm,占肠道总长92．6％,雄鸟为133mm和95％,具有双侧盲肠,占肠道总长的3．3％,大肠短,雌鸟仅占肠道7．5％,雄鸟仅占4．75％;肝为体内最大的消化腺,分左右两叶;胰位于十二指肠袢内,细长形,分三小叶。     

Principles of covalent binding of reactive metabolites and examples of activation of bis-electrophiles by conjugation

Mechanisms of toxicity continue to be important in developing rational strategies to deal with chemicals present in the environment. Understanding and predicting toxicity have also become a critical step in the process of drug development. Covalent binding of chemicals to macromolecules is one aspect of toxicity, and the principles and outcomes of the process are considered. Two examples of chemicals for which several aspects of metabolism and reactions are understood are aflatoxin B(1) and polyhalogenated olefins. Ethylene dibromide is a compound that is activated to genotoxic half-mustards by conjugation with glutathione or the DNA repair protein O(6)-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT). The AGT reaction is unusual, in that crosslinking of the protein to DNA increases mutagenicity. One of the involved mechanisms is formation of N(7)-guanyl crosslinks and depurination to produce G-->T transversions; other reactions appear to yield the additional mutagenic events. The phenomenon of thiol conjugation to increase mutagenicity is widespread among bis-electrophiles.     

不同风信子品种在南京地区的物候期及生长特性分析

对从荷兰引进的17个风信子(Hyacinthus orientalis L. )品种在南京地区的物候期、观赏特性和生长状况进行了调查分析.调查结果表明,17个风信子品种的耐寒性较强,出苗期最早在1月下旬,多数品种的出苗期在2月中下旬;绝大多数风信子品种的叶片展开期集中在3月14日至20日;花现色期多为2月底至3月初,第1朵花的开花期在3月中上旬;大部分品种的单花序开花持续时间和群体开花持续时间较长,分别达20～22 d和27～31 d.17个风信子品种的花均具有非常浓烈的香味,花蕾与花脉颜色相同,花色从花脉辐射至花瓣边缘并逐渐变淡,花色艳丽, 观赏性强. 少数品种具1个花枝, 多数品种具2个花枝, 花茎长度12.7～21.9 cm, 多数品种的花茎长度在17 cm以上;主花序长度多在11 cm以上,约占整个花茎长度的2/3;单花序花朵数为20～61.各品种的花瓣数和花药数基本一致,多以6为基数;17个风信子品种的花粉均有一定的萌发能力,其中9个品种的花粉萌发率较高,均超过40%.多数品种的叶片数为6或7,叶片长18～29 cm,宽2.2～3.6 cm.除品种'阿姆斯特丹'、'简波斯'和'福特'外,其余品种均可以分生出籽球,其中,品种'蓝星'、'蓝夹克'和'爱丽斯'的籽球分生能力最强,分生率达66%以上;不同风信子品种的籽球直径也各不相同,多数籽球直径较大,为3～5 cm.结果显示,风信子可作为早春花卉在南京进行种植,但具体种植条件尚待深入研究.     

雕鸮消化系统形态学的初步研究

对一只雕消化系统的形态学作了初步的观察与研究,结果表明:雕舌呈鞋底形,舌根分叉,叉粘膜上具有尖端指向后方的栉状突;食管宽而扁,无明显可见的嗉囊;肌胃无明显的类角质膜;肠道长是体长的2.05倍,小肠较发达,长970.5 mm,占肠道总长的75.7%,具有较发达的双侧盲肠。并与蛇雕、毛脚、黑鸢的消化系统进行了比较。     

蜘蛛毒腺形态解剖的初步研究

本研究对蜘蛛目中几个科的代表种的毒腺形态特征及其位置进行了解剖观察。并在测量其毒腺的形态度量参数与蜘蛛体长和体重的基础上,采用一元线性回归分析和相关性分析的统计学原理,分析了其毒腺的形态度量参数与蜘蛛体长和体重之间所存在的相关性,同时探讨了不同种类蜘蛛毒腺的解剖方法。结果表明：蜘蛛毒腺的位置和形态与蜘蛛的进化、生活方式和蛛体形态有一定关系,即低等及地下穴居种类(如虎纹捕鸟蛛Selenocosmia huwena等)的蜘蛛毒腺多前位(型)于螯基内;其余的多后位(型)于头胸部前段内。蜘蛛毒腺的重量与其体重之间为正相关,如大腹园蛛Araneus ventricosus的相关系数rAl＝0．9846(P＜0．01),一元线性回归方程为:y^＝-0．0038 0．1829x;蜘蛛毒腺的长度与其头胸长之间为正相关,如穴居狼蛛Lycosa singoriensis的相关系数rc3＝0．9858(P＜0．01),方程式为:y^＝-0．1641 0．5325x;蜘蛛毒腺的宽度与其头胸宽之间为负相关,如虎纹捕鸟蛛Selenocosmia huwena的相关系数rD3：＝-0．9704(P＜0．01),方程式为：y^＝0．2498—0．0072x。     

Backward simulation of ancestors of sampled individuals

If the population is large and the sampling mechanism is random, the coalescent is commonly used to model the haplotypes in the sample. Ordered genotypes can then be formed by random matching of the derived haplotypes. However, this approach is not realistic when (1) there is departure from random mating (e.g., dominant individuals in breeding populations or monogamy in humans), or (2) the population is small and/or the individuals in the sample are ascertained by applying some particular non-random sampling scheme, as is usually the case when considering the statistical modeling and analysis of pedigree data. For such situations, we present here a data generation method where an ancestral graph with non-overlapping generations is first generated backwards in time, using ideas from coalescent theory. Alleles are randomly assigned to the founders, and subsequently the gene flow over the entire genome is simulated forwards in time by dropping alleles down the graph according to recombination model without interference. The parameters controlling the mating behavior of generated individuals in the graph (degree of monogamy) can be tuned in order to match a particular demographic situation, without restriction to simple random mating.The performance of the approach is illustrated with a simulation example. The software (written in C-language) is freely available for research purposes at http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/∼dag/.     

Analysis of morphogenetic mutants of hydra

Summary A mutant ofHydra attenuata is analysed, theaberrant, which is distinct from the wild type in having a smaller head with fewer tentacles and only half the number of head-specific cells. The rate of head and foot regeneration and the doubling time are slower inaberrants than in normal hydra.The lower head-forming potential is paralleled by a reduced concentration of head-specific morphogens: compared to the wild type, in theaberrant the concentration of head activator is reduced to 70% in the head and to 50% in the body, the concentration of head inhibitor is reduced to 50% in the head and to 80% in the body. Theaberrant is more sensitive (3 times) to added head activator and less sensitive (>5 times) to added head inhibitor than the wild type.The slower rate of foot regeneration is paralleled by a lower content of foot-specific morphogens: compared to the wild type, in theaberrant the foot activator is reduced to 40% and the foot inhibitor to 70%.     

不同生计方式农户的环境感知——以甘南高原为例

准确的环境感知是合理环境行为的前提,利用参与式农村评估方法,研究了甘南高原不同生计方式农户的环境感知。结果发现:(1)甘南高原农户生计方式较单一,生计多样化指数仅为1.76,纯牧区、半农半牧区、农区农户的非农化水平依次提高,但非农活动均以外出打工为主;(2)随着非农化水平的提高,农户的生态关注度、生态保护认知度以及生态变化感知度发生有规律变化,纯农户、兼业户、非农户的生态关注度、生态恶化感知度依次降低,但生态保护认知度依次增强; 3) 非农户、兼业户的环保活动参与度强于纯农户。     

成熟玉米秆组织结构切片方法的比较研究

于玉米成熟期选择健壮茎秆的基部第三节间为材料,采用徒手切片法、冰冻切片法、石蜡切片法、薄切片法等4种方法,比较不同方法的玉米茎秆组织结构切片质量,为研究玉米茎秆结构与其倒伏的关系奠定技术基础。结果表明:徒手切片法是获得成熟玉米秆组织结构切片较为方便、快速的方法,切片面积较大,适合大范围观察统计;冰冻切片法是获得成熟玉米秆组织结构较快的方法,切片面积较小,适合小范围观察;薄切片是获得高质量成熟玉米秆组织结构切片的最好方法,但切片面积太小,适合高倍数显微观察和小范围电镜扫描观察组织结构;石蜡切片不适合作为成熟玉米秆的组织切片方法。研究认为,徒手切片法是最适合成熟玉米秆组织结构观察研究的制片方法。     

蜻蜓目高级阶元系统发育关系研究进展

综述了对蜻蜓目系统发育的研究。对一些规模较大较全面的研究结果做了描述,并对其进行比较;对最近的基于分子的和基于形态的研究的共同点做了总结,其共同支持的观点包括:束翅亚目处于分支的基部为一并系类群,差翅亚目与间翅亚目关系较近。     

黍稷的名实考证及规范

黍稷是起源于中国最古老的作物,糯者为黍,粳者为稷。长期以来对黍稷的称谓一直不能统一,特别是对稷的称谓在农史界一直争论不休,难以定论。本文从黍稷的起源演化过程、细胞学和遗传学的研究、黍稷是人类最早驯化的作物、我国甲骨文和古农书的记载等方面,论证了黍稷的起源早于粟。并以此为据,进一步辩证了稷不是粟,同时指出将黍稷称为软糜和硬糜、糜黍、糜子、黍子等不同称谓的不足之处,进而认为以黍稷作为规范称谓为好。     

沙拐枣果实形态变异的数值分析

研究利用新疆、甘肃河西、宁夏沙坡头地区采集的头状沙拐枣（Ｃalligonum caput-medusae)、红皮沙拐枣(C.rubicundum)、白皮沙拐枣（Ｃ.leucocladum)、泡果沙拐枣（Ｃ.junceum)、河西沙拐枣（C.potaninii)和蒙古沙拐枣（C.mongolicum)果实的形态性状指标,应用双因素重复方差分析法,对不同种群间果实的形态变异进行了研究,得出红皮沙拐枣、蒙古沙拐枣、白皮沙拐枣、泡果沙拐枣下不同种群间果实的形态变异差异显著,头状沙拐枣、河西沙拐枣果灾的形态变里差异不显著,用系统聚类分析,对各种群间的相似性进行了研究。     

水葫芦苗(Halerpestes cymbalaris)的生长特征研究

以调查统计的方法在中国科学院海北定位站研究了高寒湿地植物水葫芦苗无性系的生长特征、形态特征以及能量分配规律。结果表明：匍匐茎只有1条的水葫芦苗最多,占35．29％,匍匐茎有4条的水葫芦苗只占8．82％。同一水葫芦苗无性系中,随着匍匐茎数目的增多,分株数、间隔子数、茎总长和匍匐茎比节问重变小。分株一般在第一级最高,末级较低;第1条匍匐茎的间隔子较长。随水葫芦苗匍匐茎数目的增多,用于无性繁殖的分株干重比例逐渐增加,用于有性繁殖的花的干重比例下降。水葫芦苗无性系这种生长特征、形态特征以及能量分配规律是其生物—生态学特性和所处高寒湿地生境共同决定的。     

胆道肿瘤动物模型建立的研究现状

胆管癌是一种侵袭性很强的胆道恶性肿瘤,全世界的发病率和死亡率逐步增加。建立合适的胆管癌动物模型对胆管癌的早期诊断和治疗具有重要意义。本文就胆道肿瘤动物模型建立方法的现状进行综述。