钙在控制水果采后病害中的应用

钙在果实生长发育中起着非常重要的作用。果实的许多生理失调和病害都与钙在水果组织中的含量有关。钙处理与气调、热处理、生物防治等联用在减少果实采后病害方面发挥了显著的作用。主要论述钙在控制水果采后病害中的作用机理、钙处理的方法、影响果实钙吸收的因素、以及钙与其它防病方法联用的效果。对于钙处理中可能出现的问题 ,提出了一些可行的解决方法     

控制果蔬采后病害的生物学技术

化学农药对环境和农产品的污染直接影响人类的健康,已成为当今公众所关注的主要问题之一。为了保证农产品的卫生和安全,世界各国都在探索能代替化学农药的防病新技术。生物防治是近年来被证明很有成效的新途径,它主要是利用微生物之间的拮抗作用,选择对农产品不造成危害的微生物来抑制引起采后腐烂的病原真菌的生长。生物防治的研究主要包括主要包括以下三方面：（１）选用有拮抗作用的微生物;（２）利用植物和动物产生的自然抗     

控制果蔬采后病害的生物学技术

化学农药对环境和农产品的污染直接影响人类的健康,已成为当今公众所关注的主要问题之一。为了保证农产品的卫生和安全,世界各国都在探索能代替化学农药的防病新技术。生物防治是近年来被证明很有成效的新途径,它主要是利用微生物之间的拮抗作用,选择对农产品不造成危害的微生物来抑制引起采后腐烂的病原真菌的生长。生物防治的研究主要包括以下三方面：（1）选用有拮抗作用的微生物;（2）利用植物和动物产生的自然抗病物质;（3）抗性的诱导。本文主要论述近年来生物防治领域的研究结果与进展,拟在为进一步开拓和发展控制采后病害的安全有效的技术提供新的思路。     

钙与果实采后生理

本文简介钙在果实中的积累、分布、存在形式和生理功能,同时对其在果实采后的生理作用、作用机制以及提高钙含量的可行措施作了归纳。     

诱导抗性在果蔬采后病害防治中的应用

就果蔬采后诱导抗性因子——生物型和非生物型因子（如微生物、物理因子、化学物质、天然物质等）在果蔬采后病害防治中的应用及可能的诱导机制作了介绍。     

钙对中华猕猴桃果实采后乙烯释放和呼吸的影响

不同浓度ＣａＣｌ２溶液真这渗透处理中华猕猴桃果实采后乙烯释放明显的抑制作用,其中０．５ｍｏｌ／ＬＣａ＾２＋处理尤为显著,采用５天果实人有保持极低水平的内源乙烯,乙烯峰也延迟２－４天出现。     

丝孢酵母与钙与杀菌剂配合对苹果采后病害的抑制效果

研究一种从桃果实上分离获得的拮抗菌－丝孢酵母（Trichosporon sp.)对苹果（Malus domestica Borkh.)采后病害的防治效果,包括接种不同浓度的拮抗菌与不同病菌之间的拮抗作用,以及拮抗菌与钙或与杀菌剂配合对苹果灰霉病和青霉病的抑制效果。结果表明,拮抗菌和病菌孢子的浓度都明显地影响其抑菌效果。拮抗菌的使用浓度越大,病菌孢子的接种浓度越低,其抑病效果越好。当丝孢酵母菌的使用浓度达到1068colony-forming units(CFU)mL时,可完全抑制接种在苹果上的灰霉菌（Botrytis cinerea Pers.)和青霉菌（Penicillium expansum(Link)Thom)的抑制效果明显地好于单独使用相同剂量的拮抗菌或杀菌剂。因丝孢酵母的悬液液中加入1％－2％CaCl2可显地提高拮抗菌对灰霉病和青霉病的抑制效果。     

果蔬采后病害的生物防治(综述)

采用生物防治措施控制采后病害是当前果蔬采后保鲜的重要研究方向。概述了生物防治果蔬采后病害的方法,包括利用拮抗菌、诱导抗病性、天然植物产物以及抗病基因工程技术在果蔬病害防治上的研究与应用。     

水果采后生物防治拮抗机理的研究进展

近20年来,人们在水果采后生物防治领域里取得了显著的成绩。目前巳经分离获得了数百种对水果采后主要病害有明显拮抗效果的生物拮抗菌。很多拮抗菌经过生产中试,有的巳制成了生物药剂用于水果采后的商业化处理。有关拮抗菌的抑病机理研究也一直贯穿于采后生物防治的整个发展历程。本文在探讨了水果采后拮抗菌剂病机理的基础上,回顾了该领域的研究进展,并从拮抗菌与病原菌发生拮抗作用的4条主要途径入手,对该领域的研究成果及研究方法作一简要总结。     

水果采后生物防治拮抗机理的研究进展

近20年来,人们在水果采后生物防治领域里取得了显著的成绩。目前已经分离获得了数百种对水果采后主要病害有明显拮抗效果的生物拮抗菌。很多拮抗菌经过了生产中试,有的已制成了生物药剂用于水果采后的商业化处理。有关拮抗菌的抑病机理研究也一直贯穿于采后生物防治的整个发展历程。本文在探讨了水果采后拮抗菌抑病机理的基础上,回顾了该领域的研究进展,并从拮抗菌与病原菌发生拮抗作用的4条主要途径入手,对该领域的研究成果及研究方法作一简要总结。     

Control of Postharvest Diseases of Organically Grown Strawberry with Preharvest Applications of some Food Additives and Postharvest Hot Water Dips

Ethanol at 50% (v/v) and sodium bicarbonate at 1% (wt/v), either alone or in combination, were applied to organically grown strawberries 1 h before harvest to control the natural incidence of postharvest diseases. Botrytis cinerea was the major cause of decay in all of the experiments. In three experiments, ethanol significantly reduced the decay incidence after storage for 3 days at 1°C followed by 2 days at 24°C, while the efficacy of sodium bicarbonate was inconsistent. The combination of ethanol and sodium bicarbonate did not increase their efficacy. Postharvest hot water dips at 55 and 60°C for 30 s significantly reduced the decay incidence to 3.4 and 2.7%, respectively, while decay incidence in the control was 28.5% (the first experiment). The efficacy of the hot water treatments at 55 and 60°C for 30 s was consistent in three experiments. In the third experiment, the efficacy of hot water treatment at 60°C was significantly higher than that of hot water treatment at 55°C. All pre‐ and postharvest treatments significantly reduced natural fungal populations on the surfaces of fruits. None of the pre‐ and postharvest treatments caused surface injuries to the fruit or adversely affected weight loss and taste parameters.     

紫外诱变改良柑橘采后病害拮抗菌柠檬形克勒克酵母研究

以柠檬形克勒克酵母(Kloeckera apiculata)为出发菌株,采用紫外线(UV)、UV LiCl等方法对其进行诱变改良.确定了处理的最佳剂量:紫外处理15 W 30 cm照射20 s,UV LiCl处理UV照射20 s并在平板中加入LiCl 0.3%(W/V).选育到一株生理特性有明显改善的变异菌株UV20-13,果实试验中,7 d后柑橘青、绿霉病的发病率分别比出发菌株降低25.56%和10.00%.生长动态测定和传代试验表明,该菌株生长特性优于出发菌株,连续传代10代,该菌株没有出现退化、回复突变等,在遗传上是稳定的.     

紫外诱变改良柑橘采后病害拮抗菌柠檬形克勒克酵母研究

以柠檬形克勒克酵母(Kloeckera apiculata)为出发菌株, 采用紫外线(UV)、UV+LiCl等方法对其进行诱变改良。确定了处理的最佳剂量：紫外处理15 W 30 cm照射20 s, UV+LiCl处理UV照射20 s并在平板中加入LiCl 0.3% (W/V)。选育到一株生理特性有明显改善的变异菌株UV20-13, 果实试验中, 7 d后柑橘青、绿霉病的发病率分别比出发菌株降低25.56%和10.00%。生长动态测定和传代试验表明, 该菌株生长特性优于出发菌株, 连续传代10代, 该菌株没有出现退化、回复突变等, 在遗传上是稳定的。     

丝孢酵母与钙和杀菌剂配合对苹果采后病害的抑制效果(英文)

研究一种从桃果实上分离获得的拮抗菌———丝孢酵母 (Trichosporonsp .)对苹果 (MalusdomesticaBorkh .)采后病害的防治效果 ,包括接种不同浓度的拮抗菌与不同病菌之间的拮抗作用 ,以及拮抗菌与钙或与杀菌剂配合对苹果灰霉病和青霉病的抑制效果。结果表明 ,拮抗菌和病菌孢子的浓度都明显地影响其抑菌效果。拮抗菌的使用浓度越大 ,病菌孢子的接种浓度越低 ,其抑病效果越好。当丝孢酵母菌的使用浓度达到 10 8colony_formingunits(CFU) /mL时 ,可完全抑制接种在苹果上的灰霉菌 (BotrytiscinereaPers.)和青霉菌 (Penicilliumexpansum (Link)Thom)(<10 6spores/mL)的致病力。用 10 6～ 10 7CFU/mL的丝孢酵母与 5 0 μL/L的扑海因配合对苹果采后灰霉病和青霉病的抑制效果明显地好于单独使用相同剂量的拮抗菌或杀菌剂。在丝孢酵母的悬浮液中加入 1%～ 2 ?Cl2 可显著地提高拮抗菌对灰霉病和青霉病的抑制效果。     

Effects of Trichosporon sp. in Combination with Calcium and Fungicide on Biocontrol of Postharvest Diseases in Apple Fruits

The capability of yeast Trichosporon sp., an antagonist isolated from peach fruit, in biological control was evaluated in apple ( Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) fruits, when inoculated with different concentrations of Botrytis cinerea Pers. and Penicillium expansum (Link) Thom, as well as in combination with calcium and fungicide. The concentrations of the yeast cells and pathogen spores obviously influenced disease incidence and lesion development in apples. There was a significant negative correlation between concentrations of the yeast cells and infectivity of the pathogens. When the yeast cell suspensions reached the concentration of 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, there was no infection caused by B. cinerea and P. expansum with spore concentrations below 106 spores/mL in apple fruits. The yeast at concentrations of 106-107 CFU/mL in combination with fungicide (iprodione at 50 μL/L) provided control of decay caused by B. cinerea and P．expansum better than separate application. Effect of controlling gray mould and blue mould rots was enhanced when Trichosporon sp., even at low concentration of 105 CFU/mL, was applied in the presence of 1%-2% CaCl2 in an aqueous suspension.     

葡萄采后果粒脱落及保鲜贮藏

葡萄穗粳和果柄的呼吸强度与乙烯生成显著高于果粒,并呈现呼吸跃变型变化。落粒果柄中GA消失,ABA增加。降低贮藏温度、外源GA,NAA,AOA处理能抑制落粒,ABA、乙烯利则增加落粒率。剪去穗梗和果柄后果粒和果柄间不再形成离层,表明穗梗和果柄在落粒过程中起重要作用。     

Effect of an Antagonistic Yeast in Combination with Microwave Treatment on Postharvest Blue Mould Rot of Jujube Fruit

The potential of using an antagonistic yeast alone or in combination with microwave treatment for controlling blue mould rot of jujube fruit, and its effect on postharvest quality of fruit, was investigated. The results showed that the growth of Penicillium citrinum was completely inhibited by a 2450‐MHz microwave heating for 2 or more minutes in vitro. The population density of P. citrinum in surface wounds of fruit treated with microwave treatment for 2–3 min was significantly lower than that of controls. When tested on jujube fruit, antagonistic yeast or microwave treatment, as stand‐alone treatment, the disease incidence of infected wounds was reduced from 100% to 45.0% and 36.0%, and lesion diameters were reduced from 1.92 cm to 1.50 cm and 1.38 cm, respectively. However, in fruit treated with a combination of Metschnikowia pulcherrima and microwave treatment, the disease incidence of infected wounds and lesion diameters was only 21.0% and 1.00 cm, respectively. The natural decay incidence on jujube fruit treated with the combination of microwave treatment and M. pulcherrima was 6.2% after storage at 2 ± 1°C for 45 days and at 22°C for 7 days. None of the treatments impaired quality parameters of fruits. Thus, the combination of microwave treatment and M. pulcherrima could provide an alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling postharvest blue mould rot of jujube fruit.