Microbial protein from leguminous and non-leguminous substrates

The biodegradation of leguminous and non-leguminous organic materials by Pleurotus sajor-caju and P. ostreatus was studied. Comparisons were made between mushroom yield on both types of substrates. The conversion percentage from dry substrate to fresh mushroom (biological efficiency) was determined. Mushrooms were analyzed for their protein content, carbohydrates, percentages of ash, fat content and crude fibre. The energy value of fruit bodies was computed. The yield obtained from leguminous substrates was significantly high as compared to that yield which was obtained from non-leguminous substrates. The lowest yield of P. sajor caju (10 g ± 0.3 g) and P. ostreatus (6.5 g ± 1.2 g) was obtained using the Bougainuillea substrate and the highest one (519 g ± 16 g, P. sajor-caju and 488 g ± 18 g, P. ostreatus) using nitrogen-fixing leguminous Leucaena leucocepholea. The nitrogen content in fruit bodies was found to be higher with leguminous substrate than with non-leguminous ones.     

Bioconversion of sugar cane crop residues with white-rot fungiPleurotus sp.

Four mushroom strains ofPleurotus spp. were cultivated on sugar cane crop residues for 30 days at 26°C. Biochemical changes affected the substrate as a result of fungal growth, in terms of nitrogen, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contents. All strains showed a strong ligninolytic activity together with variable cellulolytic and xylanolytic action.Pleurotus sajor-caju attacked lignin and cellulose at the same rate, showing a degradation of 47% and 55%, respectively. A better balance was shown by theP. ostreatus-P. pulmonarius hybrid, which exhibited the poorest cellulolytic action (39%) and the highest ligninolytic activity (67%). The average composition of mushroom fruit bodies, in terms of nitrogen, carbohydrates, fats and amino acid profiles, was determined. Crude protein and total carbohydrate varied from 23% to 33% and 36% to 68% of dry matter, respectively. Fat ranged from 3.3% to 4.7% and amino acid content from 12.2% to 22.2%. Slight evidence for a nitrogen fixing capability was encountered in the substrate to fruit body balance.     

Studies on cultivation,biological efficiency and chemical analysis of Pleurotus sajor-caju (FR.) SINGER on different bio-wastes

Three different kinds of biomass, namely Populus deltoides, Eupatorium adenophorum and sericulture waste were used individually for the cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju, alone and mixed with paddy straw. P. sajor-caju, when used alone, exhibited a very good colonizing ability on these substrates, except in sericulture waste. The biological efficiency of P. deltoides and E. adenophorum when used as pure substrate was 75 and 77%, respectively, but it increased to 102% when P. sajor-caju was cultivated in a mixture with paddy straw in a ratio of 1:2. Experiments examining the growth on sericulture waste in both pure and mixed substrate are encouraging. From the analysis of substrate before and after the cultivation of P. sajor-caju it was noted that subsstrates were enriched in their protein content as a result of growth of this mushroom. The percentage of degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin showed that P. sajor-caju is capable of utilizing all three major components. The fruit bodies of P. sajor-caju were analyzed for crude protein content, crude fat and carbohydrate content. The energy values in the fruit bodies of P. sajor-caju and different organic wastes were found to vary from 282 to 309 kcal/100 g and from 319 to 467 kcal/100 g, respectively. It was found, however, that the energy recovery from organic wastes by fruit bodies was very low, i.e. 4.19-8.73 kcal/100g of dry substrate.     

Nutritive value of rumen contents for monogastric animals

Rumen contents were investigated as a possible feed for farm animals. Although their composition varied to some extent, an average sample contained 21.8% crude protein, 30.3% crude fibre, 6.1% fat and 11.5% ash in the dry matter. Of total crude protein, 73.4% was amino acids. The raw rumen material was dried using the “organic carrier method” by previous mixing with maize meal (3 parts raw rumen contents/1 part maize meal). The product, RM meal (12.5% crude protein, 10.8% crude fibre, 5% fat, 4.9% ash), was used for feeding broiler chicks.The nutritive qualities of dried rumen contents (DRC) were assessed by biological tests on rats. Two levels of DRC (10% and 24%) were included in diets containing blood meal as a protein source and maize (Experiment I). The lower level of DRC (10%) did not reduce the growth rate of young rats (2.4 g/day), but the food consumption was increased. The total body composition of the rats was not changed (55.3% crude protein, 34.1% fat, 9.6% ash). The higher concentration of DRC decreased the growth rates markedly, as well as the apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein, and changed the body composition of rats.The apparent digestibility by rats of rumen protein in a semi-synthetic diet containing 50% DRC (Experiment II) was 44.6% and of dry matter, 56%.The RM meal was given to broiler chicks (0–8 weeks of age) as 23% or 60% of the diet which also contained soya bean meal, blood meal and sunflower meal as protein supplements (Experiment III). The chicks consumed all diets readily. The diet containing 23% RM meal (corresponding to 6.4% DRC) supported a better performance than the control diet. The larger amount of RM meal (corresponding to 17% DRC) reduced the final body weights of chicks.     

荷叶离褶伞子实体营养成分分析与评价

经测定,荷叶离褶伞Lyophyllum decastes子实体含粗蛋白21.4%,粗脂肪8.2%,粗纤维9.52%,碳水化合物53.03%,灰分13.6%;必需氨基酸6.02g/100g,占氨基酸总量(16.82g/100g)的35.78%;含维生素B10.068mg、维生素B24.26mg、维生素B6590μg、维生素B1255.7μg、烟酸21.2mg;1kg子实体含锌50.0mg、铜19.0mg、硒0.013mg、镉1.85mg、汞0.56mg、铅0.75mg、砷0.29mg。     

Biological efficiency and nutritional value of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on spent beer grain

Unpretreated spent beer grains were successfully used as a basic substrate material for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. The effects of spent grain types, additives, substrate moisture content, and substrate packing density on the yield and nutrition of fruit bodies were investigated. The cultivation results showed that few fruit bodies were formed on spent grain alone; however, a significantly high biological efficiency (19.1%) was obtained with the addition of wheat bran to (45%). The chemical analysis of fruit bodies indicated that P. ostreatus cultivated on spent grain substrate had a higher nutritional value than those grown on other reported types of substrates. The total amino acid content in the fruit bodies was 347.5 mg/g dry matter, and the crude protein content was as high as 53.3% on a dry weight basis. It was also found that the cultivation of P. ostreatus increased the crude protein content, while it decreased the ratio of lignin to cellulose, of the spent grain substrate.     

松乳菇中氨基酸及其它营养素含量的测定

以秦巴山区野生松乳菇子实体为材料 ,分别对其菌盖和菌柄样品中氨基酸、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总糖、灰分及微量元素的含量进行了测定。结果表明 :在所测定的 1 7种氨基酸中 ,菌盖含有 1 7种 ,菌柄含 1 6种 ,氨基酸总含量分别为 1 9.89%和 1 3 .79% ;必需氨基酸分别占氨基酸总量的 3 6.75 %和 3 5 .95 %。菌盖和菌柄中粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、总糖、灰分含量分别为 2 4 .2 7% ,1 9.0 3 % ;6.84 % ,5 .0 2 % ;1 1 .5 2 % ,1 5 .2 6% ;3 7.4 1 % ,2 3 .89%和 7.4 2 % ,5 .2 8%。钙、铁、锌、铜、锰 5种微量元素中 ,铁含量最高 ,在菌盖和菌柄样品中分别为 0 .1 68% ,0 .1 2 %     

Nutritive value of poultry wastes for sheep

The present study included four successive experiments to determine the chemical composition of the manures and the effects of including varying levels of poultry manure in sheep rations on nutrients digestibility, nitrogen balance and the possible adaptation to the experimental diets as the experimental period was prolonged. Four different poultry wastes were used. These wastes were: pure layer droppings, HELWAN (Experiment I); pure layer droppings, SAKHA (Experiment II); layer litter (Experiment III); and broiler litter (Experiment IV). Three levels of each waste (0, low and high) were tested in the rations of six mature Ossimi fat-tailed rams (two animals for each treatment).Results showed a wide variation in ash and crude protein contents of the different wastes. Layer droppings (HELWAN) contained the highest ash percentage (43·9), while broiler litter contained the lowest (18·8). For crude protein content, broiler litter had the highest value (34·0%) and layer droppings (SAKHA) the lowest (15·4%).Feed intake (g OM per kg^0.75 day⁻¹) decreased with increasing level of manure. Water intake and excretion were, in general, related to food and minerals intake. Feed intakes sometimes improved with advancing experimental period. In most experiments, digestibilities of ash and crude fiber increased while those of other components decreased with the inclusion of the waste materials in the diets.In vitro DMD or OMD were lower for diets containing waste materials than the control diets.Results of some rumen liquor parameters are tabulated and discussed.     

高山线叶嵩草草地的第一性生产和光能转化率

甘肃天祝金强河地区线叶嵩草草地地上、地下和全群落的净第一性生产力分别为340.09、780.36和742.50克/米~2·年干物质,或307.79、671.15和641.53克/米~2·年去灰分物质。地上部分各种净营养物质生产力为粗蛋白50.29、粗脂肪8.49、无氮浸出物159.28、粗纤维89.40和粗灰分32.12克/米~2·年(其中钙3.65、磷0.51)。地上、地下和全群落的最大热量现存量分别出现在8月21日、6月20日和10月23日,其值分别为6927.16、93417.93和101541.16千焦/米~2。地上、地下和全群落以能量表示的净第一性生产力分别为6319.39、17426.11和14859.59千焦/米~2·年。地上、地下和全群落对太阳总辐射的转化率分别为0.110、0.303和0.258％。地上部分对可见光生理辐射的转化率为0.224％,对≥0℃—≤0℃生长期的有效生理辐射的转化率为0.404％。在生长期的不同时期,地上部分对总辐射的转化率有很大的变化,7月20—8月21日期间最大,可达0.464％。     

Chemical Characterisation of Organic Electron Donors For Sulfate Reduction For Potential Use in Acid Mine Drainage Treatment

The production of acid mine drainage (AMD) containing high amounts of sulfate, heavy metals and low pH is of increasing concern. AMD is highly corrosive and results in economic and environmental problems. Organic electron donors for sulfate reduction were chemically characterised for potential use in AMD treatment. This was done in a process to develop a correlation between chemical composition and the capacity to drive sulfate reduction. Potential organic electron donors for sulfate reduction were chemically characterised in terms of dry matter content, ash content, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, lignin content, cellulose content, crude fat, crude fibre, in vitro digestibility, water-soluble carbohydrates, total non-structural carbohydrates and starch content. The chemical composition of the organic electron donors was then compared to results obtained from pilot plant studies where the organic electron donors for sulfate reduction were evaluated in terms of sulfate reduction. The chemical composition of the carbon source severely impacted its capacity to drive sulfate reduction and may be used to assist in predicting the sulfate reduction capacity of a carbon source. Organic electron donors for sulfate reduction high in protein content and low in lignin content or high in carbohydrate and crude fat content increased the capacity of a carbon source to drive sulfate reduction. The higher the fibre content of a carbon source, the lower the capacity to drive sulfate reduction. No correlation could be drawn between % dry matter, % ash content and sulfate reduction for the organic electron donors tested. Chemical characterisation can be used to assist in predicting sulfate reduction capacity of organic electron donors.     

The cultivation and nutritional value of Pleurotus sajor-caju

Summary A method for the cultivation of Pleurotus sajorcaju on a relatively large scale using cotton waste as substrate has been developed, and the mushroom so obtained has higher protein content than and comparable carbohydrate content to Agaricus bisporus, Volvariella volvacea, Lentinus edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus. The crude fats, ash, energy value, vitamin and mineral contents are lower and yet the differences are not great. The biological efficiency from cotton waste compost is lower than that from straw compost, however, the former has the advantage of giving rather even yield over successive flushes. This mushroom has a high potential to be produced economically on a large scale in Hong Kong.     

独根草不同部位几种化学成分的分析比较

为评价独根草这一药赏两用植物,对独根草根、茎和叶中粗灰分、粗纤维、粗脂肪、还原糖、部分矿质元素及活性成分(多糖、绿原酸和总黄酮)进行了测定分析.结果表明:独根草叶中粗灰分、粗纤维、粗蛋白、粗脂肪及还原糖的含量分别为10.11％、8.02％ 、9.54％、9.91％和6.53％;Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn、K、Na、Ca和P等矿质元素含量分别为284、132.8、1.07、19.5μg/g、7.01 mg/g、169.38μg/g、221.9 μg/g和300.5 μg/g;还含有2.00％的绿原酸、6.98％的总黄酮,以及3.29％的粗多糖.叶中各成分含量多高于茎和根,证明其主要药用成分在叶;而茎和根均含有多种元素和活性成分,有一定的药用价值,是一种可以全株入药的药赏两用植物.     

60份国内外藜麦材料子粒的品质性状分析

研究藜麦子粒的品质性状,可以为藜麦育种、加工及消费提供参考。本研究对4份国内和56份国外藜麦材料子粒的品质性状进行了分析,结果表明60份藜麦材料子粒的千粒重、灰分、蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、粗纤维、总黄酮和总多酚平均含量分别为4.23 g、2.28%、14.03%、57.71%、6.53%、2.46%、1.83 mg/g和1.49 mg/g。国内藜麦材料的灰分、蛋白质和总多酚平均含量较高,分别为3.47%、14.92%和1.78 mg/g;秘鲁藜麦材料的脂肪、粗纤维和总黄酮平均含量较高,分别为6.69%、2.66%和2.03 mg/g;美国藜麦材料的淀粉平均含量较高,为59.91%;玻利维亚藜麦材料的千粒重较高,为4.32 g;不同子粒颜色藜麦材料之间的品质存在差异,黑色藜麦材料的蛋白质含量较高,白色和红色藜麦材料的淀粉含量较高,红色和黑色藜麦材料的粗纤维、总黄酮和总多酚含量较高。     

林芝地区松茸营养成分分析及松茸多糖的提取分离

以林芝地区5个样点采集的野生鲜松茸子实体为材料,对水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗多糖、氨基酸、灰分、VC及矿质元素的含量、有效成分进行测定,并以正交法确定了松茸多糖提取的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:各组分的平均质量分数分别为89.45%、12.02%、7.74%、7.84%、9.53%、8.67%、5.76%、0.5046 mg.g-1;矿质元素中K、P含量较高,平均24.063mg.g-1、5.278 mg.g-1,Zn含量高于其它常见食用菌子实体,平均0.5648 mg.g-1,Ca的含量偏低,平均0.4356 mg.g-1;同时含有甾体等有效成分。松茸多糖提取主次因素和最优工艺为乙醇体积分数85%、料水比为1:10、温度80℃、时间4 h,在此条件下粗多糖得率为8.98%。     

Composition of citrus pulp

Eight groups of citrus varieties grown in Spain were included in this study. Citrus pulp composition was (dry matter basis) 60–65% peel, 30–35% segment pulp and 0–10% seeds. Citrus seeds had a high percentage of protein, ether extract and crude fibre. Segment pulp contained slightly less fibre than citrus pulp. The proximate composition of citrus pulp was similar to that of the peel fraction and did not differ from previous results. Significant differences in fibre and acid detergent lignin of the dried citrus pulp samples were found between varieties.The drying process was studied. Temperatures over 130°C and the addition of calcium hydroxide affected some fractions of the pulp, mainly by increasing ash and fibre contents.     

Improving the quality of agro-wastes by solid-state fermentation: enhanced antioxidant activities and nutritional qualities

Solid substrate fermentations of some agro-wastes, namely cocoa pod husk (CPH), cassava peel (CP), and palm kernel cake (PKC) were carried out for the production of fructosyltransferase (FTase) by a newly isolated fungal strain Rhizopus stolonifer LAU 07. The fermented substrate were studied for improved nutritional quality by determining the crude protein, crude fibre, ash and lipid contents, and antioxidant activities. The cyanide content of cassava peels was also determined. Some levels of value-addition occured as a result of the fermentation. The protein contents of the substrates increased by 33.3, 55.4, and 94.8%, while the crude fibre contents decreased by 44.5, 8.6, and 7.2% in PKC, CP, and CPH, respectively. The cyanide content of cassava peel was reduced by 90.6%. Generally, fermentation of the substrates by R. stolonifer LAU 07 increased the antioxidant activity in a DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The IC₅₀ (mg/ml) values of the methanolic extracts (fermented/unfermented) were obtained as 7.0/14.9, 4.4/10.6, and 5.5/14.7 mg/ml for PKC, CP, and CPH, respectively. Results herein reported showed that the nutritional qualities and antioxidant activities of all the investigated solid substrates were enhanced by fungal fermentation. Thus, scope exists for microbial upgrading of these low-quality agro-wastes and development of healthy animal feed supplements.     

Comparative assessment of chelated spent mushroom substrates as casing material for the production of Agaricus bisporus

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) leached with water or treated with chelating agents to remove metal cations, pasteurised to remove any harmful micro-organisms and mixed with peat has potential as a casing material for mushroom production. The microbial and chemical changes in SMS after treatment with citric acid, ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and water were compared; treatment with the chelating agents resulted in lower ash content, conductivity and minerals, higher fibre fractions, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. The microbial and chemical changes in the materials after treatment with the two chelators and water were compared. Blending peat with the heat-treated materials at a ratio of 1:1 resulted in improved physical properties. The casings prepared from the test materials and the control, consisting of 100% peat, were compared after neutralising with lime for their productivity in a mushroom yield trial. As expected, the compost bags cased with the control were the most productive compared to the other casings. Of the three treated materials, casing prepared from SMS treated with EDTA blended with peat was the most productive. Dry matter of harvested mushrooms from chelated-SMS casings was significantly higher than the control casing. Comparison of the main components of peat and chelated SMS revealed that the major differences were in the proportions of ash, lipid, lignin and fibre fractions. The stability of some of these components, when complexed with metal cations present in lime may play an important role in determining the composition of the cell wall in fruiting bodies leading to high dry matter content. Received: 19 November 1998 / Received revision: 29 March 1999 / Accepted: 6 April 1999     

腌制蔬菜营养成分的测定

分析了腌制蔬菜中的泡菜 ,盐浸渍菜中所含的主要营养成分的种类及其相对含量。结果显示 :泡菜和盐浸渍菜中水分、灰分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗纤维的含量分别为 4 6 1% ,15 95 % ,10 2 8% ,2 19% ,2 3 2 9%和 3 11% ,2 6 49% ,15 19% ,2 42 % ,2 0 0 5 %。其氨基酸总量为 74 5 0 45mg/g ,6 6 4876mg/g ,其中必需氨基酸占 37 46 39%和43 6 76 1%。     

Aspects of the nutrition of adult female Glossina morsitans during pregnancy

The adult female Glossina morsitans fed on goat takes, in terms of dry weight, approximately 37·6 mg of blood during a pregnancy period, and at least 84% of this dry blood comprises proteins. In this diet leucine is the most abundant, isoleucine and methionine contents are markedly small, while values for other amino acids differ and are intermediate. Shortly after pupariation the third instar larva produced by goat-fed females contains 67·3% water, 15·3% residual dry weight, 11·0% fat, and 6·4% puparium. The amount of each of the amino acids present in the larva and its puparium comprises a small proportion of that taken by the female fly during a pregnancy period. The fat content of the fully-fed larva is also very small compared with the total nutrient intake by the pregnant female. These results are discussed in terms of the nutrition of intra-uterine larva in relation to feeding by its female parent.     

组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果营养成分的分析和比较

对组培苗鲜罗汉果与干罗汉果提取物的营养成分进行分析和比较研究,分别测定了蛋白质、脂肪、总糖、碳水化合物、灰分、矿质元素、维生素E和氨基酸含量。结果表明:组培苗鲜罗汉果和干罗汉果蛋白质含量分别为22.23%、19.8%,氨基酸总量分别为12.51%、8.36%,其中人体必需氨基酸占氨基酸总量分别为38.13%、36.36%,矿质元素含量分别为1081mg/100g、1089mg/100g,维生素E含量分别为0.183mg/100g、0.589mg/100g。组培苗鲜罗汉果的蛋白质、氨基酸含量比组培苗干罗汉果分别高2.43%、4.15%,碳水化合物、维生素E含量组培苗干罗汉果比组培苗鲜罗汉果分别高2.44%、0.406mg/100g,矿质元素、粗脂肪、总糖、灰分等含量两者不存在明显差异。