Sugar Syrup Concentration Using Reverse Osmosis Membranes

In sugar manufacturing industries, initially dilute syrup is obtained from the cane sugar or beetroot, which should be concentrated. In many factories, sugar syrup concentration is carried out using evaporation. This process has two main problems. Firstly, it consumes a huge amount of energy due to high latent heat of water and secondly, heating may decompose the sugar molecules resulting in low‐quality and dark‐colored sugar. Low energy consuming reverse osmosis may be employed for concentrating sugar syrup without decomposing the molecules, resulting in high‐quality sugar with low cost. In this study different commercial reverse osmosis membranes (DS, DSII, PVD, FT30, BW30) and one nanofiltration membrane (NF45) were used for sugar syrup concentration. The results show that nanofiltration NF45 membrane has no effect on sugar syrup concentration. The rejections of sugar using DSII and PVD reverse osmosis membranes vary between 23 % and 33 % for different operating conditions. DS membrane rejected around 10 % of the sugar molecules in best conditions. FT30 membrane initially showed better performance (55 %). However, the rejection was decreased during time (minimum 7 %). For BW30 membrane, the rejection of sugar was better (60 %) compared to the other membranes used in this work. For two‐stage processes (i.e. the permeate of the first stage used as a feed for the second stage) the highest rejection (88 %) was obtained.     

黄姜皂素母液回收皂素工艺研究

介绍从黄姜生产皂素的废母液中回收皂素的工艺研究。采用清洁剂除油去杂 ,添加填充剂加溶剂萃取等措施 ,可从 1 0 0g废母液中回收得到 2g以上的皂素。     

非蛋白氨基酸的生物合成及其生物学作用

解释了蛋白氨基酸和非蛋白氨基酸,并着重论述了非蛋白氨基酸的生物合成及其生物学作用。非蛋白氨基酸的生物合成主要通过基本氨基酸合成后的修饰、代谢及消旋作用产生,其生物学作用主要表现在能合成其他含氮物质、储藏氮和运输氮、储能、组成细菌细胞壁、毒性作用及药物作用等方面。     

代谢改造热带假丝酵母发酵木糖母液生产木糖醇

木糖醇是一种在食品、医药、轻工等领域具有广泛用途的多元醇,目前主要通过酸水解木聚糖获得木糖并进一步化学催化加氢方法制备。提取木糖过程中会产生大量的木糖母液副产物,其中含有一定浓度的葡萄糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖等碳源,以及少量的糠醛、四氢呋喃等物质。研究微生物转化木糖母液生产高附加值化学品不仅能够提高木糖母液的利用价值,而且能够减少环境污染。热带假丝酵母不仅能够利用葡萄糖,也具有高效的木糖代谢途径。首先利用代谢工程技术删除了热带假丝酵母菌株的木糖醇脱氢酶基因,获得能够转化木糖积累木糖醇的突变株。在此基础上,评价了突变株在木糖母液培养基中的发酵性能。通过单因素优化实验确定了突变株发酵生产木糖醇较优的发酵工艺:培养基组成为木糖母液300g/L,玉米浆5g/L;最佳发酵条件为:发酵温度35℃,初始p H为5.0,接种量15%,200r/min摇床培养140h。利用优化后的发酵工艺,木糖醇产量达到83.01g/L。初步建立了转化木糖母液生产木糖醇的工艺,为进一步利用木糖母液奠定了基础。     

牛磺酸对损伤的心肌肌膜ATPase活性影响的研究

本研究以异丙肾上腺素（Ｉｓｏｐｒｏｔｅｒｎｏｌ,Ｉｓｏ．）诱导的大鼠心肌损伤为模型,观察牛磺酸（Ｔａｕｒｉｎｅ,Ｔａｕ）对损伤心肌肌膜上Ｎ＿ａ￣＋—Ｋ＿－￣＋ＡＴＰａｓｅ、Ｃ＿ａ￣（２＋）－ＡＴＰａｓｅ、Ｍ＿ｇ￣（２＋）ＡＴＰＡＳＥ活性的影响。按Ｄａｈａｌｌａ方法分离及鉴定心肌肌膜同时分别测定三种ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,结果：Ｉｓｏ组,与Ｔａｕ＋Ｉｓｏ组的三种ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性明显低于对照组与Ｔａｕ组,且同时Ｔａｕ＋Ｉｓｏ组明显高于Ｉｓｏ组但对照组与Ｔａｕ组之间差别无显著性。结果提示：牛磺酸能提高异丙肾上腺素诱导心肌损伤的心肌膜ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性,可能通过其保护心肌肌膜的结构及功能而实现的。     

Recovery of Sugars from Ionic Liquid Biomass Liquor by Solvent Extraction

The dissolution of biomass into ionic liquids (ILs) has been shown to be a promising alternative biomass pretreatment technology, facilitating faster breakdown of cellulose through the disruption of lignin and the decrystallization of cellulose. Both biological and chemical catalysis have been employed to enhance the conversion of IL-treated biomass polysaccharides into monomeric sugars. However, biomass-dissolving ILs, sugar monomers, and smaller carbohydrate oligomers are all soluble in water. This reduces the overall sugar content in the recovered solid biomass and complicates the recovery and recycle of the IL. Near-complete recovery of the IL and the holocellulose is essential for an IL-based pretreatment technology to be economically feasible. To address this, a solvent extraction technique, based on the chemical affinity of boronates such as phenylboronic acid and naphthalene-2-boronic acid for sugars, was applied to the extraction of glucose, xylose, and cellobiose from aqueous mixtures of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. It was shown that boronate complexes could extract up to 90% of mono- and disaccharides from aqueous IL solutions, 100% IL systems, and hydrolysates of corn stover containing IL. The use of boronate complexes shows significant potential as a way to recover sugars at several stages in ionic liquid biomass pretreatment processes, delivering a concentrated solution of fermentable sugars, minimizing toxic byproducts, and facilitating ionic liquid cleanup and recycle.     

Nitric Oxide Treatment for the Control of Reverse Osmosis Membrane Biofouling

Biofouling remains a key challenge for membrane-based water treatment systems. This study investigated the dispersal potential of the nitric oxide (NO) donor compound, PROLI NONOate, on single- and mixed-species biofilms formed by bacteria isolated from industrial membrane bioreactor and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. The potential of PROLI NONOate to control RO membrane biofouling was also examined. Confocal microscopy revealed that PROLI NONOate exposure induced biofilm dispersal in all but two of the bacteria tested and successfully dispersed mixed-species biofilms. The addition of 40 μM PROLI NONOate at 24-h intervals to a laboratory-scale RO system led to a 92% reduction in the rate of biofouling (pressure rise over a given period) by a bacterial community cultured from an industrial RO membrane. Confocal microscopy and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extraction revealed that PROLI NONOate treatment led to a 48% reduction in polysaccharides, a 66% reduction in proteins, and a 29% reduction in microbial cells compared to the untreated control. A reduction in biofilm surface coverage (59% compared to 98%, treated compared to control) and average thickness (20 μm compared to 26 μm, treated compared to control) was also observed. The addition of PROLI NONOate led to a 22% increase in the time required for the RO module to reach its maximum transmembrane pressure (TMP), further indicating that NO treatment delayed fouling. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed that the NO treatment did not significantly alter the microbial community composition of the membrane biofilm. These results present strong evidence for the application of PROLI NONOate for prevention of RO biofouling.     

产氨短杆菌GMA-1112利用味精母液发酵生产肌苷

通过亚硝基胍或60 Coγ辐照等选育一株产氨短杆菌GMA 1 1 1 2 (Ade +Gua +VB1 +8 AGr+SGr+6 MPr) ,能以味精母液代替传统肌苷发酵添加酵母粉作为有机营养物 ,进行肌苷发酵 ,平均产肌苷率 2 5.4 0 g/L。具有降低发酵成本、提高产肌苷率等优点。     

Sanitization of immobilized biocatalysts for the production of 6‐aminopenicillanic acid

Five different chemical reagents and γ‐rays were tested for the sanitization of immobilized biocatalysts with high penicillin G acylase (PGA) activity. The most effective chemical reagents were N‐cetyl‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 2‐isopropyl‐5‐methylphenol (thymol). The optimum concentration of CTAB for the treatment of the immobilized enzyme was 0.25% [w/v] and 1 h, for immobilized cells 0. [w/v] and 3 h. The optimum concentration of thymol for the immobilized enzyme was found to be 0.1% [w/v] and 1 h, for immobilized cells 0.27% [w/v] and 2 h. The optimum dose of γ‐rays for the sanitization of the immobilized enzyme was established as 3.2 kGy, for immobilized cells as 4.5 kGy.